COLTOX'3 

TRAVELER  AND  TOURIST'S 


THROUGH  THE 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 

AND 

THE    CANADAS: 

CONTA1MNO 

THE  ROUTES  AND  DISTANCES  ON  THE  GREAT  LINES  OF 
TRAVEL  BY  RAILROADS,  CANALS,  STAGE- 
ROADS,  AND  STEAMBOATS: 

TOGETHER  WITH 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  SEVERAL  STATES, 

AND   OF   THK 

PRINCIPAL   CITIES.    TOWNS,   AND    VILLAGES    IN   EACH. 


ACCOMPANIED  WITH 

A    LARfiE    A  XI)    Acer  RATH    MAP. 


NEW   YORK: 
PUBLISHED    BY    J.   It.   COLTON    &    CO., 

No.   172  WILLIAM  STKEST. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1850, 
BY  J.  II.  COLTON, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  Stales  for  tuts 
Southern  District  of  New  York. 


... 

XUl 


A 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION 

OF  THE 

UNITED   STATES   OF   AMERICA. 


THE  UNITED  STATES,  now  comprising  31  states  and  several  territorial 
appendages,  occupies  by  far  the  most  valuable  and  temperate  portion  of 
North  America.  Confined  originally  to  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
this  great  confederacy  of  republics  has  extended  its  empire  over  the 
whole  region  spreading  westward  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  the  great 
lakes  on  the  north  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south.  In  breadth  it 
measures  2,800  miles,  and  in  depth  1,700  miles,  with  an  area  of  3,221,595 
square  miles.  The  frontier  line  is  estimated  at  10,000  miles — 5,120  miles 
of  which  are  sea  coast,  and  about  1,400  miles  lake  coast. 

The  colonies  planted  by  England  at  Jamestown  in  1607,  and  in  New 
England  a  few  years  later,  formed  the  nucleus  of  these  states.  The 
French,  Dutch,  Swedes,  &c.,  also  planted  colonies,  but  these  were  at  an 
early  period  relinquished  to  the  British,  and  at  the  period  of  the  Revolution 
the  whole  country  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  as  far  south  as  Florida 
and  Louisiana,  belonged  to  that  nation.  The  oppressions  of  the  mother- 
country  now  produced  a  resistance,  and  ultimately  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  United  States,  and  the  acknowledgment  of  their  indepen- 
dence. At  this  period  the  United  States  consisted  only  of  thirteen 
constituents.  Louisiana,  including  all  the  territory  between  the  Missis- 
sippi river  arid  the  Rocky  Mountains;  Florida;  Oregon;  Texas;  New 
Mexico,  arid  California  are  acquisitions  of  the  present  century. 

The  political  constituents  of  the  present  United  States  are  as  follows : 

I.  JWto  England  States. — Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut 6 

II.  Middle  States.— New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, and  Maryland,  (and  the  District  of  Columbia,) 5 

III.  Southern  Atlantic    States.— Virginia,  North    Carolina,   South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida 5 

IV.  South-western  States. — Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisi- 
ana, Texas,  and  Arkansas,  (and  the  Indian  Territory,) 6 

V.  North-western  States.— Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Ken-v 

B 


XIV  GENERAL   DESCRIPTION". 

tucky,  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin,  (and  the  territories  oi  Minesota, 
Missouri,  and  Nebraska,) 8 

VI.  Pacific  States. — California,  (and  the  territories  of  New  Mexico, 
Utah,  and  Oregon.) 1 

Each  of  these  states  has  distinct  limits  and  a  separate  independent 
government,  with  a  constitution  and  laws  of  its  own.  The  territories 
belong  to  the  United  States,  and  until  admitted  as  states  into  the  Union, 
are  under  the  direct  surveillance  of  the  federal  authorities.  T.  hese  will 
be  described  separately. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is  based  on  the  constitution  of 
1787,  and  has  only  such  powers  as  have  been  surrendered  by  the  states 
individually  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole.  Its  formation  was  a  political 
necessity — necessary  for  the  protection  and  welfare  of  each  and  all  the 
constituent  states.  Its  authority,  however,  does  not  interfere  with  the 
internal  affairs  of  individual  states,  nor  has  one  state  any  power  or  right 
of  supremacy  over  another.  The  powers  of  government  are  divided  into 
executive,  legislative,  and  judicial.  The  chief  of  the  executive  depart- 
ment is  styled  the  President  of  the  United  States,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
supervise  the  execution  of  the  laws,  &c.  The  legislative  department  is 
styled  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a 
House  of  Representatives.  The  President  is  so  far  a  component  of  the 
Legislature  as  having  a  qualified  veto  on  all  the  acts  of  Congress.  The 
Senate  is  composed  of  two  members  from  each  state,  chosen  by  the 
Legislatures  thereof;  and  the  House  of  Representatives  consists  of  mem- 
bers elected  by  the  people  of  each  state  in  number  according  to  popula- 
tion, and  of  one  delegate  from  each  organized  territory.  The  present 
number  of  members  is  233.  The  judiciary  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court 
with  a  Chief  Justice  and  eight  associate  justices,  which  meets  at  the  seat 
of  government  annually  in  December ;  of  Circuit  Courts,  held  twice  a 
year  in  each  judicial  district  by  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  a 
district  judge ;  and  of  District  Courts.  The  judges  are  appointed  by  the 
President  for  life,  and  are  perfectly  independent  of  the  other  depart- 
ments of  government.  The  powers  of  the  United  States'  Courts  extend 
to  all  questions  arising  under  the  constitution ;  to  international  causes ; 
cases  in  admiralty,  &c.  All  white  male  citizens  of  the  United  States,  of 
the  age  of  21  years  and  upwards,  are  eligible  to  vote  at  elections  for 
President  and  for  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  to  hold 
any  office  by  appointment  or  election ;  but  none  except  native  born  citi- 
zens are  eligible  to  hold  the  offices  of  President  and  Vice-President. 

The  population  of  the  United  States  was— in  1790,  3,929,827 ;  in 
1800,  5,305,941— increase  35*01  per  centum  ;  in  1810, 7,239,814— increase 
36-45  per  centum;  in  1820,  9,638,191— increase  33- 12  per  centum ;  in 
1830,  12,866,020 -increase  33*48  per  centum;  in  1840,  17,069,453— in- 
crease 32-67  per  centum ;  and  in  1850,  23,257,723— increase  36'25  per 
centum. 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


THE  section  of  the  United  States  to  which  the  name  of  "New  England  * 
has  been  applied,  comprises  the  States  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut.  From  their  posi- 
tion in  regard  to  the  other  States,  they  have  also  been  termed  the 
"Eastern  States."  New  England  is  bounded  W.  by  "New  York;  N.  by 
the  British  Provinces;  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  S.  by 
the  Atlantic  and  Long  Island  Hound,  and  is  geographically  situated  be- 
tween the  latitudes  of  41°  2'  and  47°  20'  N.,  and  the  longitudes  of  06°  49' 
and  73°  15'  W.  from  Greenwich.  The  aggregate  superficies  is  59,326 
square  miles. 

The  physical  aspect  of  New  England  is  extremely  varied.  In  the  N. 
it  is  traversed  by  the  White  Mountains;  and  a  number  of  isolated  hills 
are  found  in  various  parts.  The  central  portions  are  less  elevated,  but 
consist  chiefly  of  a  succession  of  hills  and  vales,  and  several  ranges  of 
well-defined  elevations  from  which  the  principal  rivers  have  their 
sources.  Many  beautiful  lakes  are  embosomed  in  the  landscape.  Near 
the  sea  the  surface  is  low  and  marshy,  and  intersected  by  coves  and 
creeks.  The  coasts  are  almost  everywhere  lined  by  a  multitude  of  small 
islands  which  protect  the  harbors,  but  render  navigation  somewhat  diffi- 
cult. The  substratum  is  generally  granitic:  the  geological  character  of 
the  country,  however,  is  not  uniform.  Many  valuable  minerals  abound, 
such  as  iron,  copper,  coal,  &c.,  and  marbles  of  fine  texture  are  found  in 
vast  quarries.  The  natural  growths  are  oaks,  pines,  maples,  &c.,  which 
clothe  the  mountains  and  line  the  margins  of  the  lakes  and  rivers.  The 
scenery,  in  many  instances,  is  peculiarly  sublime,  and  perhaps  no  part  of 
Amertcn  presents  such  magnificent  prospects  as  those  seen  from  Mount 
Washington,  in  New  Hampshire,  and  Mount  Holyoke,in  Massachusetts. 
The  climate  is  generally  one  of  extremes,  but  the  atmosphere  is  buoyant 
and  salubrious. 

Every  department  of  national  industry  is  profitably  pursued  in  these 
States.  In  the  three  more  northern,  agriculture,  grazing,  and  sheep- 
farming,  employ  a  majority  of  the  people ;  while  in  the  States  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  manufactures,  especially  those 
of  wool  and  cotton,  engage  almost  universal  attention.  These  States 
form  indeed  the  great  manufacturing  district  of  the  Union.  Commerce 
is  also  extensively  engaged  in,  and  a  large  internal  trade  is  carried  on 


2  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

by  means  of  the  network  of  railroads  that  covers  the  land.  Th e  fisheries 
contribute  also  to  the  wealth  of  the  country,  and  more  whale-ships  sail 
from  the  ports  of  Massachusetts  than  from  all  other  ports  «f  the  United 
States  together. 

Nowhere,  more  than  in  New  England,  has  education  been  so  zealously 
attended  to,  and  nowhere  else  does  the  religion  of  the  Gospel  exert  its 
benign  influence  so  powerfully  and  universally.  The  people  are  moral 
and  intelligent,  and  have  long  been  considered,  par  excellence,  the  con- 
servators of  constitutional  liberty.  Their  social  condition  is  pre-eminently 
a  happy  one.  .  • 

The  first  permanent  settlers  in  these  States  were  the  Puritans  from 
England,  who  arrived  at .  Plymouth  on  the  22d  December,  1620.  The 
present  inhabitants,  though  considerably  mixed  with  more  recent  emi- 
grations, are  chiefly  descendants  from  this  stock,  and  still  retain  the 
many  virtues  for  which  their  progenitors  were  so  justly  famed.  The 
population  in  1850*  was  2,727,597. 


THE  STATE  OP  MAINE. 

Jlrca  30,000  Square  Miles.— Population  583,188. 

MAINE,  the  north-easternmost  of  the  United  States,  lies  between.  43°  5' 
and  470  20'  N.  lat.,  and  between  66°  49'  and  71°  4'  W.  long. :  and  is 
bounded  N.  W.  and  N.  by  Canada ;  E.  by  New  Brunswick  and  the  river 
St.  Croix ;  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  W.  by  the  State  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

The  surface  of  Maine  is  generally  uneven,  but  not  mountainous.  In 
the  west  and  north  there  are  some  irregular  elevations,  and  Mars  Hill, 
the  eastern  termination  of  the  range  has  an  altitude  of  1683  feet.  There 
are  also  several  detached  mountains,  of  which  Mount  Katahdin,  5300 
feet  above  the  sea-level,  is  the  highest.  The  rest  of  Maine  is  hilly,  except 
near  the  coast,  where  the  land  lies  low  and  consists  of  sandy  gravel,  little 
fit  for  cultivation.  The  soil,  however,  improves  on  receding  from  the 
coast,  and  in  the  interior  is  most  fertile.  A  large  amount  of  the  land  is 
yet  covered  with  its  primeval  forests.  The  State  is  well  adapted  to 
grazing  and  sheep-farming.  The  crops  are  in  general  abundant  and 
excellent,  but  the  shortnes^of  the  summer  is  somewhat  prejudicial. 
Among  the  fruits,  apples,  pears,  plums,  and  melons  succeed  well.  'The 
farmers  are  prosperous,  and  cultivate  their  lands  with  skill  and  industry. 

Maine  has  a  seacoast  of  two  hundred  and  thirty  miles,  which  is  m- 

*  This  is  the  census  for  1850.  Where  not  otherwise  specified,  the  population  of  Statw  and 
dties  throughout  this  work  rouit  be  considered  a*  estimated  for  the  §»me  year. 


THE  STATE  OF  MAINE.  3 

dented  by  several  large  bays.  Perhaps  no  State  in  the  Union  has  so  many 
fine  harbors.  Its  rivers  are  generally  navigable,  and  many  supply  valua- 
ble water-power.  In  some  instances  their  courses  are  through  the  most 
magnificent  sceneiy.  The  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  Androscoggin,  and 
Saco  are  the  principal.  In  the  interior  there  are  many  lakes  and  ponds, 
of  which  Moosehead,  thirty-five  miles  long  and  from  ten  to  twelve  broad, 
is  the  largest.  The  Schoodic  Lakes  in  the  east,  and  Sebago  Pond  in 
the  southwest,  are  also  considerable  bodies  of  water.  The  principal 
bays  are  those  of  Penobscot  and  Casco.  Numberless  islets  lie  withii  a 
short  distance  off  the  coast,  and  land-lock  many  of  the  fine  harbors  for 
which  this  State  is  so  celebrated. 

Agriculture  employs  about  four-fifths  of  the  people,  and  about  th  irty 
thousand  persons  are  engaged  in  manufactures.  There  are  in  the  State 
thirty-six  woollen  factories,  and  a  third  that  number  of  cotton 
mills.  Shipbuilding  is  also  extensively  carried  on :  more  ships,  indeed, 
are  built  in  Maine  than  in  any  other  single  State.  Mining  contributes 
little  to  the  employment  of  the  people;  but  the  fisheries  are  a  principal 
source  of  wealth  to  the  seaboard  districts.  Commerce  is  very  flourishing, 
and  the  coasting  trade,  especially,  employs  a  large  tonnage.  The  trade 
in  lumber  is  very  great,  and  internal  trade  generally  is  extending  its 
ramifications  with  the  progress  of  internal  improvements.  There  are  in 
Maine  50|  miles  of  canal,  and  the  railroads  now  completed  have  an 
aggregate  length  of  426  miles.  There  are  also  several  in  progress,  and 
others  propqsed  and  settled  upon.  Portland  is  t^e  centre  of  the  rail- 
roads of  the  State. 

The  principal  collegiate  institutions  are  Bowdoin  College,  at  Bruns- 
wick, to  which  is  attached  a  medical  school,  and  Waterville  College,  at 
Waterville.  There  are  Theological  Seminaries  at  Bangor  and  Redfleld ; 
and  about  ninety  academies  in  various  parts  of  the  State.  The  number 
of  common  schools  is  between  4,000  and  4,200,  which  are  supported  by 
the  districts  in  which  they  are  located.  Education  is  general,  and  few 
persons  nre  unable  to  read  and  write. 

The  State  is  divided  into  thirteen  counties.  The  principal  cities  and 
towns  are  Augusta,  Portland.  Bath,  Bangor,  £c. 

AUGUSTA,  the  capital,  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Kennebec  river,  forty- 
three  miles  from  its  month,  and  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  A 
handsome  stone  bridge  connects  the  two  sections.  The  State  House  and 
Lunatic  Asylum  are  substantial  structures ;  and  the  United  States'  arsenal 
situated  here  is  a  commodious  building.  The  "  Kennebec,  Bath,  and 
Portland  Railroad  "  terminates  here.  Population  8,231.  GARDINER  CITY, 
six  miles  south  of  Augusta,  has  several  extensive  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments, and  has  lately  made  great  progress  in  population  and  wealth. 

PORTLAND  CITY  is  situated  on  an  elevated  peninsula  projecting  into 
Casco  bay.  It  is  the  largest  and  most  commercial  city  in  the  State,  and 


4  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

the  chief  centre  of  railroad  travel.  It  is  well  laid  out,  and  has  several 
fine  buildings.  The  harbor  is  deep,  safe,  and  capacious.  Population 
20,819.  Railroads  extend  hence  to  Boston,  to  Montreal,  to  Bangor,  and 
to  Jlugusta. 

BANGOR  CITY,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Penobscot  river,  sixty- 
three  miles  from  its  mouth,  contains  a  population  of  14,441.  The  Ken- 
duskeug  river,  which  affords  consiaerable  water-power,  passes  through 
the  city.  The  Penobscot  is  here  spanned  by  a  fine  bridge  one  thousand 
three  hundred  and  twenty-two  feet  long.  Bangor  is  one  of  the  most 
elegantly  built  places  in  the  Union.  Its  trade  in  lumber  is  immense. 
Railroads  unite  it  with  Oldtnwn,  and  also  with  Waterville,  Danville, 
and  Portland- 

BATH  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kennebec  river,  twelve  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  commercial  places  in  Maine. 
The  river  is  here  a  mile  wide,  and  the  harbor  excellent.  Shipbuild- 
ing is  extensively  carried  on.  The  town  is  built  on  a  declivity,  and 
extends  a  mile  and  a  half  along  the  river.  Population  8,002. 

SACO,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  and  at  the  falls,  which  have  a 
descent  of  forty-two  feet,  has  a  population  of  5J94.  YORK  and  WELLS 
are  seaboard  towns,  and  contain  each  about  3,000  inhabitants.  BRUNS 
WICK,  on  the  Androscoggin,  has  a  population  of  4,976.  WISCASSET  and 
THOMASTON,  are  fine  ports,  between  the  Kennebec  and  Penobscot  rivers. 
CAMDEN,  BELFAST,  FRANKFORT,  OROKO,  and  OLDTOWN,  on  the  west, 
and  CASTINE,  BUCKSPORT,  ORRINGTON,  and  BREWER,  on  the  east 
of  the  Penobscot,  are  flourishing  towns  of  1,000  to  3,000  inhabitants. 
ELLSWORTH,  MACHIAS,  LTJBEC,  EASTPORT,  CALAIS,  &c.,  are  towns 
facing  on  the  Atlantic,  between  the  Penobscot  and  St.  Croix  rivers. 
Many  of  these  towns  are  of  considerable  note,  either  for  their  enterprise 
or  the  amount  of  traffic  that  centres  in  them.  Thomaston  is  noted  lor 
its  lime,  and  Hallowell  for  its  beautiful  granite ;  while  Castine  boasts  of 
its  fine  military  position  and  the  excellence  of  its  harbor. 

The  first  permanent  settlements  were  made  by  the  English  in  1635, 
from  which  time  it  was  successively  under  a  proprietary  government, 
and  the  government  of  Massachusetts,  until  the  2d  March,  1820,  when 
it  was  admitted  as  a  State  of  the  Union.  Its  boundary  on  the  Canada 
line,  long  a  matter  of  dispute  and  cause  of  a  great  deal  of  ill  feeling,  was 
not  determined  until  1842.  In  that  year,  a  treaty  for  the  settlement  of 
the  question  was  concluded  at  Washington,  between  Lord  Ashburton, 
Special  Envoy  from  Great  Britain,  and  the  £fon.  Daniel  Webster,  then 
United  Stat  es'  Secretary  of  State.  Since  th  is  period  th e  State  h  as  rapidly 
progressed  in  all  that  contributes  to  material  wealth,  and  its  inhabitants 
are  evincing  a  determination  to  lead  rather  than  follow  in  the  inarch  of 
modern  improvement.  Maine  derives  its  name  from  Maine  in  France, 
of  which  Henrietta  Maria,  Queen  of  England,  was  proprietor. 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  5 

THE   STATE   OP   NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 

Area  9,280  square  miles.— Population  317,964. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE  adjoins  Maine  on  the  west,  and  lies  between  42°  41' 
and  450  11'  N.  lat.,  and  between  70°  40'  and  72°  28'  W.  long. :  and  is 
bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada ;  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean ;  S.  by  Massa 
chusetts,  and  W.  by  Vermont,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Con- 
necticut river. 

The  Atlantic  shore  of  New  Hampshire  is  but  little  more  than  a  sandy 
beach,  bordered  by  salt  marshes  and  indented  by  numerous  creeks  and 
coves ;  but  with  the  exception  of  Portsmouth,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Piscataqua  river,  there  is  no  harbor  sufficiently  capacious  for  merchant 
ships.  For  20  or  30  miles  from  the  coast,  the  country  is  little  varie- 
gated;  beyond  this,  however,  the  land  gradually  rises  into  hills, 
and  in  many  parts  of  the  state  swells  into  lofty  mountains,  particularly 
in  the  north,  and  along  the  "height  of  land"  between  the  Merrimack 
and  Connecticut  rivers.  The  highest  summits  between  these  are  Grand 
IMonadiiock,  Sunapee  Mountain,  and  Mooseheloc.  But  the  White  Moun- 
tains are  the  grand  feature  of  the  state,  and  with  the  exception  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  are  the  loftiest  in  the  United  States.  Mount  Wash- 
ington, the  highest  summit  of  the  range,  is  6,428  feet  in  height.  Though 
not  a  continuous  chain,  these  mountains  are  sometimes  regarded  as  a 
continuation  of  the  Alleghanies.  The  "Notch,"  a  celebrated  pass, 
through  which  there  is  a  good  road,  is  situated  amid  the  wildest  and 
grandest  scenery,  and  has  ever  been  an  object  of  attraction  to  the  sum- 
mer tourist.  In  some  places  it  is  not  more  than  22  feet  wide,  and  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  a  vast  chasm  bounded  on  both  sides  by  lofty 
and  rugged  precipices.  The  general  scenery  of  the  state  is  impressive 
and  in  many  parts  magnificent,  and  this  is  especially  so  from  Mount 
Washington.  After  climbing  its  acclivities  for  some  distance,  the  forest 
trees  begin  to  diminish  in  height,  till  at  the  elevation  of  4000  feet,  a 
region  of  dwarfish  evergreens  surrounds  the  mountain  with  a  formidable 
collar,  and  above  this  the  bald  part  of  the  summit,  which  is  very  steep 
and  consists  of  naked  rocks,  presents  a  scene  of  desolation ;  but  the 
labors  of  the  aspirant  are  fully  recompensed,  if  the  sky  be  clear,  by  a 
most  noble  and  extensive  prospect.  On  the  S.  E.  the  Atlantic,  65  miles 
distant,  opens  on  the  view;  on  the  S.,  the  bright  waters  of  Lake  Win- 
nipiseogee ;  on  the  E.,  the  lofty  summit  of  Mooseheloc,  and  far  away  on 
the  verge  of  the  horizon  is  seen  the  Grand  Monadnock.  The  barren 
rocks  which  extend  a  great  distance  from  the  summit,  give  a  melancholy 
cast  to  the  grandeur  of  the  scene ;  and  the  whole,  in  many  respects, 
reminds  the  visiter  of  the  sublime  and  ever-varying  landscape  of  Swit- 
zerland. 

1* 


NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

About  110,000  acres  are  estimated  to  be  covered  with  water.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Connecticut,  the  Merrimack,  and  the  Piscataqua ; 
and  several  of  the  rivers  which  disembogue  in  Maine  have  their  rise 
in  the  lakes  and  mountains  of  this  state.  Among  the  lakes  are  Lake 
Umbagog  on  the  E.  state  line,  and  Lake  Winnipiseogee  near  the  cen- 
ter. The  latter  is  a  highly  picturesque  body  of  water,  containing  many 
romantic  islets.  The  country  around  is  mountainous,  and  abounds  in 
the  most  charming  scenery.  Squam  Lake  lies  a  little  northward,  and 
Lake  Sinopee  to  the  S.  W.,  between  the  Merrimack  and  Connecticut, 
New  Hampshire  has  but  18  miles  of  sea-coast.  The  Isle  of  Shoals,  a 
group  of  eight  islets,  lies  in  the  ocean  11  miles  S.  E.  of  Portsmouth. 
They  consist  of  barren  rocks,  and  are  inhabited  by  a  few  fishermen. 

New  Hampshire  is  naturally  an  agricultural  country.  The  soil  on  the 
hills  is  rich  and  productive  of  the  finest  pastures.  The  crops,  however, 
frequently  suffer  from  the  shortness  of  the  summers,  and  the  climate 
requires,  from  its  severity,  the  early  housing  of  cattle.  From  November 
to  May,  the  country  is  clothed  in  a  thick  mantle  of  snow,  sind  the  rivers 
are  frozen  up  from  their  sources.  The  season  of  vegetation  is  necessarily 
brief.  The  natural  growths  are  oaks,  elms,  birch,  maples,  pines,  and 
hemlocks.  .  A  great  quantity  of  sugar  is  manufactured  from  the  juice  of 
the  hard  maple-tree.  Few  wild  animals  now  exist,  but  still  the  bear, 
wolf,  and  moose  are  frequently  met  with  in  the  solitudes.  Granite  and 
other  building  materials  are  abundant,  and  copper  and  iron  have  been 
discovered  in  some  localities. 

The  people  are  actively  engaged  in  every  department  of  productive 
industry.  Agriculture  employs  a  large  majority,  and  is  the  most  nour- 
ishing in  the  hilly  regions,  where  large  stocks  of  cattle  and  sheep  are 
raised.  The  wool  of  this  state  is  excellent.  Manufactures  are  rapidly 
extending  their  sphere,  and  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  especially, 
has  of  late  years  been  greatly  increased.  Much  of  the  products  of  New 
Hampshire  is  exported,  but  direct  foreign  commerce  is  comparatively 
small,  the  business  of  the  state  being  mostly  conducted  at  the  ports  of 
other  states.  Internal  trade,  carried  on  by  means  of  railroads,  is  exten- 
sive. There  are  about  12  miles  of  canal  in  the  state,  designed  chiefly 
to  overcome  falls  mid  rapids  in  the  rivers ;  and  the  railroads  now  com- 
pleted have  an  aggregate  length  of  488  miles.  There  are  also  several  in 
process  of  construction. 

Dartmouth  College,  at  Hanover,  is  the  oldest  literary  institution  in  the 
state.  Attached  to  this  establishment  is  the  New  Hampshire  Medical 
School.  There  are  Theological  Seminaries  at  Gilmanton,  Concord,  and 
New  Hampton  ;  and  in  various  parts  of  the  state,  academies  to  the  num- 
ber of  GO  or  70.  There  are  also  2,400  common  schools.  The  number  of 
persons  above  20  years  of  age  unable  to  read  and  write  is  very  smaU| 
being  only  one-fifth  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  population. 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  7 

New  Hampshire  is  divided  into  10  counties.  The  principal  cities  and 
towns  are  Concord,  Portsmouth,  Nashua,  Manchester,  &c. 

CONCORD,  the  capital,  lies  on  both  sides  the  Merrimack  river,  which 
is  spanned  by  two  bridges.  The  city  lies  chiefly  on  two  streets,  one  of 
which  extends  nearly  two  miles  in  length.  The  public  buildings  are  the 
State  House,  a  Court  House,  and  the  State  Prison.  The  State  House  is  a 
granite  building,  126  feet  long  and  49  feet  wide,  with  a  projection  on 
fach  front,  and  surmounted  by  a  fine  cupola.  The  falls  of  the  Merri- 
mack; at  this  place,  afford  the  most  valuable  water-power.  Population 
8,584.  Concord  is  the  centre  of  a  great  railroad  traffic. 

PORTSMOUTH,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataqua  river,  is  the  most 
commercial  town  in  the  state.  Its  harbor  is  excellent.  The  town  is 
neatly  buiit,  and  has  about  9,739  inhabitants,  who  cany  on  the  coasting 
trade  and  fisheries  with  some  activity,  and  prosecute  some  branches  of 
manufactures.  The  United  States'  Navy-yard  at  Kittery  is  on  the  oppo- 
site shore.  Portsmouth  was  first  settled  in  1633,  but  has  several  times 
since  been  destroyed  by  fire.  The  city  is  connected  with  Grand  Island 
by  a  bridge,  and  with  Kittery  by  two  bridges,  one  of  which  is  1,750 
feet  long,  and  the  other  480  feet.  Water  for  the  supply  of  the  inhabit- 
ants is  brought  from  a  distance  of  three  miles.  Portsmouth  communi- 
latcs  with  Portland  on  the  JV*.,  with  Boston  on  the  S.,  and  Concord  on  the 
W,)  by  railroad. 

MANCHESTER  is  a  new  town  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Merrimack  river, 
and  on  the  line  of  the  "  Concord  Railroad."  It  is  a  remarkable  instance 
of  the  advantages  of  a  right  location.  Though  not  counting  ten  years 
since  its  foundation,  it  has  already  a  population  of  13,933,  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  the  cotton  business.  It  is  destined  to  compete  in  the  markets 
with  its  great  prototype  of  England.  NASHUA  and  AMHERST  are  also 
thriving  towns.  The  former  is  happily  situated  with  regard  to  means  of 
transport,  and  must  eventually  become,  as  it  now  is  to  a  certain  degree, 
an  important  station. 

Giber  places  of  note  are  Exeter,  Dover,  Somersworth,  Keene,  Walpole, 
Peterboro',  Claremont,  Gilmanton,  Meredith,  Hanover,  Haverhill,  &c. 

The  first  settlements  were  made  at  Dover  and  Portsmouth,  in  1623. 
In  1641  New  Hampshire  was  annexed  to  Massachusetts,  but  in  1679  it 
again  became  a  separate  province.  For  the  three  succeeding  years  it 
formed  a  part  of  the  government  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros.  In  1689,  the 
union  with  Massachusetts  was  revived,  but  another  separation  took 
place  in  1692.  From  1699  it  was  united  with  Massachusetts  and  New 
York,  and  in  1702  to  the  former  alone.  A  final  separation  from  Massa- 
chusetts was  effected  in  1741.  The  English  authority  was  extinguished 
in  1775,  and  in  the  following  year  a  temporary  government  was  estab- 
lished, a  president  being  elected  annually.  In  1792  its  present  constitu- 
tion was  adopted. 


O  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

THE  STATE  OF  VERMONT. 

Area  10,212  square  miles.— Population  313,611. 

VERMONT  occupies  the  northwest  portion  of  New  England,  anr:  is  situ- 
ated  between  42°  44'  and  45°  N.  lat.,  and  between  71°  33'  and  73°  25 
W.  long.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada ;  E.  by  New  Hampshire, 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  Connecticut  river ;  S.  by  Massachusetts, 
and  W.  by  New  York,  from  which  it  is  separated  chiefly  by  Lake 
Champlain. 

Vermont  is  a  country  of  mountains.  The  Green  Mountains,  from 
which  it  derives  its  name,  stretch  through  the  state,  traversing  it 
from  north  to  south.  The  loftiest  culminations  are  Killington  Peak, 
Camel's  Rump,  and  Mansfield  Mountain.  Ascutney  is  a  single 
mountain,  five  miles  south  of  Windsor,  3,320  feet  high.  From  every 
elevation  the  scenery  is  grand;  mountains,  hills,  and  valleys,  enam- 
elled with  verdure,  present  a  coup  d'ceil  truly  sublime.  The  moun- 
tains are  one  great  pasture,  where  thousands  of  cattle  and  sheep 
find  a  plentiful  subsistence.  The  climate  assimilates  that  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  its  azure  skies  and  elastic  atmosphere  have  an  invigor- 
ating effect  over  the  residents,  who  are  generally  tall  and  powerful,  and 
indicate  in  their  countenances  the  best  of  health.  Lake  Champlain  lies 
on  its  western  borders,  and  has  several  good  harbors,  from  which  the 
chief  produce  of  the  land  is  exported.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Pas- 
Bumsic,  the  White,  the  West,  and  the  Queechy,  which  fall  into  the 
Connecticut.  Several  streams  also  fall  into  Lake  Champlain.  None  of 
these  are  navigable,  but  present  many  excellent  mill-sites. 

Agriculture  is  the  principal  branch  of  industry.  Manufactures' consist 
chiefly  of  domestic  or  home-made  goods,  such  as  are  produced  by  every 
fanner's  family.  The  foreign  trade  of  Vermont  is  confined  almost  wholly 
with  Canada,  but  a  considerable  connection  is  maintained  with  the  cities 
of  New  York  and  Boston.  Beef,  pork,  cheese,  live-stock,  and  pot  and 
pearl  ashes  are  the  great  export  staples.  There  are  some  short  canals  in 
the  state,  designed  to  overcome  falls  in  the  Connecticut,  White,  and 
Queechy  rivers ;  and  the  aggregate  length  of  railroads  completed  is  426 
miles.  Others  are  progressing  to  completion.  The  "  Atlantic  and  St. 
Lawrence  Railroad"  will  pass  through  the  northern  section  of  this  state. 

The  oldest  literary  institution  is  the  University,  at  Burlington,  which 
was  founded  in  1791.  Middlebury  College  was  founded  in  1800,  and 
Norwich  University  in  1834.  These  are  all  in  a  prosperous  condition. 
The  Vermont  Medical  School  at  Woodstock,  was  founded  in  1835.  Be- 
sides these,  a  number  of  academies  are  distributed  through  the  state, 
and  there  are  about  2,600  common-schools.  Literary  societies  for  the 


THE  STATE  OF  VERMONT.  9 

general  improvement  of  the  people  are  numerous.  The  Vermont  Asy- 
lum for  the  Insane,  located  at  Brattleboro',  is  a  noble  institution,  and  is 
sufficiently  extensive  to  accommodate  300  patients. 

Vermont  is  divided  into  14  counties.  The  chief  cities  and  towns  are 
Montpelier,  Burlington,  Brattleboro',  Rutland,  &c. 

MONTPELIER,  the  state  capital,  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
branches  of  the  Onion  or  Winooski  river,  on  a  plain  of  moderate  extent, 
surrounded  by  hills.  It  is  a  great  thoroughfare,  being  on  the  roads  lead- 
ing from  Boston  to  Burlington.  It  contains  the  State  House,  a  Court 
House,  and  several  elegant  church  buildings.  Population  2,310. 

BURLINGTON,  on  Lake  Champlain,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state.  It 
is  built  on  a  fine  bay,  which  sets  up  between  two  points,  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Jake,  and  forms  a  regular  curve.  Near  the  center  of  the  city  is  the 
public  square  on  which  the  Court  House  is  built,  and  which  is  surrounded 
by  brick  stores  and  the  principal  hotels.  Some  of  the  public  buildings 
are  eluguut  and  spacious — the  churches  especially  are  beautiful  in  design. 
The  harbor  is  the  best  on  the  lake,  and  is  of  easy  access.  It  has  been 
much  improved,  and  a  breakwater  has  been  erected  to  protect  it  from 
the  W.  winds.  Steamboats  stop  here  daily  to  take  up  passengers  for 
Whiteh.-i'i  and  St.  John's;  and  a  steam  ferry-boat  plies  between  here  and 
Port  Kent.  The  University  of  Vermont  is  located  here.  About  a  mile 
and  a  hull  N.  E.  is  the  flourishing  village  of  WINOOSKI,  on  Onion  river, 
which  has  here  an  almost  perpendicxilar  fall  of  20  feet,  and  affords  great 
water-power,  easily  available.  The  first  settlement  in  Burlington  was 
made  after  the  peace  of  1783.  Population  7,505. 

The  oilier  principal  towns  are  ST.  ALBANS,  SWANTON,  and  VER- 
GENNES,  on  Lake  Champlain;  MIDDLEBURY,  on  the  line  of  the1" Rut- 
land Railroad,"  and  the  seat  of  a  College;  PITTSFORD,  MANCHESTER, 
BENNINGTON,  and  NEWBTJRY;  BRATTLEBORO',  on  the  line  of  the  "Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  Railroad,"  and  the  location  of  the  State  Lunatic 
Asylum,  and  of  late  years  celebrated  for  its  successful  water-cure  estab- 
lishment ;  ROCKINGHAM,  WINDSOR,  BELLOW'S  FALLS,  and  WOODSTOCK  ; 
NORWICH,  the  seat  of  a  University,  and  DANVILLE. 

Fort  Dummer  was  the  site  of  the  first  settlement  in  Vermont.  From, 
1741  to  1704,  New  Hampshire  claimed  the  territory,  jmd  made  several 
grants  of  land  therein.  New  York  also  laid  claim  to  it,  and  obtained  it 
from  Parliament  in  17G4.  At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  Ver- 
mont declared  itself  independent;  yet  on  account  of  the  conflicting 
claims  of  New  York  and  New  Hampshire,  the  old  Congress  declined  to 
admit  iis  separate  representation  in  the  National  council.  In  this  condi- 
tion Vermont  remained  neutral,  and,  as  a  consequence,  suffered  little  in 
the  war,  the  British  hoping  to  detach  it  from  the  revolting  states ;  but 
neither  c<  •  ,\  ion  nor  persuasion  could  tempt  the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys" 
mto  allegiance  to  the  Crown.  They  remained  true  to  themselves.  In 


10  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

1790  New  York  relinquished  all  claim  to  the  territory,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  all  matters  being  settled,  Vermont  was  admitted  as  a  state  into 
the  Union. 


THE  STATE  OP  MASSACHUSETTS. 

Area  7,800  square  miles. — Population  994,499. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  the  parent  state  of  New  England,  and  the  chief 
manufacturing  district  of  the  United  States,  lies  immediately  S.  of  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont,  between  41°  23'  and  42°  52'  N.  lat,  and  be- 
tween 69°  50'  and  73°  30'  W.  long. ;  and  is  bounded  E.  ancl  S.  E.  by  the 
Atlantic ;  S.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  the  states  of  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut, and  VV.  by  New  York. 

Several  ranges  of  mountains,  continued  from  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, pass  through  this  state  from  N.  to  S.,  into  Connecticut.  The 
Taghkanic  range  occupies  the  extreme  west  of  the  state,  and  divides 
the  streams  which  flow  into  the  Hudson  from  those  which  empty  into 
the  Housatouic  river.  The  Green  Mountain  range  is  continued  S.  be- 
•tween  the  Housatonic  and  Connecticut.  Other  ranges,  known  as  the 
Mount  Tom  range  and  the  Lyme  range,  commence  in  New  Hampshire, 
in  a  single  chain,  and  divide  a  few  miles  S.  of  Northampton.  The  first 
then  crosses  the  Connecticut,  and  proceeds  in  a  southerly  course  on  the 
W.  of  that  river,  and  the  other  continues  its  course  on  the  E.  side.  The 
part  of  the  state  E.  of  these  mountains  is  hilly,  except  in  the  S.  E.  coun- 
ties, where  the  surface  is  level  and  sandy,  and  the  soil  generally  poor. 
Otherwise,  Massachusetts  has  a  soil  of  medium  fertility,  which,  by  in- 
dustry, is  made  to  produce  abundant  crops.  The  improvements  in  agri- 
culture have,  of  late  years,  been  great,  and  the  farms  around  Boston  are 
in  the  very  highest  state  of  cultivation,  and  supply  that  city  with  an 
exuberance  of  vegetables  and  fruits.  Among  the  mineral  products  are 
iron,  marble,  and  granite.  The  greatest  elevations  are  Saddle  Mountain, 
Mount  Holyoke,  and  Wachusetts  Mountain. 

.The  Peninsula  of  Cape  Cod  is  sandy  and  barren,  and  in  many  places 
wholly  destitute  of  vegetation ;  yet  it  is  populous,  the  inhabitants  deriv- 
ing their  support  chiefly  from  the  ocean.  Nantucket  Island  lies  S.  of 
Cape  Cod,  and  has  a  light  and  sandy  soil.  To  the  S.  E.  of  this  island 
are  the  Nantucket  Shoals,  on  which  many  vessels  have  been  wrecked. 
They  extend  about  50  miles  in  length,  and  45  in  breadth.  Martha's 
Vineyard  lies  S.  W.  of  Nantucket,  and  has  a  spacious  harbor  called 
Holmes'  Hole.  Several  other  large  islands  lie  off  the  coast. 

^Massachusetts  has  an  extensive  sea-board  facing  on  the  E.  and  S.  E., 


THE  STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS.  11 

\tnich  is  indented  by  many  fine  bays  and  estuaries.  Massachusetts  Bay, 
which  gives  its  name  to  the  state,  extends  from  Cape  Ann  on  the  N.,  to 
Cape  Cod  on  the  S.,  and  includes  Boston  Bay,  and  Cape  Cod  Bay.  Buz- 
zard's Bay,  on  the  S.  shore,  is  30  miles  in  length,  and  includes  the  fine 
hhrbor  of  New  Bedford.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Connecticut,  the 
Merrimack,  Charles,  Neponset,  Taunton,  £.c.  All  these  streams  afford 
immense  water-power,  and  their  banks  are  occupied  by  numerous 
thriving  manufacturing  towns  and  villages. 

Massachusetts  claims  pre-eminence  as  a  manufacturing  state.  In  1845 
it  possessed  302  cotton  and  178  woollen  factories.  Calico  printing  and 
bleaching  are  also  largely  carried  on.  Carpets  were  made  in  17  mills, 
and  11  establishments  manufactured  mixed  goods.  Besides  these,  which 
constitute  the  staples  of  the  state,  large  houses  were  engaged  in  the 
varioiii  mechanic  arts,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  vast  quantities  of 
useful  articles,  for  domestic  use  and  export.  There  were  also  in  the 
state  30  rolling-mills,  152  forges,  4  furnaces  for  pig-iron,  and  91  for  casir 
ings,  114  machine-shops,  &c.  Ship-building  employs  about  1,100  hands. 
The  commerce  of  Massachusetts  centers  chiefly  at  Boston,  but  no  incon- 
siderable amount  of  business  is  transacted  at  other  ports.  New  Bedford, 
Salem,  Nan  tucket,  &c.,  are  largely  engaged  in  the  whale  fisheries,  and 
employ  an  aggregate  of  479  vessels  in  that  branch  of  industry.  There 
are  about  100  miles  of  canal  in  this  state,  (now  mainly  in  disuse ;)  and 
the  aggregate  length  of  railroads  is  1,357  miles. 

Harvard  University  is  the  oldest  and  best-endowed  school  in  the 
United  States.  William's  College  and  Amherst  College  are  also  respect- 
able establishments.  At  Andover,  Cambridge,  and  Newton,  there  are 
Protestant  Theological  Seminaries,  and  the  Roman  Catholics  have  a  col- 
lege at  Worcester.  Attached  to  Harvard  are  schools  of  law,  medicine, 
and  divinity.  Academies  and  common  schools,  free  to  every  child,  are 
very  numerous,  and  conducted  on  the  most  approved  systems  of  educa- 
tion. Every  village  has  its  school-house. 

The  state  is  divided  into  14  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Boston,  Salem,  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Springfield.  Fall  River,  Taunton, 
Worcester,  Northampton,  Greenfield,  Pittsfield,  Adams.  &c. 

BOSTON,  the  principal  sea-port  and  capital  of  the  state,  is  beautifully 
situated,  principally  on  a  peninsula  on  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  had  in 
1850  a  population  of  136,871  The  city  consists  of  three  parts,— Old 
Boston,  South  Boston,  and  East  Boston.  The  isthmus  that  connects  it 
with  the  main  land,  is  about  a  mile  long,  and  was  originally  very  narrow, 
but  has  been  much  improved,  and  now  forms  the  main  avenue  from 
the  city.  Bridges  are  also  constructed  to  connect  with  Charlestown, 
Cambridge,  &c.,  and  a  solid  causeway  leads  to  Brookline.  The  State 
House  is  the  principal  public  building.  The  Merchants'  Exchange,  Cus- 
tom House,  Atheiia3utn,  Faneuil  Hall,  &C.,  are  also  splendid  structures. 


12  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

The  most  imposing  of  these,  perhaps  on  account  of  its  associations,  is 
Faneui!  Hull,  so  celebrated  in  revolutionary  history.  It  is  appropriately 
tcnni'd  t.ho  "Cradle  of  Liberty,"  and  is  had  in  almost  sacred  veneration. 
Bunker  Hill  Monument  is  also  an  object  of  great  attraction.  As  a  com- 
mercial city,  Boston  is  only  second  in  rank  to  New  York.  The  foreign 
trade  is  immense,  but  the  trade  by  coasters  is  three  or  four  times  as 
large.  The  real  and  personal  property  in  the  city  was  assessed  in  1849, 
at  $174.108,900.  Boston  is  the  chief  center  of  the  New  England  railroad 
system,  and  from  it  the  iron  band  diverges  to  all  parts.  The  city  is  sup- 
plied with  excellent  water  from  Cochituate  Lake,  20  miles  to  the  west 

CAMBRIDGE,  four  miles  from  Boston,  is  the  seat  of  Harvard  Univer- 
sity,— population  15,215;  and  about  a  mile  further  is  the  beautiful  ceme- 
tery of  Mount  Auburn,  in  a  lovely  and  picturesque  situation,  and  in  which 
rest  many  of  the  great  and  virtuous  soiis  of  New  England. 

LAWRENCE  is  a  new  city,  20  miles  N.  of  Boston,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  railroad.  It  is  a  very  nourishing  place,  and  chiefly  engaged 
in  the  cotton  business.  From  the  numerous  facilities,  natural  and  arti- 
ficial, which  it  enjoys,  it  will  eventually  become  one  of  the  largest  manu- 
facturing places  in  the  state.  Population  8,233. 

LOWELL  is  justly  entitled  the  "Manchester  of  America."  The  city  is 
situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  below  Pawtucket  Falls,  and 
the  mills  are  supplied  with  water  irom  that  river,  through  a  canal  a 
mile  arid  a  half  long.  The  factories  employ  about  10,000  females,  many 
of  whom  have  devoted  their  leisure  to  literature,  music,  and  the  fine 
arts.  Population  33,383.  Lowell  is  connected  by  railroad  with  the  towns 
in  every  direction. 

SPRINGFIELD  is  also  a  very  important  manufacturing  place,  and  in 
connection  with  the  village  of  Chicopee,  forms  one  of  the  great  cotton 
business  districts  of  the  state.  It  is  well  known  as  the  seat  of  the  U.  S. 
Armory.  Population  11,766.  Springfield  is  very  important  as  a  railroad 
center. 

WORCESTER,  45  miles  W.  from  Boston,  has  many  large  manufacturing 
establishments,  and  contains  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  and  the  Ameri- 
can Antiquarian  Society's  rooms.  It  is  connected  with  the  capital, 
Providence,  &c.,  by  railroads.  Population  17,049. 

FITCIIBURG  is  a  village  on  a  branch  of  the  Nashua  river,  and  has  of 
late  assumed  some  importance  in  connection  with  railroad  travel.  In  its 
vicinity  are  large  granite  quarries.  Population  120. 

LYNN  is  a  sea-port  town,  and  celebrated  for  its  shoe  manufacturing 
establishments.  Population  14,257.  N  AJI  ANT,  a  part  of  this  town,  is  situ- 
ated on  a  peninsula  extending  into  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  is  a  cele- 
brated place  of  summer  resort.  NEW  BEDFORD,  on  Buzzard's  Bay,  is  a 
handsome  town,  and  largely  engaged  in  the  whale  fisheries,  employing 
•bout  96,000  tons  of  shipping  in  that  branch  alone.  Population  16,461 


THE  STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS.  13 

PLYMOUTH,  on  the  coast,  36  miles  S.  E.  of  Boston,  is  memorable  as  Iho 
spot  where  the  exiled  Independents  of  Yorkshire,  usually  called  the 
*•  Pilgrim  Fathers,"  founded  the  first  settlement  in  New  England.  Popu- 
lation 5.717.  Most  of  these  are  connected  with  the  capital  by  railroad. 

SALEM  is  an  important  city  and  has  several  excellent  literary  institu- 
tions. The  Museum  of  the  East  India  Marine  Society  contains  many 
valuable  Indian  curiosities.  The  shipping  belonging  to  the  port  in  1849 
was  37,5x13  tons,  and  the  assessed  value  of  property  $9,581,895.  Popular 
tion  20,264. 

NEWBURYPORT  is  a  pleasant  town  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mer- 
riinack.  The  Custom  House  and  several  other  fine  edifices  are  built  of 
granite.  The  celebrated  preacher,  Whitfield,  was  buried  here.  The  in- 
habitants are  much  interested  in  the  fisheries.  Population  9,f>72. 

ANDOVER,  incorporated  in  1645,  is  situated  S.  of  the  Merrimack.  and  has 
extensive  water-power.  It  is  the  sear  of  several  large  manufacturing 
establishments.  There  are  also  in  the  town  a  Theological  Seminary,  the 
oldest  and  best  endowed  in  the  Union,  and  a  highly  celebrated  academy 
founded  in  1788.  Population  6,945. 

^  DEDHAM  is  one  of  the  most  pleasant  villages  in  New  England.  The 
streets  are  lined  with  elms,  which  render  them  cool  and  shady  in  the 
summer  season.  The  Court  House,  built  of  granite,  is  of  remarkably 
pure  architecture:  there  are  also  several  elegant  churches  and  other 
public  buildings.  Manufactures  occupy  most  of  the  inhabitants.  It  is 
connected  with  Boston  by  railroad.  Population  4,447. 

FALL  RIVER  Village,  formerly  Troy,  is  situated  at  the  union  of  the  Fall 
and  Taunton  rivers,  arid  enjoys  the  benefit  of  great  water-power.  Large 
factories  are  established  here.  Population  11,805.  TAUNTON  is  also  a 
large  manufacturing  village.  Population  10,441.  Both  places  are  con- 
nected with  Boston  by  railroad. 

The  present  slate  of  Massachusetts,  for  several  years  after  its  first  set- 
tlement, comprised  two  colonies,  styled  Plymouth  Colony  and  the  Colony 
of  Massachusetts  Bay.  The  first  dates  from  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims, 
on  the  22d  December,  1620,  and  the  last  was  commenced  at  Salem,  in 
1623.  The  two  colonies  remained  separate  until  1685-6,  when  they 
were^leprived  of  their  charter,  and  placed  under  the  government  of 
DudPy,  and  afterwards  under  that  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros.  In  1692  they 
were  united,  and  a  new  charter  granted.  On  the  breaking  out,  of  the 
revolution,  in  1774,  a  Provisional  Congress  assumed  the  government, 
and  in  1775,  counsellors  were  elected.  The  constitution  was  framed 
in  1780,  and  as  amended  in  1811,  is  yet  the  political  basis  of  the  state, 
government. 


14  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

THE  STATE  OE   RHODE  ISLAND. 

flrea  1,360  square  miles. r^- Population  147,544. 

RHODE  ISLAND,  the  smallest  state  of  the  Union,  lies  between  41°  2% 
and  420  03'  N.  lat.,  and  between  71°  06'  and  71°  38'  W.  long.  It  is 
bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  state  of  Massachusetts ;  S.  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  and  W.  by  the  state  of  Connecticut. 

Rhode  Island,  from  which  the  state  takes  its  name,  is  situated  in 
Narragansett  Bay.  This  pleasant  island  has  a  beautiful  climate,  and  is 
the  resort  of  invalids.  Travellers  call  it  the  "  Eden  of  America."  Co- 
nonicut  and  Block  Island  lie  to  the  W.  The  continental  part  of  the 
state  is  somewhat  hilly  and  broken  in  the  N.,  but  in  the  S.  is  generally 
level.  The  soil  is  indifferently  fertile ;  but  on  the  islands  and  country 
bordering  on  the  bay,  the  products  are  very  abundant  and  of  the  best 
qualities.  The  southern  part  is  an  excellent  grazing  country. 

About  one-tenth  of  the  state  is  covered  with  the  waters  of  Narragan- 
sett Bay.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Pawtucket,  which,  after  its  union 
with  Providence  river,  is  called  Seekonk ;  the  Pawtuxet,  and  the  Paw- 
catuck.  All  these  rivers  have  falls  and  rapids,  and  are  well  suited 
for  manufacturing  purposes.  Narragausett  Bay  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water, 
dividing  the  state  into  two  unequal  parts.  It  is  30  miles  long  and  15 
broad,  embosoming  the  islands  above  referred  to.  The  northeastern 
arm  is  called  Mount  Hope  Bay,  the  northwestern  arm  Greenwich  Bay, 
and  the  northern  arm  Providence  Bay.  Into  these  the  rivers  disem- 
bogue. The  climate  is  similar  to,  but  somewhat  milder  than  that  of 
Massachusetts,  and  is  found  congenial  to  those  suffering  from  pulmonic 
affections. 

Rhode  Island  is  a  great  manufacturing  state,  and  in  proportion  to  its 
size,  has  a  larger  number  of  cotton  and  woollen-mills  than  any  other. 
It  has  also  a  number  of  furnaces,  tanneries,  paper-mills,  and  other 
similar  establishments.  The  foreign  commerce  employs  about  43,000 
tons  of  shipping,  and  the  domestic  trade  is  also  very  extensive.  The 
fisheries  are  carried  on  with  great  spirit.  Rhode  Island  ho^about  tsix 
miles  of  canal,  and  65  miles  of  completed  railroad. 

Brown  University,  at  Providence,  is  the  chief  educational  institution. 
There  is  also  an  Athenaeum  at  Providence.  The  number  of  academies 
in  1850,  was  52,  and  of  common  schools  334,  educating  together  27,000 
scholars.  Liberal  provision  is  made  for  the  Insane,  Blind,  and  other 
unfortunates. 

The  state  is  divided  into  5  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Providence,  Newport,  Bristol,  &c. 

Providence  and  Newport  are  the  capitals  of  the  state,  each  serving  as 


THE  STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT.  15 

such  for  one  year  alternately.  PROVIDENCE  has  an  area  of  nine  miles 
square,  and  is  divided  by  the  river  q/  the  same  name.  The  public 
buildings  are  elegant,  especially  the  State  House,  University,  and  Athe- 
naeum. Its  harbor,  at  the  head  of  Narragansett  Bay,  is  excellent,  and 
important  to  commerce.  Population  41,513.  NEWPORT,  near  the  S.  W. 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Rhode  Island,  has  about  9.563  inhabitants.  Its 
harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  United  States,  but  its  commerce  is  lim- 
ited, the  principal  part  of  its  wealth  being  invested  in  the  fisheries.  The 
town  is  beautifully  located,  rising  gently  from  the  shore,  and  presenting 
from  the  bay  a  most  pleasing  aspect.  The  State  House  is  a  handsome 
building,  situated  on  Washington  Square.  This  town  has,  of  late  years, 
become  a  place  of  fashionable  resort  in  the  summer  season. 

BRISTOL,  on  Warren  river,  a  creek  of  Providence  Bay,  is  a  neat  and 
commercial  town,  and  distinguished  for  its  commerce,  coasting  trade,  and 
the  spirit  of  its  people  in  the  pursuit  of  the  fisheries.  Population  4,016. 
KINGSTON  and  GREENWICH  are  also  towns  of  some  note. 

Rhode  Island  was  first  settled  in  1G3G,  by  Roger  Williams,  who  located 
with  a  small  colony  at  Providencea ;  nd,  in  1038,  William  Coddington, 
having  fled  with  17  others  from  Massachusetts,  settled  at  Newport.  The 
two  colonies  were  united  by  Charles  II.,  who  granted  a  charter  to  the 
"Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations."  This  charter  was  retained 
as  the  basis  of  the  state  government  until  1841.  in  which  year  a  consti- 
tution, better  adapted  to  the  altered  wants  of  the  people,  was  formed ; 
but  not  before  a  serious  rebellion  had  broken  out  against  the  "old 
establishment." 


THE   STATE  OF   CONNECTICUT. 

Area  4,674  square  miles. — Population  370,791. 

CONNECTICUT  lies  between  41°  and  42°  02'  N.  lat.,  and  between  71° 
20'  and  73°  15'  W.  long.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Massachusetts;  E.  by 
Rhode  Island ;  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  W.  by  the  state  of  New 
York. 

The  surface,  though  not  mountainous,  is  traversed  by  several  consider- 
able lulls  from  Massachusetts.  The  Blue  Hills,  in  the  Mount  Tom 
range,  h;ive  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet,  and  are  the  highest  culminations 
in  the  state.  The  soil  is  generally  excellent,  and  the  intervale  lands 
especially  are  very  fertile.  In  some  parts  of  the  state,  however,  the 
soil  is  comparatively  thin  and  barren. 

Few  states  are  so  well  provided  with  good  harbors ;  and  the  rivers 


1C  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

which  disembogue  in  the  Bound,  are  many  of  them  deep  and  navigable. 
The  principal  are  the  Housatonic,  the  Connecticut,  and  the  Thames.  All 
these  rivers  are  celebrated  for  their  shad  fisheries.  The  state  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  smaller  streams,  which  afford  extensive  water-power, 
and  is  everywhere  watered  by  brooks  and  springs  of  the  purest  water. 

Connecticut  produces  some  valuable  minerals.  Iron  ore  is  very  plen- 
tiful, and  copper  is  found  in  several  places.  "Verde  antique"  marble 
is  found  at  Mil  ford,  and  freestone  almost  everywhere.  At  Stafford  and 
Suffield  there  are  valuable  mineral  springs,  which  are  frequented  by  in- 
valids and  -summer  visitors.  The  climate  is  generally  healthy,  but  near 
the  coast  liable  to  sudden  changes.  Snow  lies  on  the  ground  for  3  or  4 
months  in  the  winter,  and  the  spring  is  often  backward.  Summer  and 
autumn,  hfcwever,  are  delightful. 

Agriculture  employs  about  one-half  the  total  population.  Manufac- 
tures are  carried  on  with'  great  spirit,  especially  those  of  woollen  and 
cotton.  The  iron  business  is  likewise  very  flourishing.  Connecticut  is 
also  celebrated  fbr  the  large  amount  of  small  wares  manufactured  within 
its  borders,  and  which  are  distributed  throughout  the  states  by  hundreds 
of  pedlcrs.  In  point  of  commercial  importance,  this  state  stands  third 
among  those  of  New  England.  The  principal  exports  are  horses,  cattle, 
and  farm  produce.  The  coasting  trade,  chiefly  carried  on  with  the 
southern  states,  is  very  valuable,  and  the  fisheries  are  extensively  en- 
gaged in.  There  are  about  64T  miles  .of  railroad  in  working  order  in 
the  state. 

Education,  in  Connecticut,  is  universal.  The  principal  literary  insti- 
tutions are  Yale  College,  at  New  Haven,  one  of  the  oldest  establishments 
in  the  Union;  Trinity  College,  at  Hartford,  and  the  Wesley  an  Univer- 
sity, at  Middletown.  The  number  of  common  school  districts  is  1,650, 
and  there  is  a  normal  school  at  Hartford.  The  Retreat  for  the  Insane 
and  the  American  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  are  valuable  institu- 
tions, both  at  Hartford.  The  State  Prison,  at  Wethersfield,  is  self-sup- 
porting, and  is  a  remarkably  well-conducted  establishment,  in  which  the 
".reforming  principle"  is  well  carried  out.  The  inhabitants  of  this 
state  are  the  best  educated  and  most  enlightened  in  the  Union. 

Connecticut  is  divided  into  8  counties.  There  are  six  cities  in  the 
state,  viz.,  New  Haven,  Hartford,  New  London,  Norwich,  Middletown, 
and  Bridgeport ;  and  a  large  number  of  towns  and  villages,  with  popula- 
tions of  from  300  to  2,000  or  3,000. 

New  Haven  and  Hartford  are  alternate  capitals  of  the  state.  NEW 
HAVEN  lies  on  the  sea-coast,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  commercial 
and  manufacturing  importance.  It  consists  of  two  parts — the  old  town 
and  the  new  township.  The  streets  are  laid  out  rectangularly.  It  con- 
tains a  number  of  beautiful  public  edifices,  among  which  are  Yale  Col- 
lege, the  State  House,  General  Hospital,  and  others.  There  are  also 


THE  STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT.  1*7 

upwards  of  20  churches,  most  of  which  are  built  with  strict  regard  to 
taste  and  elegance.  Population  20,345,  HARTFORD  is  situated  on  the 
Connecticut  river,  50  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  city  is  beautifully 
located,  but  not  very  regularly  built.  Hartford  has  considerable  com- 
merce, and  the  people  are  engaged  to  some  amount  in  manufactu- 
ring. The  State  House,  Trinity  College,  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum, 
and  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  are  the  chief  public  buildings  of  note. 
Hartford  has  13  churches  and  a  largo  number  of  school-houses,  all  wor- 
thy of  attention.  The  "  Old  Charter  Oak,"  so  celebrated  in  history,  is 
still  standing,  and  is  an  object  of  interest  to  the  traveller.  The  trunk  of 
this  venerable  relic  of  colonial  times,  now  measures  24  feet  in  circum- 
ference. "  The  New  Haven  and  Springfield  Railroad"  passes  through 
the  city,  and  a  railroad  has  been  lately  opened  to  Willimantic,  and  will  be 
carried  on  to  Providence  on  the  E.,  and  to  Fishkill  on  the  Hudson  river. 
Population  13,555. 

NEW  LONDON,  with  its  fine  harbor,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames  river,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  STONINGTON  is 
also  a  great  depot  for  whale-ships.  NORWICH,  at  the  head  of  steam  navi- 
gation on  the  Thames,  is  a  manufacturing  town,  and  well  supplied  with 
water-power.  MIDDLETOVVN  is  a  very  handsome  city,  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  Wesleyan  University;  and  BRIDGEPORT,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Housatonic  river,  has  a  good  harbor,  and  a  flourishing  commerce. 
Steamboats  ply  to  and  from  New  York,  daily,  to  New  London,  Norwich, 
Stonington,  New  Haven,  Hartford,  and  Norwalk,  which  are  all  connected 
with  the  interior  and  Boston  by  railroad. 

This  state  comprises  the  two  original  colonies  of  New  Haven  and 
Connecticut.  The  Connecticut  colony  was  first  settled  at  Hartford,  by 
emigrants  from  Massachusetts,  in  1635;  and  New  Haven  colony,  by 
emigrants  from  England,  in  1638.  In  1665  the  two  were  united  on  the 
acceptance  of  a  charter  from  Charles  II.  This  charter  was  suspended  by 
Sir  Edmund  Andros,  in  1687 ;  but  was  restored  in  the  succeeding  jear, 
and  formed  the  basis  of  the  state  government  until  1818,  in  which  year 
the  present  constitution  was  framed. 

2* 


18  MIDDLE  STATES. 


THE  MIDDLE   STATES. 


THIS  section  of  the  United  States  comprises  the  states  of  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Maryland ;  and  the  District  of 
Columbia.  Their  geographical  position  has  determined  their  nomen- 
clature. The  Middle  States  are  bounded  N.  by  the  Great  Lakes,  the  St. 
Lawrence  river,  and  the  Provinces  of  Canada ;  E.  by  the  states  of  New 
England  and  the  Atlantic  ocean;  S.  by  Virginia,  and  W.  by  Virginia  and 
Ohio.  They  are  situated  between  38°  and  45°  N.  lat.,  and  between  71& 
56'  and  80°  34'  W.  long. ;  and  contain  an  aggregate  superficies  of  111,856 
square  miles. 

The  physical  conformation  of  this  region  is  highly  favorable  to  its  pro- 
gress in  all  departments  of  industry.  Its  mountains,  valleys,  plains, 
rivers,  and  hikes,  indicate  its  unrivaled  capacities.  Running  from  N.  E. 
to  S.  W.  are  the  Alleghanies — a  mine  of  inexhaustible  wealth,  producing 
iron,  coal,  and  other  useful  minerals.  On  the  N.,  the  great  lakes  and  the 
St.  Lawrence  form  outlets  for  commerce ;  and  the  rivers  flowing  S.  to 
the  Atlantic,  convey  to  the  coast  the  productions  of  the  interior,  which 
are  thence  transported  from  the  magnificent  harbors  which  indent  the 
shores,  to  supply  the  commerce  of  the  world  with  the  varied  wealth  of 
this  fine  region.  These  natural  advantages  have  conduced  much  to  the 
prosperity  and  importance  of  the  region,  and  elevated  the  states  com- 
prised within  its  borders  to  a  proud  pre-eminence. 

With  some  exceptions,  this  territory  was  formerly  known  as  the 
"Nieuw  Niederlauds,"  and  was  first  settled  by  the  Dutch.  On  one  side 
was  New  England,  and  on  the  other  Virginia,  the  latter  then  co-extensive 
with  what  are  now  termed  the  Southern  States.  Thus  centrally  dividing 
these  two  great  English  colonies,  and  occupied  by  a  nation  not  always 
at  peace  with  Great  Britain,  the  interests  of  the  English  settlers  became 
identified  with  the  occupation  by  them  of  the  whole ;  and  as  a  conse- 
quence, it  was  not  long  before  that  government  determined  on  taking 
possession  of  the  country,  and  destroying  a  competitor  and  enemy  at  one 
and  the  same  time.  This  act  was  consummated  in  1664,  from  which 
period  to  the  Revolution,  the  whole  Atlantic  region  remained  in  the 
undisturbed  possession  of  the  "  mother  of  nations." 

The  progress  which  the  people  have  made  in  every  department  of 
life,  and  the  increase  of  their  numbers,  has  been  rapid  and  astonishing. 
The  few  who  first  settled  on  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  commencement  of 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  19 

ttte  17th  century,  and  at  Philadelphia  and  other  places,  at  a  later  period, 
have  extended  their  limits  to  their  present  dimensions,  and  increased  to 
a  population  of  about  0,624,992  souls.  They  have  rapidly  passed  from 
the  hardships  of  settlement  and  colonial  servitude,  and  are  now  enjoying 
all  the  facilities  and  conveniences  of  older  nations ;  and  have  in  prospect 
all  the  glories  which  are  sure  to  attend  the  progress  of  a  people  devoted 
to  liberty,  to  virtue,  and  a  reciprocal  communion  with  the  world  at  large. 


THE,  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

Area  46,000  square  miles.— Population  3,097,394. 

NEW  YORK,  the  most  populous  and  important  of  the  United  States, 
occupies  the  northern  portion  of  the  Middle  States,  and,  including  Long 
Island,  lies  between  40°  30'  and  45°  N.*  lat.,  and  between  71°  56'  and 
79°  56'  VV.  long.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  the  St.  Lawrence 
river,  and  Canada  East ;  E.  by  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecti- 
cut ;  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  the  states  of  New  Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania, and  VV.  by  Pennsylvania,  Lake  Erie,  and  Canada  West. 

In  a  region  so  extensive,  the  physical  aspect,  soil,  climate,  and  produc- 
tions are  necessarily  diverse.  The  whole  eastern  portion  is  mountainous. 
The  S.  E.  angle  of  the  state  is  traversed  by  several  ridges,  one  of  which 
crosses  the  Hudson  at  the  Highlands,  presenting  a  bold  and  lofty  front 
on  both  sides  of  the  river.  The  Catskill  Mountains,  further  N.,  are  the 
most  elevated,  and  have  several  culminations,  as  Round  Top,  &c.,  which 
attain  to  the  height  of  3,000  feet ;  but  the  greatest  elevation  in  the  state  is 
Mount  Marcy,  in  the  Adirondack  group,  which  rises  5,467  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  country  of  Lake  Champlain  is  hilly,  and  becomes  moun- 
tainous on  approaching  the  highlands,  which  form  the  watersheds  be- 
tween the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake  Ontario.  The  western  part  of  the 
state  is  generally  level,  and  a  great  portion  of  it  has,  in  former  times, 
been  covered  with  the  waters  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie. 

Besides  the  great  lakes  on  the  N.,  and  Lakes  Champlain  and  George 
on  the  E.,  there  are  numerous  smaller  lakes  in  the  western  parts  of  the 
state,  which  discharge  their  waters  into  Lake  Ontario,  either  directly  or 
indirectly  through  the  Seneca  and  Oswego  rivers,  and  being  connected  by 
canals  and  railroads,  afford  peculiar  facilities  to  internal  commerce.  The 
principal  of  these  are  the  lakes  Oneida,  Skeneateles,  Owasco,  Cayuga, 
Seneca,  Crooked,  Canandaigua,  and  Chautauque.  In  the  N.  are  the  Ful- 
ton chain  of  lakes  and  others,  which  form  the  sources  of  the  Mo- 
hawk and  Hudson  rivers.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Mohawk  and  the 
Hudson  on  the  E. ;  and  the  Genesee,  the  Oswego,  and  the  Black,  which 


20  MIDDLE  STATES. 

discharge  into  Lake  Ontario.  Several  large  streams  also  fall  into  the  St. 
Lawrence.;  and  the  Alleghany,  the  Susquehannah,  and  Delaware  have 
their  sources  within  this  state.  The  Niagara  connects  lakes  Ontario 
and  Erie,  and  separates  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  slate  from  Ca- 
nada. The  falls  of  this  river,  about  half-way  between  these  lakes,  are 
perhaps  the  greatest  physical  wonder  of  the  world.  The  waters  here 
have  a  perpendicular  fall  of  176  feet,  and  their  roar  may  be  heard  many 
miles,  while  the  vapor  which  continually  rises  in  clouds  from  the  abyss, 
refracts  the  sunlight  in  all  the  colors  of  the  rainbow.  The  view  from  the 
suspension  bridge  is  magnificent.  In  the  Mohawk,  about  two  miles 
from  its  junction  with  the  Hudson,  are  Cohoes  Falls,  second  only  to 
those  of  Niagara,  and  surrounded  by  the  most  enchanting  scenery.  A 
little  below,  a  bridge  has  been  thrown  across  the  river,  from  which  the 
view  of  the  falls  is  inexpressibly  grand.  The  falls  of  the  Genesee, 
and  Trenton  Falls  are  also  of  considerable  magnitude. 

New  York  abounds  in  mineral  springs.  Those  of  Saratoga  and  Balls- 
ton  are  the  most  celebrated  in  America,  and  during  the  summer  months, 
are  the  resort  of  the  gay  and  fashionable,  as  well  as  invalids  from  all 
parts  of  the  Union.  The  waters,  which  contain  considerable  quantities 
of  iodine,  afford  relief  in  many  chronic  diseases.  The  warm  springs  of 
New  Lebanon,  S.  E.  of  Albany,  are  also  much  frequented.  At  Salina,  &c., 
are  the  celebrated  salt  springs,  owned  by  the  state,  and  which  supply 
sufficient  fine  salt  for  the  Western  States  and  the  Canadas. 

The  climate  is  much  modified  by  local  circumstances.  In  the  S.,  the 
influence  of  the  ocean  is  perceptible,  and  the  weather  is  changeable ; 
but  the  annual  range  of  temperature  is  not  so  great  as  in  the  N.  and  N.  E., 
nor  are  either  heat  or  cold  so  intense.  The  counties  E.  of  the  Hudson 
river  assimilate  that  of  the  adjoining  New  England  States.  In  the  W., 
again  the  climate  is  modified  by  proximity  to  the  great  lakes,  and  is  in 
some  degree  similar  to  that  of  the  Atlantic  region.  As  a  general  result, 
however,  the  climate  is  found  to  be  highly  salubrious,  and  with  a  few 
local  exceptions,  free  from  endemic  diseases. 

The  agricultural  resources  of  New  York  are  immense.  A  rich  soil, 
adapted  alike  for  grazing  and  corn-growing,  invites  the.  industry  of  the 
farmer.  Immense  flocks  and  herds  are  pastured  in  the  western  part  of 
the  state  ;  and  the  production  of  wool,  hides,  cheese,  butter,  and  other 
animal  staples  is  abundant.  The  grain  crops  consist  of  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
rye,  oiu  -,  buckwheat,  and  barley,  and  a  considerable  amount  of  flax  and 
hemp  i  raised.  Fruits  of  all  sorts  are  cultivated  everywhere.  Lumber, 
pot  aim  pearl  ashes,  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  &c.,  are  largely  produced, 
and  about  10,000,000  Ibs.  of  maple  sugar  are  annually  drawn  from  the 
hard  maple.  About  two-fifths  of  the  whole  state  is  devoted  to  cereal 
agriculture.  Manufactures  employ  about  200,000  persons.  In  the  state 
there  are  118  cotton  and  345  woollen  factories,  and  several  silk-mills. 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  21 

The  number  of  iron-works  in  1850,  was  502;  tanneries  1,414,  and  ash- 
eries  738.  Distilleries,  glass-factories,  dye  and  print  works,  paper-mills, 
and  breweries  are  very  numerous.  As  a  commercial  state,  New  York 
surpasses  all  others  of  the  Union,  and  the  internal  trade  is  equally  ex- 
tensive. The  foreign  trade  alone  employs  4,450,000  tons  of  shipping. 
The  canals  and  railroads  are  on  a  grand  scale.  The  Hudson  river  and 
Erie  Canal  form  one  uninterrupted  water  communication  from  the  ocean 
to  the  northern  lakes,  and  the  central  line  is  connected  by  lateral  canals 
southward  with  the  Alleghauy,  Susquehaunah,  and  Delaware  rivers,  and 
on  the  X.  with  Lakes  Ontario  and  Champlain.  The  railroads  traverse 
over  nearly  the  'same  lines,  and  are  especially  useful  when  the  canals 
are  closed  in  the  winter  season.  The  total  length  of  canal  is  991  miles, 
and  the  aggregate  length  of  completed  railroad  2,129  miles.  There  are 
also  several  hundreds  of  miles  of  railroad  now  in  progress.  The  tolls 
received  on  tlite  canals  amount  annually  to  more  than  $3,500,000. 

In  1850,  there  were  in  New  York  10  colleges,  163  academies,  55  female 
seminaries,  and  22  other  institutions  of  a  higher  grade.  The  state  also 
supports  two  normal  schools,  and  13,811  common  schools.  There  were 
besides,  at  the  same  date,  1,569  private  schools.  The  funds  set  apart 
for  educational  purposes  amounted  to  $6,145,662,  yielding  a  revenue  of 
$411/202.  The  whole  amount  of  public  moneys  expended  on  common 
schools  in  the  year  1850  was  $1,035,854  85.  The  principal  colleges  are 
the  Columbia  College  and  the  University,  at  New  York,  and  Union 
College  at  Schenectady.  A  free  academy  has  been  established  at  New 
York,  and  there  are  also  many  evening  schools  in  the  large  cities. 
Mechanics1  Institutes,  Lyceums,  Libraries,  &c.,  are  open  to  all. 

New  York  is  divided  into  59  counties ;  843  townships ;  12  cities, 
(New  York,  Brooklyn,  Williamsburg,  Hudson,  Albany,  Troy,  Schenec- 
tady, Syracuse,  Oswego.  Utica,  Rochester,  and  Buffalo) ;  ICO  incorpo- 
rated villages,  and  between,,  700  and  800  villages  not  incorporated. 
Many  of  the  incorporated  villages  are  places  of  extensive  trade  and  com- 
mercial importance,  especially  those  on  the  Hudson  river  and  the  lakes, 
and  on  .the  lines  of  the  railroads  and  canals. 

NEW  YORK,  the  commercial  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  located  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state,  on  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Hudson  and  East  rivers.  The  city  is  co-extensive  with  the  island, 
and  is  13£  miles  long  with  an  average  breadth  of  one  mile  and  three 
quarters,  having  an  area  of  14,200  acres.  There  are  several  small  islands 
belonging  to  the  city  in  the  bay  and  East  River. 

The  population  in  1850  amounted  to  515,507  souls:  in  1840  it  was 
312,714,  and  in  1845,  371,102. 

The  bay  and  harbor  of  New  York  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
safe  in  the  world,  and  the  surrounding  scenery  magnificent.  Shipping 
from  every  maritime  nation,  and  merchantmen  of  every  size,  line  the 


22  MIDDLE  STATES. 

wharves  of  the  city  on  both  sides,  for  a  distance  of  three  miles,  pre« 
senting  a  continuous  forest  of  masts  and  cordage,  mingled  with  the 
chimneys  of  numerous  steam-vessels.  Upwards  of  1,000  sail-vessels, 
80  steamers,  70  or  80  steam-tugs,  and  200  canal-boats  may  usually  be 
seen  in  the  harbor.  In  the  coldest  weather  the  bay  is  never  obstructed 
with  ice. 

The  dense  and  populous  part  of  the  city  has  a  circumference  of  9  or 
10  miles.  The  lower  part  of  the  old  city  is  irregularly  laid  out,  but  the 
streets  in  the  upper  or  new  portion  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles. 
The  public  buildings,  which  are  generally  of  a  costly  nature,  are  numer- 
ous. The  City  Hall  and  the  U.  S.  Courts,  in  the  Park ;  the  City  Prison, 
facing  on  Centre-street ;  the  Custom  House,  the  Merchants'  Exchange, 
and  bank  buildings,  in  Wall-street.  &c.,  are  the  most  conspicuous.  Of 
the  churches,  many  are  superb  specimens  of  architectural  taste.  Trinity 
Church,  in  Broadway,  at  the  head  of  Wall-street;  Grace  Church,  on 
Broadway,  corner  of  10th  street,  three  miles  up  from  the  Battery,  and 
several  others,  are  magnificent  structures.  The  whole  number  of 
churches  is  not  far  from  240.  The  public  grounds  are  the  Battery,  facing 
on  the  bay,  and  from  which  the  view  is  extensive  and  animated; 
the  Bowling  Green,  the  Park,  St.  John's  Park,  Washington  Square, 
Tompkins'  Square,  Gramercy  Park,  and  Union  Park:  all  these  aHe 
adorned  with  ornamental  trees  and  shrubbery,  and  some  with  splendid 
fountains.  The  city  is  well  supplied  with  water,  which  is  conducted 
through  a  magnificent  aqueduct  from  the  Croton  river,  in  Westchester 
county,  a  distance  of  40  miles. 

New  York  has  numerous  scientific,  literary,  and  benevolent  institu- 
tions. It  has  also  several  well-regulated  theatres,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  Broadway  Theatre,  Niblo's  Garden,  the  Bowery  Theatre,  and  the 
Astor  Place  Opera  House.  The  Park  Theatre,  the  oldest  and  most  sub- 
stantial ever  established  in  New  York,  was  burned  down  in  1848,  and 
has  not  since  been  rebuilt.  The  American  Museum,  in  Broadway,  is  also 
a  jfiace  of  great  res6rt,  and  during  the  summer  season,  Castle  Garden  is 
used  for  concerts,  &c. 

New  York,  in  short,  may  be  considered  as  a  world  within  itself.  Peo- 
ple of  every  nation,  kindred,  and  tongue,  and  exercising  every  art  and 
profession  known  to  man,  are  its  inhabitants.  Churches  of  every  per- 
suasion— people  of  all  creeds — institutions  of  every  imaginable  shade, 
and  man  in  all  his  phases  and  in  every  condition,  are  agglomerated 
within  the  circuit  of  this,  the  Empire  City  of  the  western  world,  and 
form  a  most  heterogeneous  compound  of  all  that  is  extreme.  New 
York  has  suffered  much  from  fire:  the  great  fires  of  1835  and  1845 
are  matters  of  history.  The  hotels  of  New  York  are  very  large,  and 
Well  conducted. 

The  value  of  real  and  personal  estate  in  the  city,  in  1850,  was  assessed 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.  23 

at  $286,061,816,  and  the  amount  of  tax  levied  $3,230,085,  equal  to  113 
cents  on  the  $100.  The  city  debt,  contracted  chiefly  for  the  Croton 
water-works,  amounts  to  $14,646,783,  less  the  sinking  fund  $3,025,550. 

BROOKLYN  may  be  considered  as  a  suburb  of  New  York,  and  next  to 
that  place,  is  the  most  populous  city  in  the  state.  The  population,  in 
1845,  was  59,566,  but  in  1850  it  had  increased  to  96,838. 

Brooklyn  is  situated  immediately  opposite  New  York,  on  Long  Island, 
and  has  constant  communication  by  means  of  five  ferries.  The  East 
river  is  here  only  three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide,  and,  as  a  consequence, 
the  business  of  the  two  cities  is  much  blended.  Brooklyn,  however,  has 
on  extensive  commerce  of  its  own,  and  good  wharfage  for  shipping  of 
the  largest  class.  The  Atlantic  Dock  is  a  work  of  great  importance  to 
the  city.  The  United  States'  Navy-yard  at  the  Wallabout,  is  a  large 
establishment,  and  from  this  place  many  of  our  largest  battle  ships  have 
been  launched.  The  new  Dry  Dock  at  this  station  is  perhaps  superior  to 
any  similar  work  in  the  world.  Greenwood  Cemetery,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  burial-places  in  the  Union,  is  situated  in  the  southern  section 
of  the  city,  a  short  distance  from  the  bay,  and  contains  an /area  of  200 
acres,  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  woods,  plains,  and  lakes.  There  are 
about  50  churches,  and  many  fine  dwellings,  chiefly  inhabited  by  the 
merchant  princes  of  the  commercial  emporium.  The  City  Hall  is  a 
beautiful  structure,  and  an  ornament  to  the  city.  From  Brooklyn  Heights 
and  Fort  Greene  the  view  is  extensive  and  grand. 

Many  handsome  villages  are  within  a  short  distance  from  New  York 
and  may  be  reached  by  ferry-boats  that  are  constantly  plying.  The  prin- 
cipal of  these  are  Richmond,  Stapleton,  &c.,  on  Staten  Island;  Fort 
Hamilton,  at  the  Narrows ;  Astoria  and  Ravenswood,  N.  E.  of  Brooklyn ; 
Williamsburgh,  adjoining  Brooklyn,  with  a  population  of  30,786 ;  and 
Jersey  City,  Hoboken,  &c.,  on  the  Jersey  shore.  There  are  also  many 
Others  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  island,  and  in  Westchester  county. 

New  York  is  a  principal  center  of  railroad  and  steamboat  travel.  The 
Long  Island  R,  R.,  and  the  JV.  Y.  and  JV.  Haven  R.  R.,  accommodate  the 
travel  to  Boston,  <$-c. ;  and  the  JV.  Y.  and  Harlacm  li.  R.  and  the  Hudson 
river  R.  R.,  extend  JV.  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson  river.  The  Nuw  Jer- 
sey R.  R.  to  Philadelphia,  and  the  Ramapo,  and  Patcrson  and  Hudson  R.  R. 
commence  at  Jersey  city,  opposite  to  New  York.  The  JV.  Y.  and  Erie  R. 
R.,  which  has  its  eastern  terminus  at  Piermont,  on  the  Hudson  river,  is 
reached  from  New  York  by  steamboat.  Jl  railroad  also  extends  from 
South  jlmboy  to  Philadelphia,  to  and  from  which  place  passengers  are  car- 
ried by  steamboats.  Steamboats  travel  regularly  to  and  from  all  the  ports 
on  Long  Island  Sound  as  far  as  Stonington ;  and  up  the  North  river 
several  times  a  day  to  Albany  and  Troy,  stopping  at  the  intermediate 
places. 

ALBANY  is  the  political  capital  and  seat  of  the  state  government.    It 


24  MIDDLE  STATES. 

is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  145  miles  N.  of  New  York,,  on 
a  gentle  rise  of  ground,  and  presents  with  its  gilded  domes,  an  imposing 
appearance  from  the  river.  The  Capitol,  the  City  Hall,  and  the  State 
House,  are  splendid  structures,  located  on  the  summit  of  the  ascent  over- 
looking the  city.  Besides  these  there  are  several  other  public  buildings, 
as  the  Exchange,  State  Geological  Museum,  the  Medical  College,  acade- 
mies, churches,  &c.  Albany  enjoys  a  large  commerce,  and  is  the  entre- 
pot between  the  west  and  the  port  of  New  York.  Its  manufacturing 
establishments  consisC  of  founderies,  breweries,  &c.,  and  are  very  exten- 
sive. Two  ferries  cross  the  river :  one  to  East  Albany,  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  railroads  terminating  there,  and  the  other  to  Greenbush ; 
and  numerous  steamboats,  the  largest  and  most  splendid  river  boats  in 
the  world,  and  an  endless  array  of  steam  tow-boats  ply  between  this  city, 
New  York,  and  the  intermediate  places.  The  average  speed  of  the  first- 
class  steamboats  is  about  16  miles  an  hour.  The  steamboat  Alida  made 
the  passage  from  New  York  to  Albany  on  the  1st  December,  1849,  in  7 
hours  and  54  minutes,  including  13  landings  which  occupied  48  minutes, 
—the  fastest  trip  on  record,  being  something  over  21  miles  per  hour. 
The  Erie  canal  and  a  chain  of  railroads  extend  from  Albany  to  the  lakes, 
and  lateral  branches  of  both  diverge  to  the  north  and  south  from  the 
main  stem,  so  as  to  draw  to  a  focus  the  whole  wealth  of  the  adjacent 
counties.  The  transportation  and  travel  on  these  lines  are  immense. 
Railroads  also  connect  it  with  Boston  and  the  whole  of  New  England ; 
and  the  city  of  New  York  is  reached  by  the  Housatonic  Railroad,  via 
Bridgeport.  The  Hudson  River  Railroad  and  the  N.  Y.  and  Harlaem 
Railroad  will  also  be  extended  so  as  to  connect  with  this  city.  Popula- 
tion in  1850, 50,768. 

TROY  lies  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  6  miles  above  Albany.  It  is 
a  thriving  city,  and  even  now  rivals  Albany  in  business  and  enterprise. 
Several  railroads  center  here,  connecting  with  Albany  and  the  N.  and  W., 
and  also  with  Boston  and  New  York.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between 
this  and  New  York,  on  the  Hudson.  The  State  Dam,  at  the  head  of 
steam  navigation,  is  a  noble  work,  and  ensures  sloop  navigafton  for  a 
number  of  miles  further  up  the  river.  About  one-third  of  the  people 
are  employed  in  the  various  manufactories.  The  city  is  well  built,  chiefly 
of  brick,  and  the  streets  are  lined  with  stores,  in  many  instances,  equal- 
ing those  of  New  York  in  splendor.  The  Court  House,  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  the  Lyceum  are  handsome  structures,  but  otherwise  the  city 
cai  boast  of  no  buildings  which  require  especial  notice.  The  hotels 
are,  in  general,  large  and  well-conducted  establishments.  Popula- 
tion in  1850,  28,785. 

HUDSON,  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation,  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  is  beautifully  situated,  and  the  streets  regularly  laid  out.  It  has 
a  Court  House  and  several  other  public  buildings.  The  city  is  supplied 


THE  STATE   OF   NEW  YORK.  25 

With  water  from  Becraft's  mountain,  two  miles  disiant.  Population  6,289. 
It  is  on  the  line  of  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  and  the  steamboats 
which  ply  between  Troy  and  Albany,  and  New  York,  stop  here.  The 
Hudson  and  Berkshire  Railroad  connects  it  with  New  England. 

SCHENECTADY  is  about  J7  miles  W.  of  Albany,  and  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  the  Mohawk  river.  It  is  a  great  thoroughfare,  being  the  center 
of  railroads  to  Albany,  Troy,  Whitehall,  and  westward  to  the  lakes.  The 
Erie  canal  also  passes  through  this  city.  About  half  a  mile  from  the 
city,  Union  College,  a  celebrated  institution,  is  situated.  Schenectady 
was  originally  the  head  quarters  of  the  Mohawk  Indians,  and  in  1690, 
the  French  and  Indians  burnt  the  place  and  massacred  most  of  the 
inhabitants.  It  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  in  16-20.  Population  8,'.  22. 

SYRACUSE  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Erie  and  Oswego  canals, 
and  had  its  rise  and  retains  its  importance  from  this  circumstance.  It  is 
also  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  salt.  Population  22,271.  OSWEGO 
is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  and  also  derives 
its  importance  from  its  location,  being  an  entrepot  between  Lake  Ontario 
and  the  canal  system  of  the  state.  It  has  16  flourmg-mills,  capable  of 
turning  out  9,000  barrels  of  flour  per  diem.  Population  12,205.  I'TICA, 
on  the  Mohawk,  is  a  well-built  city.  Among  the  public  edifices  the 
State  Lunatic  Asylum  is  the  most  conspicuous.  The  Erie  canal  passes 
through  the  city.  It  is  also  a  depot  on  the  great  northern  line  of  rail- 
roads. Population  17,642.  ROCHESTER,  also  on  the  line  of  the  Erie 
canal  and  northern  railroads,  lies  on  both  sides  the  G'enesee  river  near 
its  mouth,  and  enjoys  immense  water-power,  created  by  the  falls,  which 
have  a  descent  of  215  feet  in  three  successive  saults  of  90,  20,  arid  105 
feet.  The  mills  on  this  river  are  some  of  the  largest  in  the  world.  A 
splendid  aqueduct  804  feet  in  length,  has  been  constructed  to  carry  the 
canal  over  the  river.  The  city  contains  24  churches,  and  several  public 
buildings.  Population  36,403. 

BUFFALO  is  advantageously  situated  on  Lake  Erie,  and  is  the  western 
terminus  of  the  canals  and  railroads  of  the  state.  Its  lake  commerce  is 
immense,  employing  some  100  steamboats,  which  collect  from  the  lake 
ports  a  vast  amount  of  produce,  which  is  conveyed  eastward  by  canal. 
The  city  contains  22  churches,  and  other  public  buildings,  and  is  laid 
out  in  a  rectangular  form.  Buffalo  was  founded  in  1801.  but  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  British  in  the  war  of  1812.  Its  progress  since  that  period 
has  been  rapid,  and  its  prosperity  is  assured  by  peculiar  advantages. 
Population  42,261. 

Among  the  larger  villages  may  be  mentioned  Poughkeepsie,  Newburg, 
Kingston,  Catskill,  Kinderhook,  Lansingburg,  Waterford,  &c.,  on  the 
Hudson  river ;  Whitehall,  the  terminus  of  the  Washington  and  Saratoga 
Railroad,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain;  Plattsburg,  on  the  same 
lake ;  Ogdensburg,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river ;  Little  Falls,  Herkimer, 


26  MIDDLE  STATES. 

Rome,  Salina,  Skeneateles,  Auburn,  Waterloo,  Canandaigua,  Geneva, 
Palmyra,  Batavia,  Brockport,  Lockport,  Lewistown,  &c.,  on  the  line  of 
the  great  northern  avenues ;  Goshen,  Binghamton,  Owego,  Elmira,  Corn- 
ing, Olean,  Dunkirk,  &c.,  on  the  line  of  the  N.  Y.  and  Erie  Railroad; 
and  a  number  of  others  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  central  lakes,  "as 
Ithaca,  Penn-yan,  &c. 

New  York  was  discovered  by  Hendrick  Hudson,  an  Englishman,  then 
in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company.  He  sailed  up  the 
river,  which  still  bears  his  name,  in  1609,  and  subsequently  sold  his  claim 
to  the  country  to  the  Dutch  government.  A  colony  of  that  nation  set- 
tled at  Fort  Orange,  in  1613,  arid  in  the  following  year  built  some  fortifi- 
cations on  the  southern  part  of  Manhattan  Island.  The  territory  claimed 
by  the  Dutch  extended  from  Fort  Good  Hope,  on  the  Connecticut,  to 
Fort  Nassau,  on  the  Delaware,  and  indefinitely  northward.  To  this  ter- 
ritory they  gave  the  name  of  "  Nieuw  Niederlands."  The  English  also 
laid  claim  to  these  lands,  and  in  1664,  Charles  II.  granted  the  whole 
country  to  his  brother,  the  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  who  dispatched 
an  armament  under  Col.  Nicholls  to  enforce  a  surrender  and  expel  the 
Dutch.  The  name  of  Fort  Orange  was  now  changed  to  Albany,  and  that 
of  Nieuw  Amsterdam  to  New  York,  the  whole  territory  also  taking  the 
latter  name  in  honor  of  the  proprietor.  The  colony  was  recaptured  in 
1673,  and  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch  until  the  ensuing  year, 
when  it  was  restored  to  the  English.  During  the  seven  years'  war,  New 
Vork  suffered  severely  from  hostile  incursions,  and  during  the  revolu- 
tionary war  was  the  scene  of  warlike  commotion,  and  of  some  of  the 
most  glorious  victories  that  American  valor  ever  wrested  from  the  foe. 
It  was  one  of  the  "thirteen"  that  formed  the  original  United  States. 
New  York  city  was  held  by  the  British,  after  the  battle  of  Long  Island, 
until  the  final  evacuation  of  the  country  on  the  25th  November,  1783,  a 
day  which  has  ever  since  been  annually  celebrated  as  a  national  holiday 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Area  8,320  square  miles.— Population  489,555. 

NEW  JERSEY,  situated  between  the  Delaware  river  and  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  lies  between  38°  57'  and  41°  2C'  N.  lat.,  and  between  73°  58'  und 
750  29'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  New  York ;  E.  by  New  York  and 
the  Atlantic  ocean ;  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  W.  by  Delaware  bay 
and  river. 

The  Blue  Mountains  and  other  elevations  give  a  mountainous  charac- 
ter to  the  northern  section  of  the  state ;  but  the  intervales  and  slopes 


THE  STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY.  27 

are  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  the  soil  is  more  fertile  than  in  the 
southern  districts.  These  hills  are  highly  metaliferous,  and  mining  oper- 
ations are  extensively  carried  on  in  almost  every  part  The  central  sec- 
tion has  an  undulating,  and  in  some  localities  a  plane  surface,  but  is 
agreeably  diversified.  In  this  portion  several  copper  mines  exist.  The 
southern  counties,  including  all  the  coast,  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Cape  May, 
are  level,  and  principally  of  a  barren  nature,  producing  little  but  scrub- 
oaks  and  yellow  pines ;  of  late  years,  however,  these,  formerly  considered 
as  almost  worthless,  have  come  into  use  for  steamboats  and  the  supply  of 
the  glass-houses;  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  value  of  the  country  where 
they  abound  has  been  much  increased.  The  Highlands  of  Navesink, 
near  Sandy  Hook,  are  the  only  elevations  of  note  in  this  section,  and  are 
the  first  land  seen  by  seamen  approaching  the  coast.  In  this  vicinity  and 
at  Cape  May  are  several  beautifully  located  watering-places,  which  attract 
during  the  hot  summer  months  large  numbers  of  visiters  and  invalids. 

The  coast  is  lined  with  long,  narrow  islands,  between  which  and  tho 
mainland  are  shallow  bays  bordered  by  salt  marshes  and  swamps;  but 
there  is  no  good  harbor  between  Sandy  Hook  and  Cape  May.  The 
whole  coast  is  very  dangerous  to  navigation,  and  scarcely  a  year  passes 
without  the  destruction  of  one  or  more  ships.  Several  of  the  splendid 
packets  from  New  York  have  been  stranded  in  this  vicinity.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers,  besides  the  Delaware  and  Hudson,  are  the  Raritan,  the  Pas- 
saic,  and  the  Hackensack,  none  of  which  are  navigable  for  large  ships, 
but  are  of  inestimable  value  on  account  of  the  water-power  they  supply 
for  manufacturing  purposes.  The  climate  is  much  similar  to  that  of 
southern  New  York,  but  in  many  places  where  the  land  lies  low,  endemic 
diseases  are  prevalent. 

New  Jersey  is  more  an  agricultural  and  manufacturing  than  a  com- 
mercial state.  The  farms  are  highly  cultivated,  and  great  care  is  taken 
in  raising  market  crops.  The  cities  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  re- 
ceive from  this  state  a  large  proportion  of  their  green  vegetables,  fruits, 
&c.  The  manufactures  are  numerous,  and  consist  of  almost  every  kind 
of  goods.  Cotton  and  woollen-mills  are  established  in  many  towns,  and 
machinery,  hardware,  glnss,  paper,  jewelry,  £c.,  are  largely  produced. 
Leather  articles  are  also  manufactured  on  a  large  scale:  saddlety,  boots 
and  shoes,  being  staple  exports.  Among  the  minor  articles  are  earthen- 
ware, fire-brick,  &c.  The  iron  mines,  in  the  northern  part  of  tho  state, 
are  worked  with  great  spirit.  Foreign  commerce  is  limited.  The  length 
of  canal  within  New  Jersey  is  148  miles,  and  of  railroad  357  miles. 

The  principal  literary  institutions  are  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  at 
Princeton,  founded  in  1738,  and  Rutger's  College,  at  New  Brunswick, 
founded  in  1770,  to  both  of  which  are  attached  Theological  Seminaries, 
and  to  the  latter  a  Law  School.  There  are  also  66  academies  and  1,575 
common  schools. 


28  MIDDLE  STATES. 

The  state  is  divided  into  20  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Trenton,  Newark,  Paterson,  New  Brunswick,  Morristown,  &c. 

TRENTON,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware,  at 
the  head  of  steam  navigation.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  con- 
tains many  elegant  stores  and  dwellings.  The  State  House  is  a  hand- 
some stone  building,  and  there  is  a  magnificent  bridge  of  five  arches 
thrown  over  the  river.  It  is  connected  with  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
by  railroads,  and  a  branch  railroad  connects  it  with  Bordentown,  6  miles 
S.  Population  6,466.  BORDENTOWN  is  situated  on  an  elevation  over- 
looking the  Delaware,  and  was  the  residence  of  Joseph  Bonaparte  while 
in  the  United  States.  Population  2,769. 

BURLINGTON,  13  miles  S.  of  Trenton,  on  the  Delaware,  contains  six 
churches,  and  is  the  official  residence  of  the  Episcopal  Bishop  of  the 
diocese.  Population  5,398.  CAMDEN,  18  miles  further  south  and  oppo- 
site Philadelphia,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad. 
Population  9,479.  A  branch  railroad  extends  hence  to  Woodbury,  a 
village  of  1,000  souls. 

PRINCETON,  on  Millstone  river,  10  miles  N.  E.  of  Trenton,  with  which 
a.nd  New  York  it  communicates  by  railroad,  is  noted  for  its  college  and. 
theological  seminary.  It  was  the  scene  of  one  of  Washington's  victo- 
ries in  1777.  Population  3,029.  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  on  the  Raritan  river, 
16  miles  further  N.  E.,  is  an  old  town  and  seat  of  Rutger's  College.  It 
is  connected  with  the  Delaware,  by  a  canal  to  Bordentown,  42  miles  long, 
and  is  als*  an  important  depot  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad.  Population 
13,387  SOUTH  AMBOY,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Raritan,  is  the  E.  terminus 
of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad.  PERTH  AMBOY,  on  the  N.  or 
opposite  bank  of  the  river,  has  several  manufactures,  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  Inventor's  Institute. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  35  miles  N.  E.  of  Trenton,  and  5  miles  S.  of  New- 
ark, is  an  ancient  borough,  and  on  the  line  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad, 
and  tho  railroad  from  Elizabethport  to  White  House  passes  through  it. 
Population  5,583.  SOMERVILLE,  24  miles  W.,  is  a  flourishing  place  on 
the  Central  Railroad.  RAIIVVAY,  on  the  Rahway  river,  is  6  miles  S.  of 
Elizabethtown,  and  has  considerable  manufactures.  .  Pop  3,306. 

NEWARK,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Passaic  river,  is  the  most  populous 
city  in  the  state,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  machinery, 
carriages,  saddlery,  &c.  Jewelry  is  also  manufactured  on  a  large  scale. 
The  commerce  of  Newark  is  considerable.  Population  38,894.  MORRIS- 
TOWN,  23  miles  W.,  is  reached  by  the  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad. 
Schooley's  Mountain-,  about  19  miles  further  west,  is  reached  by  sUigo. 
Eight  miles  E.  of  Newark  is  JERSEY  CITY,  opposite  to  New  York,  the  E. 
terminus  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  and  the  Morris  canal;  and  also  of 
the  Paterson  and  Hudson  Railroad.  It  is  the  commencement  of  south 
era  travel  from  New  York.  Two  ferries  connect  it  with  that  city.  Jer 


THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  29 

gey  City  is  a  place  of  some  trade,  and  has  a  good  water-front  on  the 
Hudson,  which  is  deep  enough  to  accommodate  the  largest  ships.  The 
Cunard  line  of  steamships  dock  here.  Population  6,856.  PATKRSON, 
below  the  falls  of  the  Passaic  river,  is  a  flourishing  city  and  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  manufactures,  being  highly  favored  Vith  water-power  and 
other  local  advantages.  The  Morris  canal  passes  south  of  the  city,  and 
railroads  connect  it  with  New  York,  and  northward  with  the  line  of  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  at  Ramapo.  Paterson  contains  a  number 
of  beautiful  churches,  and  in  the  suburbs  are  many  elegant  private  resi- 
dences. The  principal  manufactures  are  cotton  goods,  machinery,  car- 
riages, paper,  and  firearms.  Population  11,333.  There  are  a  number  of 
manufacturing  villages  in  the  neighborhood,  as  New  Manchester,  Pomp- 
ton,  &c.  The  foils  have  a  descent  of  72  feet,  and  are  surrounded  by  the 
most  magnificent  scenery. 

New  Jersey  was  originally  a  portion  of  the  "Nieuw  Niederlands,"  and 
under  Dutch  governors,  until  the  capture  of  New  York,  in  1664.  It  was 
.afterwards  included  in  the  extensive  grant  to  the  Duke  of  York,  and  sub- 
sequently transferred  by  him  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  G.  Carteret.  In 
1665  Philip  Carteret  was  appointed  first  governor,  and  in  1676  the  prov- 
ince was  divided  into  East  and  West  Jersey;  the  former  continuing 
under  Carteret,  and  the  latter  being  attached  to  the  government  of  New 
York.  In  1682,  East  Jersey  was  transferred  to  William  1'enn ;  and  Ro- 
bert Barclay,  the  celebrated  author  of  the  "Apology  for  the  Principles 
of  the  Quakers,"  was  appointed  governor.  A  reunion  of  the  prov- 
inces was  effected  in  1702,  and  the  province,  now  styled  New  Jersey, 
was  placed  under  Lord  Cornbury,  the  governor  of  New  York ;  but  in 
1738,  this  connection  was  dissolved,  and  a  separate  government  insti- 
tuted, which  lasted  until  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  William  Temple 
Franklin,  a  son  of  the  celebrated  philosopher,  was  the  last  royal 
governor  of  the  province. 


THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Area  46,000  square  miles. — Population  2,311,736. 

PENNSYLVANIA,  which  derives  its  name  from  the  celebrated  William 
Penn,  lies  between  39°  43'  and  42°  12'  N.  lat.,  and  between  74°  44'  and 
80°  34'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  New  York  and  Lake  Erie ;  E. 
by  New  York  and  New  Jersey ;  S.  by  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  W.  by  Virginia  and  Ohio.  Tiie  Delaware  river  forms  the 
whole  eastern  boundary. 


30  MIDDLE  STATES. 

Few  level  tracts  of  any  extent  are  found  in  this  state,  except  in  the 
N.  W.  The  whole  eastern  and  central  parts  are  mountainous.  ;  In  the 
S.  E.,  however,  the  hills  subside  and  the  land  becomes  undulating.  The 
Alleghanies  traverse  the  state  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  The  Blue  Moun- 
tains, Sideling  Hill,  Laurel  Hill,  &c.,  are  local  names  for  the  several 
ridges  that  run  parallel  with  the  main  range.  The  eastern  ascent  of  the 
Alleghanies  is  rugged  and  steep,  but  on  the  W.  the  elevations  sink  grad- 
ually and  form  an  extensive  table-land.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to 
profitable  agriculture.  The  richest  lands  occur  in  the  S.  E.  of  the  moun- 
tains, extending  from  the  Blue  Ridge  to  the  Delaware ;  and  the  tract 
between  Lake  Erie  and  the  Alleghany  river  is  exceedingly  fertile.  Miner- 
als abound  in  the  mountains ;  anthracite  coal  and  iron-ore  are  in  inex- 
haustible profusion.  Of  anthracite  coal  upwards  of  3,500,000  tons  are 
annually  produced.  On  the  W.  of  the  mountains  are  vast  fields  of  bitu- 
minous coal,  which  is  used  in  Pittsburg  arid  other  places  for  manufac- 
turing purposes,  and  has  lately  come  into  extensive  use  for  steam  boats 
and  locomotives.  In  this  region  salt  springs  also  occur,  which  yield  a 
strong  brine.  It  is  calculated  that  the  anthracite  beds  of  Pennsylvania 
cover  an  area  of  975  square  miles,  and  in  some  places  have  a  depth  of 
60  or  70  feet.  The  area  of  the  bituminous  coal  region  is  stated  at  ~  1,000 
square  miles.  Both  species  of  coal  are  frequently  found  in  juxtaposition : 
indeed  the  one  is  but  the  other  decarbonized  by  volcanic  action. 

Pennsylvania  has  no  sea-coast;  but  the  Delaware  river,  which  forms 
its  E.  boundary,  and  is  approached  by  the  noble  bay  of  the  same  name, 
affords  every  convenience  that  could  be  derived  from  an  ocean  front. 
Otherwise  the  state  has  many  water  facilities,  which  have  been  arti- 
ficially improved.  The  Delaware  is  navigable  tor  ships  to  Philadelphia, 
and  for  steamboats  to  Trenton.  The  Susquehiinnah  and  the  Alleghany 
are  the  other  principal  rivers.  Pennsylvania  has  also  an  outlet  on  Lake 
Erie,  which  is  connected  with  the  interior  by  a  noble  system  of  canals. 
The  total  length  of  canal  navigation  is  about  1,100  miles,  and  the  length 
of  railroad  between  1400  and  1500  miles.  The  climate  is  generally  mild, 
but  depends  much  on  elevation  and  the  direction  of  the  winds. 

Pennsylvania  is  largely  engaged  in  all  the  great  branches  cf  industry. 
Her  mines  are,  next  to  those  of  England,  the  most  productive  in  the 
world ;  and  in  the  mining,  reducing,  and  maim  feet  uring  of  iron,  an  im- 
mense capital  is  invested.  Agriculture  occupies  about  one-half  of  the 
population.  The  grain  crops  in  the  western  portion  of  the  state  are  very 
fine,  and  afford  a  surplus  for  export.  Tobacco  and  flax  are  also  grown. 
The  annual  dairy  is  valued  at  three  or  four  minions  of  dollars,  and  the 
amount  of  wool  gathered  is  estimated  at  four  million  pounds.  j\!aple  su- 
gar is  extensively  collected.  Pennsylvania  has  many  cotton  and  woollen- 
mills,  and  several  in  which  silk  and  flax  goods  are  made.  Leather,  soap, 
paper,  &c.,  are  among  the  minor  manufactures.  The  great  staples,  how- 


THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  31 

ever,  are  machinery,  cutlery,  firearms,  &c.  Ship-building  is  also  a 
prominent  feature  in  the  industry  of  the  state.  Foreign  commerce  em- 
ploys about  260,000  tons  of  shipping,  and  the  trade  on  the  canals  and 
railroads  is  of  immense  value.  The  coasting  trade  is  also  extensive. 

The  whole  number  of  common  schools  in  Pennsylvania  in  1850,  was 
8,845,  and  the  number  of  scholars  360,605.  The  cost  of  instruction  to  the 
state  was/$609,377.  The  University  and  Girard  College,  at  Philadelphia ; 
Dickinson  College,  at  Carlisle ;  Jefferson  College,  at  Canonsburg ;  Wash- 
ington College;  Alleghany  College,  at  Meadville;  Pennsylvania  Col- 
lege, at  Gettysburg;  Lafayette  College,  at  Easton  ;  Marshall  College,  at 
Mercersburg;  the  Western  University,  at  Pittsburg;  and  the  College  of 
St.  Thomas,  at  Villanovu,  near  Philadelphia,  are  among  the  institutions 
for  the  higher  branches  of  education.  There  are  also  7  Protestant  and 
2  Roman  Catholic  Theological  Seminaries;  one  Law  School,  and  4 
Medical  Schools  in  the  state,  and  a  large  number  of  private  schools. 
Pennsylvania  has  a  large  number  of  benevolent  institutions. 

The  state  is  divided  into  63  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Harrisburg,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  &c. 

HARRISBURG,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Susquehan- 
nah.  The  city  is  handsomely  planned,  with  streets  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles.  The  State  House,  on  an  eminence  fronting  the  river,  and  the 
Court  House,  Masonic  Hall,  Jail,  &.C.,  are  the  principal  public  buildings. 
There  are  13  churches.  Considerable  manufactures  are  carried  on,  and 
a  brisk  trade  is  maintained  with  the  surrounding"  country.  Population 
8,173.  The  river  is  here  spanned  by  a  fine  bridge  2,876  feet  long.  The 
Central  Railroad  commences  here ;  also  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad 
to  Ckfimbcrsburg-,56  miles.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  Philadelphia, 
107  miles. 

PHILADELPHIA,  with  the  Northern  Liberties,  Kensington,  Spring  Gar- 
den, Southwark,  and  Moyarnensing,  is  second  only  to  New  York  in 
population  and  importance.  It  is  situated  between  the  Delaware  and 
Schuylkill,  extending  from  river  to  river.  The  city  has  many  substantial 
public  buildings  and  fine  squares.  The  old  State  House  in  which  the 
"  Declaration  of  Independence"  was  signed,  the  Custom  House,  the  \J.  S. 
Mint,  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  and  the  Girard  College,  are  especially 
objects  of  attraction.  Several  of  the  churches,  of  which  there  are  about 
lf>0,  are  imposing  structures.  The  colleges  and  schools  are  highly  cele- 
brated for  their  efficiency;  and  few  cities  boast  of  a  larger  number  of 
literary,  scientific,  and  benevolent  societies.  The  city  is  supplied  with 
water  from  the  Schuylkill,  and  the  city  proper  and  Kensington  have  for 
many  years  been  lighted  with  gas.  The  people  are  actively  employed 
in  manufactures,  trade,  and  commerce.  Population  in  1850,  409,046. 

PITTSBURG,  the  "  Birmingham  of  America,"  is  situated  on  the  Ohio 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rivers.  It  is  the 


32  MIDDLE  STATES. 

chief  manufacturing  city  in  the  state,  and  contains  a  large  number  of 
furnaces,  forges,  and  rolling-mills,  with  several  cotton  and  woollen-mills, 
tanneries,  machine-shops,  and  hardware  and  cutlery  factories.  The  city 
is  supplied  with  water  from  the  Alleghany,  and  since  1830  has  been 
lighted  with  gas.  In  1845  Pittsburg  suffered  the  calamity  of  a  great  con- 
flagration, but  the  "  burnt  district"  has  since  been  entirely  rebuilt  in  a 
substantial  manner.  Few  cities  are  so  admirably  situated  for  trade  and 
manufactures,  being  in  the  midst  of  the  iron  and  bituminous  coal  region, 
and  at  the  ho»id  of  a  great  navigable  river — the  highway  to  the  west  and 
New  Orleans.  In  1840  the  population  was  24,115,  and  including  its  sub- 
urbs, the  adjoining  cities  and  boroughs  of  Manchester,  Birmingham, 
Luurenceville,  &c.,  40,000.  In  1850  it  had  increased  to  46,601. 

LANCASTER,  on  the  line  of  the  Columbia  Railroad,  is  an  ancient  manu- 
facturing and  trading  town,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Germans.  It  was  for- 
merly the  state  capital.  Franklin  College,  situated  here,  was  founded 
in  1789.  It  contains  13  churches.  Population  12,382.  COLUMBIA,  on  the 
Susquehannah,  and  YORK,  a  few  miles  further  W.,  communicate  with 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  by  railroad,  and  are  places  of  considerable 
traffic.  POTTSVILLK,  in  the  center  of  the  anthracite  region,  is  an  im- 
portant town  with  an  immense  trade.  In  1824  there  were  but  five 
houses  in  the  place ;  it  now  contains  7,966  inhabitants.  READING,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  which  is  here  spanned  by  two  bridges, 
was  laid  out  in  1784.  It  is  now  a  considerable  town,  and  has  a  largo 
trade.  It  communicates  with  Philadelphia  by  railroad.  Population 
15,743.  There  are  several  other  important  places,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned — CARLISLE,  the  seat  of  Dickinson  College  and  the  United 
States'  Dragoon  Barracks;  MAUCH  CHUNK  and  HONESDALE,  in  the  coal 
region;  EASTON,  on  the  Delaware,  noted  for  its  flouring-mills ;  WILKES- 
BARRE,  in  Wyoming  Valley,  noted  for  the  massacre  of  its  inhabitants  by 
the  tories  and  Indians  in  1778 ;  GETTYSBURG  ;  BEAVER,  a  manufacturing 
village ;  ERIE,  the  chief  outlet  on  the  lake  coast;  MEADVILLE,  CANONS- 
BURG,  WASHINGTON,  &c. 

Between  1638  and  1664,  various  settlements  were  made  in  this  state 
by  the  Swedes,  Dutch,  and  English.  In  1681  the  country  was  granted 
to  William  Pemi,  the  Quaker,  and  in  the  year  following  that  philanthro- 
pist brought  over  his  first  colony.  Penn  died  in  1718,  but  his  heirs  con- 
tinued to  hold  his  interests  until  the  Revolution,  when  they  sold  their 
claim  to  the  commonwealth.  In  1768,  the  boundary  known  as  Mason 
and  Dixon's  line,  was  run  between  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  The  first 
constitution  of  the  state  was  adopted  in  1776,  the  second  in  1790,  and  the 
present  in  1838.  Delaware  became  a  part  of  Penn's  patent  in  1682,  and 
for  a  long  period  formed  a  portion  of  the  colony ;  and  as  such,  was 
known  as  the  "  three  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware."  A  final  separa- 
tion was  effected  in  1701  by  the  withdrawal  of  Delaware. 


THE  STATE  OF  DELAWARE.  33 

THE  STATE  OF  DELAWARE. 

Area  2,120  square  miles. — Population  91,535. 

DELAWARE,  next  to  Rhode  Island  the  smallest  state  of  tho  Union,  lies 
between  38°  27'  and  39°  50'  N.  lat,  and  between  74°  50'  and  75^  40'  W. 
long. :  and  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Pennsylvania ;  on  the  E.  by  Dela- 
ware bay  and  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  Maryland. 
It  occupies  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  peninsula  between  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  bays. 

The  northern  part  of  the  state  is  somewhat  hilly,  but  in  the  southern 
districts  so  level  and  low,  that  large  tracts  are  sometimes  inundated. 
Some  fine  grazing  farms  are  found  in  Sussex  county,  and  the  grain  crops 
are  generally  large  and  valuable.  Delaware  has  its  eastern  front  on  the 
bay  of  the  same  name  and  the  Atlantic.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Brandywine  and  Christiana — small  streams,  indeed,  but  well  remem- 
bered in  history.  They  afford  many  valuable  mill  sites.  The  Appo- 
quinimink,  Duck  creek,  Jones'  river,  Maspillion,  Broadkill,  and  Indian 
river,  fall  into  Delaware  bay.  The  Nanticoke  rises  in  the  southwest- 
era  part  of  the  state  and  flows  into  Maryland.  The  climate  assimilates 
that  of  southern  Jersey,  and  in  many  parts,  from  the  miasma  that  rises 
from  the  swamps,  is  unhealthy. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people  in  the  counties  of 
Kent  and  Sussex,  and  employs  about  four-fifths  of  the  whole  population. 
The  chief  products  -  are  Indian  corn,  oats,  and  wheat ;  and  some  cotton 
and  flax  is  raised.  The  manufactures  of  the  state,  chiefly  carried  on  in 
Newcastle  county,  are  comparatively  extensive,  and  include  woollen  and 
cotton  goods,  machinery, -leather,  paper,  gunpowder,  &c.  Commerce 
and  the  fisheries  are  also  actively  engaged  in.  About  11  miles  of  canal 
and  49  miles  of  railroad,  belong  to  this  state,  all  in  the  northern  section. 

Delaware  College,  at  Newark,  is  the  only  collegiate  institution.  There 
are,  however,  about  20  academies  and  grammar  schools,  and  some  200 
common  schools.  The  income  of  the  school  fund  annually  disbursed 
amounts  to  $45,239. 

The  state  is  divided  into  3  counties.  The  principal  towns  are  Dover, 
Wilmington,  Newcastle,  &c. 

DOVER,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  Jones'  creek,  five  miles  up  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  well  laid  out,  and  has  a  vicinity  very  picturesque.  The 
State  House'is  a  fine  building,  on  the  public  square.  There  are  three 
churches  in  the  town.  Population  2,200. 

WILMINGTON,  the  principal  port  and  largest  city,  lies  on  the  Brandy- 
wine,  one  mile  from  its  union  with  Christiana  creek.  The  principal 
building  is  the  City  Hall.  It  contains  16  churches.  A  large  number  of 


34  MIDDLE  STATES. 

flouring-mills  are  located  on  the  river.  About  9,460  tons  of  shipping 
belong  to  the  port,  chiefly  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade.  The  fisheries 
are  in  some  degree  attended  to.  Population  13,979.  The  railroad  from 
Philadelphia  passes  through  Wilmington,  and  also  through  NEWARK, 
the  seat  of  Delaware  College. 

NEWCASTLE,  on  the  Delaware,  a  few  miles  S.  of  Wilmington,  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade  with  Philadelphia.  A  railroad  extends  hence 
to  French  town  in  Maryland.  DELAWARE  CITY  is  a  small  place  opposite 
to  the  fortified  island  called  Pea-Patch,  to  which  the  United  States 
has  lately  substantiated  a  claim.  LEWISTOWN,  on  Lewis'  creek,  is 
celebrated  for  its  salt  works.  FIELDBORO',  KENTON,  MILFORD,  BUIDGE- 
VILLE,  GEORGETOWN,  and  WASHINGTON,  are  considerable  villages.  For 
several  miles  along  the  southern  borders  are  extensive  cypress  swamps 
which  extend  into  Maryland. 

Delaware  was  settled  by  Swedes  and  Finns  in  1627,  who  built  forts  at 
Lewistown  and  Wilmington.  These  original  colonies  were  expelled  by 
the  Dutch  in  1655,  and  after  the  capture  of  New  York  by  the  British, 
the  Dutch  in  their  turn  were  driven  off.  The  province  was  included  in 
the  Duke  of  York's  patent,  but  in  1682,  the  Duke  relinquished  his  claim 
to  William  Penn,  who  consolidated  it  with  his  colony  at  Philadelphia. 
Then,  as  now,  it  was  divided  into  three  counties,  which  were  styled  the 
*'  three  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware."  In  1701  the  representatives 
from  Delaware  withdrew  from  those  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1704  con- 
vened in  assembly  at  Nevrcastle.  After  this  period  it  remained  separate, 
though  the  same  governor  presided  over  both  colonies  until  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  first  constitution  was  formed  in  1776,  the.  second  in  1792,  and 
the  present  amended  constitution  in  1838.  , 


THE  STATE  OF  MARYLAND. 

Area  9,356  square  miles. — Population  583,035. 

MARYLAND  is  situated  between  38°  and  39°  43'  N.  lat.,  and  between 
750  10'  and  79°  20'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania ;  E.  by 
Delaware  and  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Virginia. 

The  Chesapeake  bay,  one  of  the  finest  bodies  of  water  in  the  world, 
divides  the  state  into  two  unequal  portions.  The  country  on  the  E.  baa 
B  deeply  indented  coast,  and  a  low-lying  surface  of  the  same  physical 
aspect  as  that  of  Delaware.  On  the  W.  below  the  falls  of  the  rivers, 
ihe  same  physical  features  prevail ;  but  above  these  the  country  gradu- 
ally becomes  uneven  and  hilly,  and  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  is 


THE  STATE  OF  MARYLAND.  35 

mountainous,  being  traversed  by  several  ridges  of  the  Alleghanies.  The 
Boil  is  well  adapted  to  wheat  and  tobacco,  and  some  cotton  of  infenor 
quality  is  raised.  Flax  and  hemp  are  also  produced  in  the  W.  The 
forests  abound  in  nuts,  and  afford  subsistence  to  vast  droves  of  hogs. 
Iron-ore  and  bituminous  coal  are  inexhaustibly  abundant  near  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Potomac,  and  produce  immense  wealth  to  the  miners. 

The  Potomac  river,  which  is  7|  miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  naviga- 
ble for  large  ships  more  than  300  miles,  and  for  boats  to  Cumberland, 
190  miles  further,  forms  the  southwestern  boundary  of  the  state.  All  the 
rivers  empty  into  Chesapeake  bay.  The  rivers  flowing  from  the  W. 
are  the  Pawtuxent,  the  Severn,  and  the  Patapsco;  and  those  from  the 
E.  the  Elk,  Chester,  Choptank,  Nanticoke,  Wicomico,  and  Pocomoke, 
all  of  which  have  their  rise  in  Delaware.  The  climate  is  in  general  con- 
genial and  pleasant ;  o*ut  the  low  regions,  which  are  swampy,  emit  a 
pernicious  miasm.  In  the  more  elevated  regions,  however,  the  inhab- 
itants enjoy  the  best  of  health. 

The  chief  wealth  of  Maryland  is  drawn  from  its  mines  and  agricul- 
ture. Mining  is  now  being  carried  on  with  great  spirit,  and  since  the 
completion  of  the  canal  and  railroad  to  Cumberhmd.  operations  have 
been  greatly  extended.  It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  observation,  that  most  of 
our  ocean  steamships  are  using  the  semi-bituminous  coal  of  this  region, 
and  large  quantities  are  used  at  Pittsburg  and  for  steamboats  on  the 
Ohio  river.  Furnaces,  bloomeriua,  a?id  rolling-mills  for  the  manufacture 
of  iron  have  increased,  wonderfully  m  member  during  the  last  three  or  four 
years,  and  turn  out  large  quantities  of  cast  and  bar  iron.  The  principal 
agricultural  produce  is  wool  and  pork;  wheat,  Indian  corn,  arid  oats; 
and  tobacco.  The  cereal  crops  yield  a  fair  average,  and  Maryland  stands 
fourth  on  the  list  of  tobacco  growing  states,  and  is  highly  celebrated  for 
the  excellency  of  this  staple.  Its  manufactures  are  also  very  valuable. 
Woollen  and  cotton  factories  are  established  in  several  parts,  and  there 
are  others  for  the  manufacture  of  silk,  flax,  and  mixed  goods.  The  flour 
of  Maryland  is  highly  esteemed  in  the  markets.  Ship-building,  chiefly 
carried  on  at  Baltimore,  is  also  an  extensive  branch  of  industry.  The 
commerce  of  the  state  is  large  and  valuable ;  and  the  coasting  and  inter- 
nal trade  equally  flourishing.  The  coast  fisheries  employ  many  hun- 
dreds of  families,  and  supply  not  only  sufficient  fish  for  the  city  markets, 
but  also  no  small  amount  for  export.  The  internal  improvements  consist 
of  192  miles  of  canal  and  527  miles  of  railroad. 

There  are  in  the  state  several  highly  celebrated  schools.  The  Univer- 
sity is  the  principal.  St.  John's  College,  at  Annapolis,  founded  in  1784, 
is  the  oldest.  St.  Mary's  College,  at  Baltimore,  was  founded  in  1799 ; 
Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  at  Emmetsburg,  in  1830 ;  and  St.  Jarnes'  Col- 
lege, near  Hagerstown,  in  1842.  These  are  all  in  a  flourishing  condition. 
There  are  Catholic  ecclesiastical  seminaries  at  Baltimore  and  Emmets- 


36  MIDDLE  STATES. 

burg,  and  two  medical  schools  at  Baltimore.  Besides  tLese  the  state  haa 
-about  140  academies  and  600  common  schools. 

Maryland  is  divided  into  20  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Annapolis,  Baltimore,  Fredericktown,  &.c. 

ANNAPOLIS,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Severn 
river,  two  miles  from  Chesapeake  bay.  The  State  House  is  the  hand- 
somest building  the  city  contains.  There  are  some  interesting  reminis- 
cences connected  with  Annapolis;  it  was  here  the  old  Congress  sat  fre- 
quently during  the  revolutionary  struggle,  and  it  was  here  that  Wash- 
ington resigned  his  commission  to  that  august  body.  Population  4,198. 

BALTIMORE,  the  commercial  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Patapsco  river, 
14  miles  from  the  bay,  and  is  the  third  city  in  point  of  population,  and 
the  fifth  in  point  of  commerce  in  the  Union.  Baltimore  is  also  cele- 
brated for  its  "  monuments,"  and  has  several  colleges,  academies,  and 
47  churches.  The  Cathedral  is  a  magnificent  edifice,  and  the  Exchange, 
City  Hall,  &c.,  are  large  and  fine  buildings.  The  city  is  supplied  with 
water  from  Jones'  Falls.  The  commerce  of  Baltimore  is  very  extensive ; 
the  foreign  arrivals  in  1849  were  558  vessels  and  the  clearances  698  ve&- 
sels,  besides  which  1,275  vessels  arrived  coastwise.  Manufactures  are 
becoming  very  important.  It  is  one  of  the  great  flour  markets  of  the 
Union,  and  exports  largely  of  this  staple.  The  city  was  founded  in  1729. 
Population  169,054.  Railroads  extend  from  Baltimore  to  Philadelphia  and 
York.  Pa. ;  and  to  Cumberland  and  to  Winchester,  Va.,  with  branches 
to  Washington  city  and  Annapolis. 

FREDERICK  CITY,  on  the  Monocacy  river,  ranks  as  second  city  in  the 
state,  and  is  a  principal  depot  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Popu- 
lation 6,028.  HAGERSTOWN,  WILLIAMSPORT,  BLADENSBURG,  WEST- 
MINSTER, CUMBERLAND,  &c.,  are  all  places  of  some  consideration  and 
importance,  as  entrepots  of  commerce.  Cumberland  lies  in  the  center 
of  the  mining  districts.  The  ports  of  entry,  besides  Baltimore,  are  ST. 
MARY'S,  on  the  Potomac;  NOTTINGHAM,  on  the  Patuxent;  HAVRE  DE 
GRACE,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehannah ;  CHESTERTOWN,  on  the  Ches- 
ter river;  OXFORD,  on  Treadhaven  creek;  VIENNA,  on  the  Nanticoke; 
and  SNOWHILL,  on  the  Pocomoke.  Considerable  shipping  is  owned  at 
all  these  places. 

The  first  settlements  were  made  at  St.  Mary's,  by  Catholics  from  Eng- 
land, in  1634,  and  the  colony,  which  had  been  granted  to  Lord  Baltimore 
in  1632,  was  from  that  time  to  the  period  of  the  revolution,  governed  by 
the  heirs  of  that  nobleman,  as  proprietors  of  the  territory.  In  the  war 
with  England  in  1812,  this  state  suffered  severely,  and  was  devastated 
by  fire  and  sword.  Baltimore  commemorates  the  patriotism  of  her 
brave  citizens  who  fell  defending  their  country's  honor  by  a  splendid 
monument. 


THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.  37 


THE  DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA. 

Area.  60  square  miles. — Population  51,687. 

The  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA,  as  originally  laid  out,  and  as  it  remained 
until  1846,  occupied  an  area  of  100  square  miles,  on  both  sides  the  Poto- 
mac, 120  miles  from  He  mouth,  and  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
Virginia  and  Maryland  in  1789,  of  which  states  respectively  it  had  hith- 
erto formed  parts.  It  was  thus  granted  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
therein  the  Federal  Capital  and  seat  of-  the  General  Government.  In 
1846  the  portion  granted  by  Virginia  was  retroceded  to  that  state,  sc 
that  the  present  District  includes  only  a  little  more  than  half  its  original 
dimensions,  and  Hea  altogether  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the  river.  In 
this  are  situated  the  cities  of  Washington  and  Georgetown.  The  gov- 
ernment of  the  District  is  vested  solely  in  Congress. 

The  city  of  WASHINGTON,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Potomac,  at  its  junction  with  the  Anacosta,  and  ia 
ejicompassed  by  forest-clad  hills,  from  which  the  view  of  the  country  ia 
magnificent.  The  city  is  planned  out  on  a  grand  scale,  and  if  ever  com- 
pleted as  designed,  will  be  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  the  world.  The 
streets  diverge  from  several  centers,  and  are  very  wide.  The  Capitol  ia 
finely  planted  on  an  eminence,  and  overlooks  the  whole  city.  This 
building  is  of  white  freestone,  and  occupies  an  acre  and  a  half  of  ground. 
The  internal  arrangements  are  plain  but  substantial.  The  Senate  Cham- 
ber occupies  the  north  wing  of  the  building,  and  the  Chamber  of  the 
Representatives  the  opposite  wing.  The  Supreme  Court  sits  in  a  cham- 
ber under  the  Senate.  The  building  is  surmounted  by  a  splendid  dome 
120  feet  high,  under  which  is  the  rotunda,  95  feet  in  diameter  and  95  feet 
in  height,  and  on  the  walls  the  magnificent  national  paintings  of  Trum- 
bull,  Chapman,  and  Weir,  are  hung.  The  apartment  is  also  adorned 
with  various  alto  relievo  groups,  each  representing  some  great  national 
event.  The  colossal  statue  of  Washington,  by  Greenough,  is  placed 
in  this  room.  The  White  House,  the  official  residence  of  the  Presi- 
dent, is  also  a  freestone  edifice  of  great  beauty.  Adjoining  this  are  the 
extensive  buiidings  occupied  by  the  war,  navy,  and  treasury  depart- 
ments. The  General  Post  Office  is  a  large  and  "beautiful  marble  build- 
ing with  two  wings,  and  is  highly  adorned  with  large  fluted  columns  of 
the  same  material.  The  Patent  Office  is  also  a  large  and  splendid  build- 
ing, and  the  building  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute  is  a  gorgeous  monu- 
ment of  the  munificence  of  its  projector.  The  Navy-yard,  about  a  mile 
from  the  capitol,  is  a  fine  establishment,  and  the  magazine  is  replete  with 
$ul  warlike  stores.  Within  the  limits  of  the  city  are  some  thirty  ch urches ; 
and  numerous  institutions  of  a  benevolent,  religious,  educational,  and 

4 


38  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

philanthropic  character,  dignify  the  moral  aspect  of  the  capital.  The  thea- 
tres, and  places  of  amusement  generally,  are  maintained  on  a  liberal  foot- 
ing. The  City  Hall,  intended  for  the  accommodation  of  the  municipal 
authorities,  adds  much  to  the  beauty  of  the  place.  The  Congressional 
cemetery  is  also  a  place  worthy  of  note.  Here  rest  many  of  the  "  worthies" 
of  America ;  and  some  of  the  noblest  and  bravest  of  patriots,  whose  voices 
have  echoed  through  the  land  the  watchword  of  freedom,  and  whose  his- 
tory is  blazoned  on  the  fairest  page  of  their  country's  annals.  Wash  ington 
is  connected  with  the  N.  and  S.  by  railroads,  and  is  accessible  from  the 
Atlantic  for  the  largest  .ships.  During  the  war  of  1812,  the  British  burnt 
the  city,  and  many  of  the  public  records  and  works  of  art  were  either 
consumed  or  carried  away.  This  wanton  act  of  vandalism  will  ever 
remain  a  record  of  disgrace  and  infamy  on  the  escutcheon  of  Britain, 
which  no  sophistry  can  palliate.  Washington,  however,  soon  recovered 
from  the  disaster,  and  by  the  liberality  of  Congress,  has  risen  like  a 
phoeuix  from  its  own  ashes.  Population  40,001.  Washington  is  con- 
nected, by  means  of  a  branch  railroad,  with  the  railroad  systems  of  the 
Eastern  and  Middle  states  ;  and  with  the  South  by  means  of  steamboats 
to  Acquia  Creek  Landing — the  commencement  of  the  great  southern 
line  of  railroads. 

GEORGETOWN  is  divided  from  Washington  by  Rock  creek,  and  is 
distant  from  the  capital  three  miles.  It  is  beautifully  located,  and 
from  its  elevated  position,  commands  a  view  of  the  splendid  panorama 
of  the  Potomac  and  surrounding  country.  It  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able commerce  and  manufactures.  The  public  and  private  buildings 
are  generally  substantial,  and  have  a  neat  and  new  appearance.  The 
Roman  Catholic  College  and  the  churches  are  especially  magnificent. 
The  city  is  laid  out  with  regularity,  and  may  be  considered  as  a  suburb 
of  Washington.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal  commences  at  George- 
town. The  population  had  been  almost  stationary  for  20  years:  in  1830 
it  was  7,360,  and  in  1840,7,312;  showing,  indeed,  a  small  diminution, 
but  in  1850  it  had  increased  to  8,366. 

The  District  of  Columbia  was  selected  by  General  Washington  as 
the  fittest  locality  for  the  seat  of  the  national  government,  and  the  capi- 
tal was  laid  out  under  his  direction.  The  situation  is  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  and  beautiful  in  the  Union,  and  is  every  way  worthy  to  be 
the  metropolitan  district  of  a  nation  of  freemen. 


39 


THE 


PRINCIPAL  TRAVELING  ROUTES 

THROUG-H  NEW  ENGLAND,  THE  MIDDLE  STATES, 
AND  THE  CANADAS. 


MAINE. 

(1)  PORTLAND  to  BOSTON. 
Via   Portland,    Saco,    and    Ports- 
mouth R.  R. 

Boston  and  Maine  R. 
South  Berwick        

R. 
1    38 
.  1    39 

Salmon  Falls,  N  H   

.   1    40 

.  3    43 

Madburv 

4    47 

Saco           ••  -°  7    13 

D     h 

2    49 

Kennebunk      9    22 

N  -»      \\'    Ir  t 

5    54 

Wells    6    28 

South  New  Market          •  • 

.   3    57 

North  Berwick                   •  •  5    33 

4    61 

South  Berwick*  5    38 

F     t  K" 

5    66 

Eliott          7    45 

M       t 

4    70 

Eastern  R.  R. 

.  3    73 

5    78 

Bradford 

1    79 

4    83 

j 

9      gcj 

A           r 

3    88 

R-  1      ]  "  1 

.  o    go 

vv'i    '  o-t 

.  §    9Q 

R     d'    «* 

•  3    99 

^     tl    T?  i    V    » 

•   2  101 

^fU    h  '         m&> 

o  iQ3 

\r  i  • 

1  104 

Beverly  4    89 

Maiden     

.  2  106 

3  109 

Lynn  5    96 

"R 

.    9.   111 

*  Gt.  Falls  and  Conway  R.  R. 
t  Cocheco  R.R.  to  Meredith  45  m. 

(3)  PORTLAND  to  CONWAY,  N.  H. 

*  Boston  and  Maine  R.  R.  inter- 
sects here. 
f  Portsmouth  and  Concord  R.  R. 
intersects  here. 
J  Branch  to  Amesbury  Mills  3 
miles. 
§  Essex  Co.  R.  R.  to  Lawrence 
22  miles. 

(2)  PORTLAND  to  BOSTON. 
To  N.  Berwick,  (See  No.  1)  33 
Junction  4    37 

.  4    jo 

West  Corn  am 

.  3    13 

^t'lndish  

•  4    17 

Evt  Baldwin           •  •       • 

8     °5 

West  Baldwin  

.   6     31 
•  3    34 

R     ^       fi   Id 

•   6    40 

pi       > 

.  8    48 

Centre  Conway,  N.  H.  

.   4    52 
.  4    56 

40 


ROUTES  IN  MAINE. 


(4)  PORTLAND  to  WATERFORD. 

To  South  Windham 10 

Windham 4  14 

North  Windham 3  17 

Raymond 5  22 

'Naples 8  30 

Bnugeion 8  38 

Norih  iiridgeton 3  41 

Iha-nson 4  45 

South  YVaterford 2  47 

\\ATKRFORD 1      48 

(5)  PORTLAND  to  PARIS.   (Stage.) 

To  Stevens'  Plains 3 

Gray 13  16 

VV  ek  G  1  oucester 7  23 

Poland 6  29 

Oxford 8  37 

Norway  6  43 

South  Paris 2  45 

PARIS 3  48 

(6)  PORTLAND  to  MONTREAL. 
Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  R.  R. 

ToFalnumth 5 

Cumberland 4      9 

Yarmouth "2     11 

Junction 1     12 

North  Yarmouth 3     15 

Webber's 4     19 

New  ( . loucester 3    22 

Cobb's  Bridge 2    2-1 

Danville  Junction    3    27 

Empire  Road 1     28 

Hotel  Road* 4    32 

Mechanics'  Falls 4    36 

Oxford 4     40 

North  Oxford 5    45 

South  Paris 2    47 

North  Paris 8    55 

Bryant  s  Pond 7    62 

Locke's  Mills 3    05 

BKTHKI 5     70 

West  Bethel 4    74 

Gilemi    6    80 

Bhelburne 6    86 

Gorham     5     91 

Berlin  Falls 6    91 

Milan 7  1=»4 

\\Yst  Milan 6  110 

Siarfi 5  115 

'.mborlaml 7  122 

:  , 8  '  - 

Bruns'wiek!! '.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'. 


Wenlock 3  143 

Island  Pond 6  149 

Morgan 0  1 55 

Norton 8  163 

State  Line 6  169 

Stage. 

Barford 7  176 

Barnston 4  ISO 

Compton 8  188 

Lenoxville 1.2  200 

Sherbrooke 4  204 

St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic,  12.  R. 

Windsor 14  218 

Richmond 10  228 

Durham 15  243 

Acton 8  251 

Upton 6  257 

St.  Hyacinthe 13  270 

St.  Hilaire 13  283 

Boucherville 6  289 

Charron's 8  297 

Longueuil 5  302 

MONTREAL 3  305 

(8)  PORTLAND  to  WATERVILLE. 
Androscoggin  and  Kenne.bcc  R.  R, 

To  Danville,  (see  6)  27 

Lewiston  Falls 6    33 

Greene 8    41 

Monmouth 7    48 

Winthrop 8    56 

Readtield ••••.  4    60 

Belgrade 7    67 

West  Waterville 5    72 

WATERVILLE 10    82 

(9)  PORTLAND  to  AUGUSTA. 
Jlndroscoffffin  and  Kennebtc  R.  R. 

To  Readtield,  (see  8) 60 

AUGUSTA,  (stage) 10    70 

(10)  PORTLAND  to  AUGUSTA. 
Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  R.  R. 

To  Falmouth 5 

Cumberland 4      9 

Yarmouth 2    11 

Yarmouth  Junction 1    12 

Kcnnebec  and  Portland  R.  R. 

Freeport 5     17 

Merriman's  Road 5    22 

Brunswick 4    26 

Bowdoinham 9 

RICHMOND 7 

Gardiner 11 


35 
42 

53 

7  137  |  Hallowell 5    58 

8140iAuousTA 2    60 


ROUTES  IN  MAINE. 


41 


(11)  PORTLAND  to  BATH. 
To  Brunswick,  (see  10)  ....26 

Hard  ing's  Station 4 

BATH 5 

(12)  AUGUSTA  to  SOUTH  PARIS 
To  Hallowell  Cross  Roads . .  4 

East  Winthrop 2 

Winthrop..... 4 

Wayne 5 

North  Leeds 4 

North  Turner  Bridge 3    2 

North  Turner 4    2 

South  Hartford 2    2 

Buckfield 5    3 

West  Buckfield 4 

Paris 4 

SOUTH  PARIS 3    4 

(13)  AUGUSTA  to  FRYEBURG. 
To  South  Paris,  (see  12) ....  44 

Norway o    4 

Waterford 9    5 

South  Waterford 1 

Sweden 5 

Lovell 4 

Fryeburg  Centre 4    w 

FRYEBURG 5    7. 

(14)  AUGUSTA  to  BETHEL. 
To  Hallowell  Cross  Roads . .  4 

East  Winthrop 2      6 

Winthrop 4    10 

Wayne ; 5    15 

East  Livermore 7 

North  Livermore 4    2(5 

Canton 4    30 

Dixfield 9    30 

Mexico 5    44 

East  Rumford 3    47 

Rumford    7    54 

North  Bethel 3    57 

East  Bethel 4    61 

BKTHEL • 4    65 

(15)  AUGUSTA  to  PHILLIPS. 
To  Hallowell  Cross  Roads. .  4 

East  Readfield 4      g 

Readfield 4    jg 

Mount  Vernon ! .  5    17 

Mt.  Vernon  Village 3    20 

Vienna 6    26 

Farmington  Falls 4    30 

Farmington 5    35 

StronS 11    46 


Avon 


............  3    49 

HILIPS  .................  6    55 

(16)  AUGUSTA  to  ANSON. 
To  Sidney  ................  9 

Waterville  .......  Q  10 

Fairfield  .................  '.  4  03 

Bloomfield  ................  IQ  33 

Skowhegan  ............  ...3  34 

NORRIDGEWOCK-..  .  .......  5  39 

Madison.  .....  .............  g  47 

ANSON..  .................  4  5^ 

(17)  AUGUSTA  to  QUEBEC. 
To  Anson,  (see  16)  ........  51 

Embden..  ................  5    56 

®?lol  ....................  3    59 

jDingham  .................  5    54 

Moscow  ..................  12    75 

Carritunk  ............  g    go 

TheForks  ............  '.'.'.'.  9    91 

Jackman's  ................  19  no 

Moose  River  ..............  10  120 

State  Line  ................  OQ  ^Q 

St.  Charles,  (Canada  East).  .26  166 
St.  Francis  ................   8  174 

16  190 
12  202 
QUEBEC  ..................  33  035 

(18)  AUGUSTA  to  BELFAST. 
To  South  Vassalboro'  ......  9 

South  China  ..............  5    14 

'alermo  ...........  .......  5,   19 

Vorth  Palermo  ............  4    23 

Vlontville  .................  5    28 

NTorth  Searsmont  ..........  3    31 

^orth  Belmont  ...........  G    37 

3elmont  ..................  o    39 

ELFAST  .................  6    45 

(19)  AUGUSTA  to  THOMASTON. 
o  Windsor  ...............  10 

ooper's  Mills-  c  ...........  4  14 

Vest  Jefferson  ............  4  ig 

efferson  ..................  4  22 

Valdoboro'  ...............  9  31 

r  7  38 

HOMASTON  ...............    g      44 

(20)  AUGUSTA  to  BANGOR. 
o  Brown's  Corners  .......  6 

assalboro'  ...............  5    j  j 

ast  Vassalboro'  ..........  4    15 

i"?a  ....................  6    21 

Ibion  ...................  5    26 


ROUTES  IN  MAINE. 


Unity  y    34 

(24)  BANGOR  to  BROWNSVILLE. 
To  Levant  12 
East  Corinth  ....    8    20 

Troy  5    39 
Dixmont  4    4- 
Newbtirg  8    51 

Hampden  11    62 
BANGOR  Q    QQ 

(21)  BATH  to  BANGOR. 
To  Woolwich  3 

Charleston  .  Q    26 
South  Atkinson  8    34 
Atkinson  7    41 

Williamsburg  3    45 

Wiscasset    8    11 

BROWNSVILLE  ....                 2    48 

(25)  BANGOR  to  HOULTON. 
Bangor  and  Piscataquis  fi.  R. 
To  Steam  Mill  Turnout  ....   4 
Half  Way  Station  2      6 

Thomaston  ....                   fi    44 

Upper  Stillwater  3      9 

East  Thoniaston                     4    48 

Old  Town  3    13 

West  Camden                         ')    50 

Stage. 

Camden 

Norlhport  5    (59 

Olamon  7    29 

Swauville  7    83 

North  Searsport                      3    86 

South  Lincoln  H    42 

Frankfort  Mills                        Q    Q^ 

Frankfort  -  ...                           2    97 

North  Frinkfort                      3  100 

North  Lincoln  3    53 

Hampden  •                   3  103 

South  Moluncas  10    71 

(22)  BANGOR  to  NORRIDGEWOCK. 

(26)  BANGOR  to  CASTINE. 
To  Brewer  1 

Pal  myra  5    29 

Brewer  Village..     2      3 

Pittsh'eld  6    35 

South  Orrinarton  3    10 

North  Bucks  port  5    15 

(23)  BANGOR  to  GREENVILLE. 
On  JWooschead  Lake. 
To  South  Dutton     9 

North  Castine.  •                     11    33 

(27)  BANGOR  to  ELLSWORTH. 

We^t  Charleston         ••          5    °5 

Brewer  P     t                                o       1 

South  Dover  6    31 

East  Brewer  4      7 

Dover  5    3G 

North  Ellsworth  •  «  •  «              9    16 

Foxcn  >ft  1    37 

(28)  BANGOR  to  EAST  MACHIAS. 
To  Ellsworth,  (see  27)  27 

Friuklin                                   7    40 

ROUTES  IN   NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 


43 


East  Harrington  7    65 

(33)  CONCORD  to  BOSTON. 
Via,  Lawrence. 
To  Robinson's  Ferry  4 

Columbia  4    (j<) 

Jonesboro'  7    7^ 
Mucuias  8    84 

BAST  MACHIAS  6    90 

(29)  EAST  MACHIAS  to  LUBEC. 
To  Whiting  12 
West  Lubec  6     18 

Martin's  Ferry  4    12 

Londonderry  6    23 
Derry  5    28 

LUBEC  5    23 

(30)  EAST  MACHIAS  to  CALAIS. 

VVindham  3    31 
vSalem  .T  5    36 
Methuen,  Mass  5    41 

LAWRENCE  2    43 

ri,M,,,,,   ....                                             " 

Baiard  vale  2    48 

Robijuiston  13    36 

C  \LAIS  •  «                               i«)     m 

Wilmington  6    54 
heading  3    57 

(31)  PORTLAND  to  EASTPORT. 
ToBah,  [R.R.,](seell)..35 

Greenwood  1    60 

Stoneham  1    61 

Melrose  l    62 

t>outh  Prospect    •                    6117 

Maiden  2    64 

Prospect  6  123 
Bucksport  ••>  I'K! 

Somerville  3    67 
BOSTON  2    69 

(34)  CONCORD  to  PORTSMOUTH. 
Portsmouth  and  Concord  R.  R. 
To  Suncook  7 

Elisworth   14  145 

East  Macbias,  (see  28)  63  208 
Pembroke,  (see  30;  23  231 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

(32)  CONCORD  to  BOSTON. 
Via  Lowell. 
To  Robinson's  Ferry  4 
Houksett  4      Q 

Howe's  Corner  6    13 
Candia  5    18 

Kaymond-  .                                6    24 

Epping  6    80 

New  Market  7    37 

Stratham  2    39 

Greenland  4    43 

Martin's  Ferry  4     10 
MANCHESTER  5     jy 

(35)  CONCORD  to  PORTSMOUTH. 
To  Chichester.  •  8 

Golf's  Falls  •  •  •  •  4    9i 

Reed  s  Ferry  j  4    25 

Tnorn  ton's  Ferry                     3    3« 

Epsom  4    i«> 

West  North  wood  6    18 

Tyngsboro',  Mass  ....            3    41 

East  North  wood  3    21 

Nottingham  Turnpike  3    24 
Durham  7    31 

1^0  WELL  2      49 

Billerica  Mills   4    53 

Newington  6    37 
PORTSMOUTH  7    44 

Billerica  and  Tewksbury  ...  3    56 
Wilmington  

(36)  CONCORD  to  DOVER. 
To  Chichester  .8 

W°fb}U1^--  5    65 

South  Woburn  2    67 
Mediord  3    79 

North  Chichester  3    11 
Pittsfield  5     16 

East  Cambridge  2    74 

Strafford  n    07 
Barrington  6    33 

DOVER  10    43 

44 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


(37)  CONCORD  to  WOLFBORO*. 
To  Loudon  •  •                         8 

Bethel  

5    95 

7  102 
6  108 
8  116 
7  123 
10  133 
2. 

ONT. 

3 
5      8 
3    11 

T         •  r'l                              4    IR 

Gilmanton  Iron  Works  .•••  5    23 
Alton  5    28 

Northfield  

South  Wolf  boro'  9    37 

*  Branch  to  Bristol  13—3 
(40)  CONCORD  to  CLAREM 
To  West  Concord,  via  R.  R 
Mast  Yard  

WoLFBORO'.  «               »    3      40 

(38)  CONCORD  to  HAVERHILL. 

Bost.,  Concord^  and  Montreal  R.  R. 
To  East  Concord  2 
North  Concord  3      5 
Canterbury  5    10 

Warner  
Bradford  

7    18 
3    21 
5    26 
10    36 
10    46 

1ONT. 

3 
5      8 
3    11 
3     14 
5    19 
1    20 
5    25 

2    27 
9    36 
8    44 
5    49 
8    57 

E- 

25 

2    27 
9    36 
8    44 
6    50 

3TOWN. 
51 

6    57 
5    62 
6    68 
9    77 
9    86 
8    94 
5    99 
7  106 
7  113 
6  119 
9  128 
10  138 
9  147 
8  155 

Northfield  3    13 
Sanbornton  Bridge  5    18 
Union  Bridge  •  4    22 
Meredith  Bridge  5    °7 

Newport  
CLAREMONT  

(41)  CONCORD  to  CLARE? 

Weir's  4    33 

Mast  Yard 

Meredith  Village  4    37 

w*1  MJ0  IT'  / 

H        'lr    • 

PLYMOUTH                               4    51 

"IV         H  /  *  'lr 

Quincy's  6    57 

Hillsboro'  Bridge  

Rurnney  2    59 

Stage. 

Wentworth  5    67 

Warren  4    71 

HAVERHILL.                          11    82 

Unity                   «  « 

(39)  CONCORD  to  MONTPELIER,  VT. 

Via  Northern  R.  R. 
To  West  Concord  •          ...  3 

,        (42)  CONCORD  to  KEE? 
To  Hillsboro'  Br.,  (see  41). 
Stage. 
Hillsboro'  
Stoddard  

Fishersville  4      7 
Boscawen  3    10 

Franklin*  5    19 
East  Andover  6    25 
Potter  Place  5    30 

Sullivan  . 
KEENE  
(43)  CONCORD  to  STEWART 
To  Plymouth,  (see  38)  

Danbury  6    39 

Th       t 

Canaan  8    52 

Woodstock  

East  Lebanon  •              ....     2    61 

F 

\Vest  Lebanon  4    69 

Vermont  Central  R.  R. 
White  River  Junction  1    70 
White  River  Village  2    72 
West  Hartford                        5    77 

Northumberland  

Sharon                               »  »  6    83 

p  i      i  ' 

P   ]   h       k 

Rovalton  3    90 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


45 


(44)  WEST  LEBANON  to  LANCAS- 
TER. 

To  Hanover , 4 

Lyme 10  14 

Orford 7  21 

Piermont 5  26 

Haverhill 5  31 

North  Haverhill 4  3p 

Bath 9  44 

Lisbon 6  50 

Littleton 10  60 

Pingreville ' 5  65 

Dalton 7  72 

LANCASTER 7  79 

(45)  CONWAY  to  LITTLETON. 

To  North  Con  way 3 

Lower  Bartlett 3  6 

Bartlett 6  12 

Alt.  Crawford  House 9  21 

Willey  House 6  27 

Notch  House 4  31 

Alt.  Washington  House  ....   2  33 

Bethlehem 12  45 

LITTLETON 6  51 

(46)  GREAT  FALLS  to  CONWAY. 

To  Rochester .....10 

ChesnutHill 9  19 

Milton 2  21 

Union 7  28 

Wakefield 5  33 

Ossipee 10  43 

Centre  Ossipee 5  48 

West  Ossipee 6  54 

Eaton 9  63 

CONWAY 6  69 

(47)  NASHUA  to  CHARLESTOWN. 

To  Milford 11 

East  Wilton 5  16 

South  Lyrideboro' 3  19 

Greenfield 7  26 

Hancock 6  32 

Stoddard 10  42 

Marlow 8  50 

Alstead 7  57  ' 

Paper  Mill  Village 4  61 

Langdon 2  63 

CHARLKSTOWN 7  70 

(48)  NASHUA    to  BRATTLEBORO', 
VT. 

To  Milford 11 

East  Wilton 5    16 


Wilton 2  18 

Peterboro' .12  30 

Dublin 6  36 

Marlboro' 8  44 

Keene 5  49 

Chesterfield  Factory 8  57 

Chesterfield 3  60 

BRATTLEBORO' 8  68 

(49)  PORTLAND  to  WHITE  MOUN- 

TAINS. 

To  Conway,  (see  3) 46 

North  Conway 3  49 

Lower  Bartlett 3  52 

Bartlett 6  58 

Alt.  Crawford  House 9  67 

Willey  House 6  73 

Notch  House 4  77 

Alt.  Washington  House 2  79 

MT.  WASHINGTON 9  88 

(50)  BOSTON    to  WHITE    MOUN- 

TAINS. 

Via  Dover. 

To  Lawrence,  (see  76)  ..  . .  26 
Dover 42    68 

Cocheco  R.  R. 

Gonic 8    76 

Rochester 2    78 

Walker's  Crossing 4    82 

Farmington 4    86 

New  Durham 4    90 

Downing's 1    91 

Alton  Bay 5    96 

Steamboat  on  Winnipiseogee  Lake. 

Centre  Harbor 22  118 

Stage. 

Moultonboro' 5  123 

Sandwich 3  126 

South  Tamworth 7  133 

Tamworth 2  135 

Eaton : . . .  7  142 

Conway 6  148 

WHITE  MOUNTAINS, (see  45)33  181 

(51)  BOSTON   to   WHITE  MOUN- 

TAINS. 

Via  Concord. 

To  Concord 73 

Meredith  Village,  (see  38).  .37  110 
Stage. 

Centre  Harbor 4  114 

Conway 30  144 

WHITE  MouNTAiNS,(see  45)33  177 


46 


ROUTES  IN  VERMONT. 


VERMONT. 

(52)  BURLINGTON  to  BOSTON. 
Via,  Vermont  Central  R.  R. 

To  Winooski... 3 

Essex 4      7 

Wiliiston 4    11 

Richmond 5    16 

Bolton 7    23 

\Vnterbury 6    29 

Middlesex 5    34 

MONTPEI.IER 6      40 

Northfleld 10    50 

Roxbury 7    57 

Brainttve 12    69 

Randolph 2    71 

Bethel  7    78 

Ruyalton  5    83 

Boiifb  Royalton 2    85 

Sharon 5    90 

West  Hartford    5    95 

White  River  Village 6  101 

White  River  Junction 2  103 

Concord 70  173 

Lowell 47  220 

BOSTON 26  246 

(53)  BURLINGTON  to  BOSTON. 
To  White  River  Junction, 

(see  52) 103 

North  Hartland 6  109 

Hartland 4  113 

Windsor 4  117 

Sullivan  R.  R. 

Chiremont 8  125 

North  Charlestown 5  130 

Chnrlestown 5  135 

South  Charlestown 4  139 

BBLLOWS  FALLS 4143 

S.  Ashburnham,  (see  102)  .  -54  197 

FITCHBURG 11  208 

BOSTON,  (see  82) 50  258 

(54)  BURLINGTON  to  BOSTON. 
Via  Rutland  and  Burlington  R.  R. 

To  Shelburn 6 

Charlotte 5  1 

Ferrisburg 4  15 

Vergennes 6  21 

New  Haven 5  26 

Middlebury 7  33 

Messrs ••  8  41 

Whiting   3  44 

Brandon 6  50 

Pitlsford. 8  58 

RUTLAND 9  67 


Clarendon 3    70 

Cuttingsville 7    77 

Mount  Holly 8    85 

Ludlow 7    92 

Proctorsville 3    95 

Duttonsville I.  2    97 

Gassett's   5102 

Chester 4  106 

Bartonville 4  110 

Rockingham  4  114 

BELLOWS  FALLS 6  120 

South  Ashburnham 54  174 

FITCHBURG 11  185 

BOSTON,  (see  82) 50  235 

(55)  BURLINGTON  to  MONTREAL. 
Via  Vermont  Central  R.  R. 

To  Winooski 7 

Essex  Junction 4    11 

Colchester 4    15 

Milton T    22 

Georgia 4    26 

St.  Albans 9    35 

Swan  ton 9    44 

AlburgSpr 1    51 

Albimj 2    53 

West  Alburg 4    57 

ROUSE'S  POINT 1    58 

Cham-plain  &  St.  Lawrence  R.  R. 

Lacolle 6    64 

Stotfs 5    69 

Grande  Ligne 6    75 

St.  Johns 6    81 

La<-a,lu T    88 

La  Prairie  Sta 7    95 

St.  Lambert 6  101 

Ferry. 
MONTREAL 1  102 

(57)    MONTPELIER  to  NORWICH. 

To  Barre 7 

Washington 8  15 

Chelsea" 9  24 

Strafford 10  34 

South  Strafford 2  36 

NORWICH -10  46 

(58)    MONTPELIER  to  HAVERIIILL. 

To  Barre 7 

Orange 7  1.4 

West  Topsham 5  19 

East  Corinth 4  23 

Bradford  Centre 3  26 

Bradford 6  3 

HAVKRHILL 4  36 


ROUTES  IN  VERMONT. 


^59)   MONTPELIER  tO  DERBY  LlNE. 

Via,  Danville. 

To  East  Montpelier   6 

Plainfield 3  9 

Marshfield 6  15 

Cabot 5  20 

Danville   10  30 

North  Danville 4  34 

Wheelock    9  43 

Sheffield 2  45 

Barton 10  55 

Brownington 7  62 

Derby 9  71 

DERBY  LINE 3  74 

(60)  MONTPELIER  to  ST.  ALBANS. 

To  Worcester 8 

Elmore 12  20 

Morristown 6  26 

Hyde  Park  5  31 

Johnson 5  30 

Waterville 7  43 

Bakersfiekl 6  49 

East  Fairfield 3  52 

Fan-field 4  56 

ST.  ALBANS 7  63 

(61)  MONTPELIER  to  MIDDLEBURY. 

To  Middlesex 6 

Moretovvn ,7  13 

Waitsfieid 6  19 

Warren  6  2,3 

Greenville 10  35 

Hancock 4  39 

Ripton 12  51 

East  Middlebury 3  54 

MlDDLEBURY "5      59 

.  (62)  WELLS  RIVKR  to  DKRBY  L. 

To  Mclii. lot's  Falls .»  8 

Barnet 3  n 

Passumpsic 7  18 

St.  Johmbury 4  22 

St.  Johnsbury  Centre 3  25 

Lyndon 5  30 

Lyndon  Centre 2  32 

Sutton 7  39 

Barton 11  50 

Brownington 7  57 

Derby    9  66 

DERBY  LINK 3  69 

(63)  WELLS  RIVER  to  DANVILLE. 

To  Ryegate 5 

Peacham 9    14 

DA.NVILLK 6    20 


(64)  MIDDLEBURY  to  TROY, 
To  Cornwall  .............. 

Whiting  .................. 

Sudbury  .................. 

Hubbardton  .............. 

Castleton  ................. 

Poultney  ................. 

GraDviQe  ................. 

Hebron  ................... 

Salem   ................... 

Jackson  .................. 

Cambridge  ............... 

Buskirk's  Bridge  ----  .  ..... 

Prospect  Hill 
Lansingburg 
TROY  ... 


N.  Y. 
4 

6  10 

6  16 

6  22 
9  31 

7  38 
10  48 

9.  57 

8  65 
6  71 
6  77 
5  82 
5  87 

14  101 

4  105 

(65)  VERGENNES  to  WHITEHALL. 
To  Addison  ...............  6 

Bridport  ..................  8  14 

Shoreham  ................    6  20 

Orwell  ....................   6  26 

Benson  ...................  o  32 

West  Haven  ..............  6  38 

WHITEHALL  ..............  8  40 

(66)  RUTLAND  to  ALBANY,  N.  Y. 

Via  Western  Vermont  J?.  R. 
To  Clarendon  ............     (5 

Wallingford  ...............  3  9 

S.  Wallingford  ............  4  13 

Danby....  ................  5  18 

North  Dorset  .............  4  22 

East  Dorset  ...............  8  25 

Manchester  ...............  5  30 

Sunderland  ...............  6  36 

Arlington  .................  3  39 

Shaftsbury  ................   5  44 

S.  Shaftsbury  ..............  5  49 

North  Bennington  .........   2  51 

To  ALBANY,  (see  167)  ......  38  89 

(67)  RUTLAND  to  N.  ADAMS,  MASS. 
Clarendon  ................   G 

\Yailingford  ..............  3  9 

Danby  ....................   9  18 

East  Dorset  ...............  8  26 

Factory  Point  .............   5  31 

Manchester  ...............  2  33 

Sunderland  ...............  3  36 

Arlington  .................  3  39 

Shaftsbury  ................   8  47 

J^outh  Shaftsbury  ..........  3  50 

BENNINGTON   .............  4  54 

Pownall  .......  ...........  9  63 

Williamstown  .....  •  .......  5  68 

NORTH  ADAMS  ............  5  73 


48 


.ROUTES  IK  VERMONT — MASSACHUSETTS. 


(68)  RUTLAND  to  BETHEL. 

To  Pittsfield 15 

Stockbridge 4    19 

\        Gaysville • 3    22 

BETHEL 5    27 

(69)   BETHEL    to  CHARLESTOWN, 
N.H. 

To  Barnard 8 

Woodstock 9  17 

South  Woodstock 4  21 

Reading 6  27 

Felchville 3  30 

Upper  Falls 4  34 

Perkinsville 3  37 

North  Springfield 2  39 

Springfield 4  43 

CHARLESTOWN  6  49 

(70)  BRATTLEBORO'  to  DERBY  L. 

Stage. 

To  Chesterfield 8 

WESTMORELAND 6  14 

Cheshire  R.  R. 

Walpole 6  20 

BELLOWS  FALLS 4  24 

Sullivan  R.  R. 

South  Chaiiestowu 4  28 

Charleatown 4  32 

North  Charlestown 5  37 

Claremont 5  42 

WINDSOR 8  50 

Vermont  and  Central  R.  R. 

Hartland., 4  54 

North  Hartland 4  58 

White  River  Junction 6  64 

Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  R.  R. 

Norwich 5  G9 

Pompanoosuc   5  74 

Thetford ••  5  79 

North  Thetford 2  81 

Fairlee 5  86 

Bradford 7  93 

Newbury 7  100 

WELLS  RIVER 4104 

Stage. 

DERBY  LINE,  (see  62) 69  173 

(71)  BENNINGTON    to    CHARLES- 

TOWN,  N.  H. 

South  Shaftsbury •  .  4 

Shaftsbury 3      7 

Arlington-.... 8    15 

Sunderland 3    18 

Manchester 3*21 


Factory  Point 2  23 

WindhaU   4  27 

Peru 5  32 

Landsgrove 3  35 

Londonderry. 2  37 

Simonsville 7  44 

Chester 6  50 

Springfield 8  58 

CHARLESTOWN 6  64 

(72)  BELLOWS  F's.  to  ARLINGTON* 

To  Cambridgeport 3 

Saxton's  River 3  6 

Athens 5  11 

Townsend 8  19 

WestTownsend 5  24 

North  Wardsboro' 5  29 

West  Wardsboro' 4  33 

Stratton 4  37 

Sunderland 11  48 

ARLINGTON 4  52 

(73)  BRATTLEBORO'  to  ALBANY, 

To  West  Brattleboro' 2 

Marlboro' 7  9 

Wilmington 9  18 

Searsbury 5  23 

Woodford  .«..' 14  37 

BENNINGTON 4  41 

Iloosick* 7  48 

Potter  Hill 5  53 

Pittstown 4  57 

Raymertown 4  61 

Troy 9  70 

ALBANY 6  76 

*  North  Hoosick  5—53. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

(74)  BOSTON  to  PORTLAND. 
Via,  Eastern  R.  R. 

To  PORTLAND,  (see  1) 105 

(75)  BOSTON  to  PORTLAND. 
Via  Boston  and  Maine  R.  R. 

To  PORTLAND,  (see  2) Ill 

(76)  BOSTON  to  LAWRENCE. 
Boston  and  Maine  R.  R. 

To  Somerville 2 

Maiden* 3      5 

Melrose 2 

Stoneham 1 

Greenwood 1 

South  Reading 1    1 

Reading. 2    12 


EOUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


49 


Wilmington 3 

Ballardvale 6    i, 

Aridover o    2 

LAWRENCE 3    < 

*  Branch  to  Bedford  2—7. 
(77)  BOSTON  to  LOWELL. 

To  East  Cambridge 1 

Somerville 2 

Medfbrd 2 

South  VVob urn* 3 

Woburn 2     1 

Wilmington 5 

Billerica  jind  Tewksbury  ...  4 

Billerica  Mills  .. .....3    2 

LOWELL 4    o 

*  Br.  to  Woburn  Centre  2 — 10. 

(78)  BOSTON  to  CONCORD,  N.  H. 
Via  Lawrence,  (see  33) 

(79)  BOSTON  to  CONCORD,  N.  H. 
Via  Lowell,  (^ee  3-h 7* 

(80)  BOSTON  to  WHITE  MTS. 
Via  Dover,  (see  50) 18 

(81)  BOSTON  to  WHITE  MTS. 
Via  Concord,  N.  H.  (see  51)       177 

(82)  BOSTON  to  FITCHBURG. 
Fitchburg  R.  R. 

To  Somerville 3 

West  Cambridge* 3      G 

Waltham 4 

Stony  Brook 2    1° 

vveston 1    13 

Lincoln 4    17 

Concord 3    OQ 

South  Acton-... 5    25 

We^t  Acton 2    27 

Littleton 4    31 

Grotonf 4    35 

Shirley 5    40 

Lunenbijrg 2    42 

Leominster 4    4(j 

FITCHBURG 4    59 

Branch  to  Watertown  5  miles. 

*  Brajnch  to  Lexington  6—12. 

t  Branch  to  Chelmsford  13—48. 

(83)  BOSTON  to  ALBANY. 
Boston  and  Worcester  R.R 

To  Brighton 5' 

Newton  Corner 2      7 

New  ton  vi  lit- 1      g 

West  Newton* 1      9 

Grantville 5    14 


West  Needham 1    15 

Natickf 3    18 

FrarninghamJ 4    22 

Ashland 2    24 

Southboro' 4    28 

Westboro' 4    32 

Grafton§ 6    38 

WORCESTER 6    44 

Western  R.  R. 

Clappville 9    53 

Charltori 4    57 

Spencer 5    (,2 

Kasi  Brookfield 2    64 

South  Brookfield 3    67 

West  Brookfield 2    69 

Warren :...  4    73 

Palmer 10    83 

Wilbraham 9    92 

SPRINGFIELD Q    93 

West  Springfield 2  100 

Westfleld   8  108 

Russell 8  116 

Chester  Village 3  ]  19 

Chester  Factory 7  126 

Becket  Station 9  135 

Washington ..  3  133 

Hinsdale 5  143 

alton 3  i46 

lTTSFIELD 5    151 

Shaker  Village 3  154 

Richmond 5  159 

State  Line 3  102 

Albany  and  W.  Stockbridge,  R.  R. 

ajui 5  167 

t  Chatham 5  173 

hatham  Four  Corners 5  177 

Dhnthnm  Centre  — 4  181 

\inderhook 3  184 

5chodack 8  J 92 

eenbush 7  199 

ALBANY 1    0()0 

*  Br.  to  Newton  Low.  Falls  1-10. 
t  Br,  to  Saxonville  4—22 
t  Br.  to  Milford  12—34. 
§  Br.  to  Millbury  4—42. 

(84)  BOSTON  to  NEW  YORK. 
3  SPRINGFIELD,  (see  83) .  .98 
'.  Haven,  Hartford^  and  Sur'tn& 
field  R.  R. 

ong  Meadow 4  102 

honipsonville 4  106 

Warehouse  Point 3  109 

Windsor  Locks 2111 

"ndsor o  117 

5 


50 


ROUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


HARTFORD 7  124 

New  Britain 8 

Berlin 3 

Meriden-.-- 7  142 

Wallingford 6  }J 

North  Haven 5153 

NEW  HAVEN* 7  luO 

New  York  and  New  Haven  R.  R. 

Milford 10  17° 

Stratford 4  174 

BRIDGEPORT ,*12 

Pairfield •>  J| 

Southport 1 

Westport 4  188 

Norwalk.v 4  192 

Darien 3  IJo 

Stamford 5  200 

Greenwich 5  ~Uo 

Port  Chester ••*•  2207 

Mamaroneck 4  2 

New  Rochelle 4217 

W  illiams  Bridge G  223 

32d  street,  New  York 1 1  < 

NEW  YORK 2  23b 

*  Steamboat  to  N.  York  80—240. 

(85)  BOSTON  to  NEW  YORK. 

Via  Norwich. 

To  WORCESTER,  (see  83) .  •  •  44 
Norwich  and  Worcester  R.  R. 

Junction    1    ' 

Auburn 3    48 

Oxford 7    55 

North  Village 4    59 

Webster J 

Wilson 3    « 

Fisherville J    & 

Mason's J    «; 

Thompson ~    J 

Porujret 3     /( 

Daysville 5 

Danielsonville J 

Central  Village. 6 

Plainfield » 

JewettCity G    K 

Greeueville 9  10, 

NORWICH —   *  |Y 

Allyn's  Point* 7  u 

-S<ea?nZ>oa«. 

NEW  LONDON. -8  11 

NEW  YORK 125  24 

*  Steamboat — 

To  Greenport,  N.  Y.,  32-142 

NEW  YORK,  (see  151,)  96—238. 


(86)  BOSTON  to  NEW  YORK. 

Boston  and  Providence  R.  R. 

o  Roxbury 2 

amaica  Plain 2      4 

leadville • 5      9 

Canton • 5 

haron 4    '. 

'OXBORO' -4    22 

Jansfield 2    24 

'obey's 2    26 

Attleboro' 5    3 

Dodgcville 1    32 

Jawtucket 7    39 

'ROVIDENCE 4    43 

Stonington  R.  R. 

unction 4    47 

Warwick 7    54 

Greenwich 3    57 

Wickford 6    63 

Kingston 7    70 

Carolina G    7o 

Richmond  Switch 3     4  9 

Charleston 4    I 

Westerly ^    "° 

STONINGTON 5    93 

Steamboat.  , 

NEW  YORK 125  218 

(87)  BOSTON  to  NEW  YORK. 

Via  Fall  Riser. 

To  Dorchester 4 

Quincy 4      8 

South  Braintree 3    11 

Randolph 4    15 

East  Stonghton *    J7 

North  Bridgewater  ..." 3    20 

Plainville f    23 

Keith's  Furnace J    J* 

East  and  West  Bridgewater  1    25 

Bridgewater 2 

Titicut 4    31 

Middleboro' 4    3a 

Raskin's 
Myrick's 
Assonet 

Miller's ' 

FALL  RIVER •*    54 

Steainboat. 

Newport ;J?    73 

NEW  YORK 16y  238 

(88)  BOSTON  to  BLACKSTO^. 

Norfolk  Co.  R.  R. 

To  Dedham 

Ellis'  Station 

South  Dedham 


45 


10 

U    13 
1    14 


ROUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


51 


Plympton  2 

17 
18 
21 
83 

Halifax  •  «           3    28 

Walpole  1 

Campbell's  Pond  3 

Kingston    3    33 

City  Mi'te            2 

25 
27 
30 
33 
35 

D. 

•4 

9 
14 

18 
22 
24 

23 
31 

35 
R. 
41 
55 

40 
43 
47 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
59 
60 
62 

4 
5 

6 
8 
10 
11 
15 
18 
19 
21 
23 

(92)  BOSTON  to  COHASSET. 
To  Briintree  (see  91)           10 

Franklin    •  •              «       •    •  2 

Mill  River  3 

E'ist  Braintree                         1     11 

(89)  BOSTON  to  NEW  BEDFOR 
Boston  and  Providence  R.  R 
To  Koxbury  2 

North  Weymouth  2    14 

Hingham  2    17 
Nantasket  2    19 

Readville  5 

Canton               •       ...         5 

COHASSET  y>...   3    22 

(93)  BOSTON  to  GLOUCESTER. 
Eastern  R.  R. 
To  North  Chelsea  4 

F    •      RO' 

Mansfield  2 

Taunton  Branch  R.  R. 
Norton  4 

Q,.olie               3 

Lynn  5      9 
Swamscot  2    11 
SALEM  3    14 

Taunton  4 

JVt'W  Bedford  and  Taunton  R. 

Beverly  2    16 
Manchester  9    25 
GLOUCESTER  5    30 

(94)  SALEM  to  LAWRENCE. 
Via,  Essex  R.  R. 

(90)  BOSTON  to  SANDWICH. 
To  Middleboro',  (see  87).  .  .35 
Cape  Cod  Branch  R.  R. 

North  Danvers                ....   3      5 

Middleton  5    10 

South  Middleboro'  3 

North  Andover  10    20 
Simon's  Mills  1    21 

LAWRENCE  1    22 

(95)  LOWELL  to  LAWRENCE. 

Agawam  2 

Cohasset  Narrows  2 
Monument  2 

To  Tewksbury  Centre  6 
Shed's  Crossing  2      8 

North  Sandwich  3 

LAWRENCE  5    13 

(96)  WORCESTER  to  NASHUA,  N.H. 
Worcester  and  Nashua  R.  R. 
To  Wpst  Bovlston                   9 

(91)  BOSTON  to  PLYMOUTH. 

Oakdale  1    10 

T)    ••}   b.t                                         o 

Sterlincr  ..2    1° 

Ttf     * 

Clintonville  4    16 

9           t 

New  Boston  ...       2    18 

>^quan  um                               ^ 

TR     '    t                                                  <* 

Still  River  4    °3 

<*       th   R      '                                            1 

Harvard         ..2    °5 

South  Wey  rnouth  4 
North  \biiifrton                   •   3 

Groton  Junction  3    28 
Groton  Centre  3    31 

Pepperell    5    36 

Hollis,N   H  3    39 

NASHUA  ...                           ..  6    45 

52 


ROUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


(97)  WORCESTER  to  LOWELL. 
To  Groton  Junction,  (see  96)  28 
Stony  Brook  R.  R. 
Forge  Village  6    34 

VValpole-  «•  •                        ..6    61 

BELLOWS  FALLS,  VT  4    65 

(103)    SPRINGFIELD   to  BRATTLE- 
BORO', VT. 
Connecticut  River  R.  R. 

Westford  4    38 

Factory  Village  2    40 

Chehnslbrd  1    41 

LOWELL  4    45 

(98)  WORCESTER  to  PROVIDENCE. 

\  To  Cabotville*  3 
Willhnansett.  ••  •                     3      6 

Ireland  ..2      8 

PROVIDENCE,  (see  118)  18    43 
(99)  WORCESTER  to  FITCHBURO. 
To  West  BoyMon  9 

Smith's  Ferry                          5    13 

NORTHAMPTON  4    17 

Jlatik-ld  4    21 

Whately  5    26 

Oakdale  1     10 

South  Deerfield                       °    "8 

Sterlii)<r  Junction         2    1^ 

Deerrield 

Sterlin^  •  ••  •              •              2     14 

Creenfield 

Leoininster  7    21 

FITCHBURG  6      27 

(100)    FITCHBURG    to    BRATTLE- 
BORO',  VT. 
Vermont  and  Massachusetts  R.  R. 
To  West  Fitch  burg  2 

South  Vernon,  Vt  7    50 

BRATTLEBORO'  '               5    60 

*  Br.  to  Chicopee  Falls  2—5. 

(104)  SPRINGFIELD  to  NEW  HAVEN, 
CONN.,  and  NEW  YORK. 
Via  New  Haven,    Hartford,   and 
Spring-field  R.  R. 
To  Long  Meadow  —  4 
Thornpsonville  4      8 
W  arehouse  Point  3     11 
Windsor  Locks  2    13 
Windsor  6    19 
HARTFORD  7    26 

Dadmanville  4    19 
Baldwinville  2    21 
lloyalston  6    27 
Athol  6    33 
Orange  4    37 
Wendall  3    40 
Erving  2    42 

Montague  6    48 
North  Held  Farms  3    51 
Northfield  6    57 
South  Vornon  2    59 
Vernon.  5    64 
BRATTLEBORO'  5    69 

(101)  FITCHBURG  to  GREENFIELD. 
To  Montague,  (see  100)  ....  48 

New  Britain  3    34 
Berlin*  3    37 
JWeriden  7    44 
Wallingford  6    50 
North  Haven  5    55 
NEW  HAVENf  7    62 
Steamboat. 
NEW  YORK  80  142 

t  N.  York  and  N.  Haven  R.R.— 
NEW  YORK,  (see  128,)  76—138. 
*  Branch  to  Middletown  10  in. 

(105)  PlTTSFIELD  tO  N.  Al>AMS. 

To  Packard's    3 

(102)     FITCHBURG    to    BELLOWS 
FALLS,  VT. 
Via  Cheshire  R.  R. 
To  Ashburnham,  (see  100).  11 

W    •}        1                                           19 

Cheshire  3      9 

Fitzwilliam  N  H                    9    °8 

Cheshire  Harbor  2    11 

Troy                                        5    33 

Marlboro'                                4    37 

KKENE  6    43 

NORTH  ADAMS  6    20 

ROUTES  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 


53 


(106)  PlTTSFIELD  tO  NEW  YORK 

Stockbridge  and  Pittsfield  R.  R 

To  Lenox ; .  g 

Lee .[  3 

Stockbridge 6 

Van  Deusenville 6    M 

Barrington 2    2 

Hous atonic  R.  R. 

Sheffield „    0 

Canaan,  Conn 6    ^ 

Falls  Village 6    4 

West  Cornwall G    4 

Cornwall  Bridge 4    5 

Kent 9    6 

Gaylord's  Bridge 6    6 

New  Milford 7    7 

Brookfield 6    § 

Hawleyville 6 

Newtown 4    9 

Botsford 4    9, 

Stepney 5  10( 

BRIDGEPORT* 10  Hi 

Steamboat. 

NEW  YORK GO  170 

*  N.  York  and  N.  Haven  R.  R.— 
NEW  YORK,  (see  128,)  59—169. 

(107)  S.  DEERFIKLD  to  ADAMS. 

To  Conway 7 

Ashfield    6    13 

Plainfleld 8    21 

Savoy 7    28 

ADAMS 8    36 

(108)  GREENFIELD  to  N.  ADAMS. 

ToShelburne 4 

Shelburne  Falls 5      9 

Charlemont 8    17 

Florida 12    29 

NORTH  ADAMS 5    34 

(109)  NORTHAMPTON    to    PITTS- 

FIELD. 

To  Chesterfield 13 

Worthington. 6  19 

Peru 4  23 

Hinsdale 3  26 

Dalton 3  29 

PITTSFIELD 6  35 

(110)  NORTH  ANDOVER  to  NKW- 

BURYPORT. 

To  West  Boxford 5 

Georgetown 4      9 

By-field 4    13 

NEWBURYPORT 6    19 


(HI)    HAVERHILL  to   NEWBURY- 
PORT. 

To  East  Haverhill 6 

WestAmesbury 3  9 

Amesbury 4  13 

Salisbury o  15 

Bellevilleport l  15 

NEWBURYPORT 2  18 

(112)  SANDWICH  to  PROVINCE  T. 

To  East  Sandwich 6 

West  Barnstable 4    10 

Barnstable 6    16 

Yarmouthport 3    19 

Yarmouth 1    20 

Dennis 3    23 

East  Dennis 1    24 

West  Brewster 4    28 

Brewster 2    30 

East  Brewster 3    33 

Orleans 2    35 

East  Orleans 4    39 

Eastham 2    41 

North  Eastham 2    43 

South  Wellfleet 3    46 

Wellfleet , 4    50 

Truro 7    57 

STorthTruro 4    61 

"ROVINCETOWN 7    68 

113)  SANDWICH  to  WOOD'S  HOLE. 
'o  West  Sandwich 2 

Monument 4  6 

5ocassett 3  9 

^orth  Falmouth 4  13     • 

Vest  Falmouth 4  17 

^almouth 4  21 

VOOD'S  HOLE 4  25 

114)  N.  BEDFORD  to  EPGARTOWN. 

o  Wood's  Hole 30 

'olmes' Hole 8  38 

DGARTOWN 13      51 

15)  N.  BEDFORD  to  NAN-TUCKED. 
food's  Hole 30 

ANTUCKET 36      66 

16)  N.  BEDFORD  to  PROVIDENCE. 

o  North  Dartmouth 3 

'estport 5      8 

ALL  RIVER 8    16 

wanzey 4    20 

orth  Swanzey 5    25 

South  Seekonk 3    28 

PROVIDENCE,  R.  I. 6    34 

5* 


54 


ROUTES  IN  RHODE  ISLAND. 


RHODE  ISLAND.' 

(117)  PROVIDENCE  to  BOSTON. 
Boston  and  Providence  R.  R. 

To  Pawtucket 4 

Podgeville 7    11 

Attlehoro' 1     12 

Tobey's  5    17 

Mansfield 2    19 

FOXBORO' 2    21 

Sharon 4    25 

Canton 4    29 

Readville   5    34 

Jamaica  Plain .  5    39 

Roxbury  2    41 

BOSTON 2    43 

(118)  PROVIDENCE  to  WORCESTER. 

Providence  and  Worcester  R.  R. 

To  Pawtucket 5 

Valley  Falls 1  6 

Lonsdale 1  7 

Asliton     3  10 

Albion 1  II 

Manville 1  12 

Hamlet   3  15 

Woonsocket 1  16 

Waterford      )                         o  1a 

Blackstone     j ¥  J 

Millville 2  20 

Uxbridge  5  25 

Whitins 2  27 

Northbridge 4  31 

Farnum's 2  33 

Grafton 1  34 

Button 1  35 

Millbu/y 2  37 

Grand  Junction 5  42 

WORCESTER 1  43 

(119)  PROVIDENCE  to  WILLIMAN* 

TIC. 
Via,  Plainfidd. 

To  South  Scituate 11 

Mount  Vernon 6  17 

Rice  City 2  19 

Sterling,  Conn 5  24 

Plainfleld 4  28 

Canterbury 4  32 

Westminster 3  35 

Scotland 3  38 

Wtndham 4  42 

W  ILLIMA.NTIC 3     45 


(120)  PROVIDENCE  to  HARTFORD, 

CONN. 
Via  West  Kiliingly. 

To  North  Scituate 10 

South  Foster 6  16 

South  Killingly 8  24 

West  Killingly 3  27 

Brooklyn 4  31 

Howard's  Valley    6  37 

Windham 7  44 

WILLIMANTIC 3  47 

Hartford,  Providence,  and  Fishkill 
R.R. 

South  Coventry 4  51 

Andover 4  55 

Bolton 4  59 

Vernon 4  G3 

Union  Village 4  67 

East  Hartford 8  75 

HARTFORD 2  77 

(121)  PROVIDENCE  to  STONLNGTON 

and  NEW  YORK. 
Via  Stonington  R.  R. 

To  Junction 4 

Warwick   7  11 

Greenwich 3  14 

Wickford 6  20 

Kingston 7  27 

Carolina 6  33 

Richmond 3  36 

Charleston 4  40 

Westerly 5  45 

STONINGTON 5  50 

Steamboat. 

NEW  YORK 125  175 

(122)  PROVIDENCE  to  NEWPORT. 

To  Barrington 8 

Warren 6    14 

Bristol 4     18 

Portsmouth 6    24 

NEWPORT 9    33 

(123)  PROVIDENCE  to  FALL  RIVER. 

To  South  Sekonk 6 

North  Swanzey 3      9 

Swanzey 5     14 

FALL  RIVER 4     18 

(124)  PROVIDENCE  to  KINGSTON. 

To  Pawtuxet 5 

Warwick 6    11 

East  Greenwich 3    14 


Wickford 
KINGSTON 


10    32 


ROUTES  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


55 


(125)  PROVIDENCE  to  N.  LONDON. 

ToNatick 9 

Cenireville 2  11 

Coventry 2  13 

West  Greenwich 5  18 

Pine  Hill 4  22 

Brand's  Iron  Works 6  28 

Hopkinton 6  34 

North  Stonington,  Conn. ...  6  40 

Mystic 6  46 

Centre  Groton .3  49 

Groton 4  53 

NKVV  LONDON 1  54 

(126)  PROVIDENCE  to  THOMPSON, 

CONN. 

To  Fruit  Hill 4 

Greenville 5  9 

Che  packet 7  16 

THOMPSON li  27 

(127)  FALL  RIVER  to  NEWPORT. 

To  Ti verton 6 

Portsmouth 3  9 

NEWPORT 9  18 

CONNECTICUT. 

(128;  NEW  HAVEN  to  NEW  YORK. 

New  York  and  New  Haven  R.  R. 

ToMilford 10 

Stratford 4  14 

BRIDGEPORT 4  18 

Fairfietd 5  23 

South  port 1  24 

Westport 4  28 

Norwulk 4  32 

Darieu 3  35 

Stamford 5  40 

Greenwich 5  45 

Port  Chester 2  47 

Rye 2  49 

Mamaroneck 4  53 

New  Rochelle 4  57 

Williams'  Bridge 6  63 

32d  street,  N.  Y 11  74 

NEW  YORK 2  76 

(129)  HARTFORD  to  NEW  YORK. 
Neic  Haven,  Hartford,  and  Spring- 
field R.  R. 

To  Wethersfleld 5 

New  Britain 3 

Berlin*    3  11 

Meriden 7  18 

Wallingford 6  24 


North  Haven 5  29 

NEW  HAVEN| 7  36 

NEW  YORK,  (see  128) 76  115? 

Stea..iboat. 

t  To  NEW  YORK  80—116. 

*  Branch  to  Middletown  10  m. 

(130)  HARTFORD  to  BOSTON. 

To  Windsor 7 

Windsor  Locks 6    13 

Warehouse  Point 2    15 

Thompson ville 3     18 

SPRINGFIELD 8    26 

BOSTON,  (see  83)  ..  98  124 

(131)  HARTFORD  to  NEW  HAVEN. 

Stage. 

To  Wethersfield 4 

Rocky  Hill 3  7 

Upper  Middletown 5  12 

MIDDLETOWN   2  14 

Durham   7  21 

Northtbrd 7  28 

Fail-haven 10  38 

NEW  HAVEN 2  40 

(132)  HARTFORD  to  NEW  LONDON. 
R.  R.  via  Wiliimantic. 

To  East  Hartford 2 

Union  Village 8  10 

Vernon 4  14 

Bolton 2  16 

Andover 6  22 

South  Coventry 5  27 

WlLLIM ANTIC 3      30 

Spoffordsville 3  33 

Lebanon  Crossings 5  38 

Morse's  Mills 2  40 

Yantic 1  41 

Norwich  Plains 1  42 

NORWICH 2  44 

Uncasville 7  51 

NEW  LONDON 7  58 

(133)  HARTFORD  to  NEW  LONDON. 

To  East  Hartford 1 

Glastonbury 5  6 

Marlboro' 10  16 

Colchester 8  24 

Salem 6  30 

Chesterfield 6  36 

NEW  LONDON 8  44 

(134)  HARTFORD  to  NORWICH. 

To  East  Hartford 1 

Manchester 9    10 


56 


ROUTES  IN  CONNECTICUT. 


Bolton 4 

Andover 5 

Columbia 4 

Liberty  Hill 4 

Lebanon 3 

Franklin 7 

Norwichtown 3 


14  i  Saybrook : 3 

19  '  Connecticut  River 2 

23     Lyme 1 

27  I  South  Lyme 4 

30  ;  East  Lyme 5 

37    Niantic 3 

40  i  Waterford 2 


NORWICH 2    42    NEW  LONDON 2 


(135)  HARTFORD  to  WESTFIELD. 

To  Bloomfield 6 

Tariffville 5  11 

Granby 4  15 

South  wick,  Mass. 7  22 

WESTFIELD 5  27 

(136)  HARTFORD  to  CANAAN. 

To  West  Hartford 3 

Avon 7  10 

Canton 3  13 

Collinsville 2  15 

New  Hartford 6  21 

Winchester 6  27 

Norfolk 10  37 

CANAAN 6  43 

(137)  N.  HAVEN  to  FARMINGTON, 

CONN. 
Canal  R.  R. 

To  Hamden  Plains 4 

Centreville 3  7 

Mount  Carmel 2  9 

Cheshire 7  16  ; 

Hitchcock's 4  20 

Southington  Corners 2  22  i 

Southington 1  23  | 

Plainviile* 5  28; 

FARMINGTON 3  31  i 

Avon 6  37: 

Weatogue 3  40 

Simsbury 2  42  i 

Tariffville 3  45 

*  Branch  to  Collinsville  11..  39 

(138)  NEW  HAVEN  to  N.  LONDON. 
N.  Haven  and  N.  London  R.  JR. 

To  Fair  Haven 2 

East  Haven 1  3 

Plantsville 2  5 

Branford 3  8  , 

Stony  Creek 3  11  : 

Guilford 5  16 

East  Paver 1  17  ! 

Madison 3  20  j 

Clinton 3  23  j 

West  Brook 5  28  I 


(189)  ALLAN'S  PT.  to  WORCESTER. 

NORWICH 7 

Greeneville 1  8 

Jewett  City 9  17 

Plainfleld 6  23 

Central  Village 3  26 

Danielsonville .'.  6  32 

Daysville 3  35 

Pomfret 5  40 

Thompson 3  43 

Mason's 2  45 

Fisherville 1  46 

Wilson's 1  47 

Webster 3  50 

North  Village 1  51 

Oxford 4  55 

Auburn 7  62 

Grand  Junction 3  65 

WORCESTER 1  66 

(140)  NEW  LONDON  to  PALMER. 

New    London^     Williviantic,    and 

Palmer  R.  R. 

To  Uncasville 7 

NORWICH.. } 7  14 

Norwich  Plains 2  16 

Yantic 1  17 

Morse's  Mills 1  18 

Lebanon  Crossings 2  20 

Spoffordsville 5  25 

WILLIMANTIC 3  28 

Coventry 5  33 

Mansfield 3  36 

Tolland 6  42 

Stafford 3  45 

Monson H  62 

PALMER 4  66 


(141)  EAST  HADDAM  to  NORWICH. 

To  Mechanicsville 3 

Westchester 4  7 

Colchester 5  12 

Bozrahville 7  19 

Bozrah 2  21 

Norwichtown 4  25 

NORWICH 2  27 


ROUTES  IN  CONNECTICUT NEW  YORK. 


51 


(142)  WlLLIMANTIC  tO  BRISTOL. 

To  South  Coventry 3 

Andover 3  ( 

Bolton 3  < 

Vernon 6  1, 

Manchester 4  19 

East  Hartford 10  29 

HARTFORD 2  3] 

Newington 8  3< 

New  Britain 3  43 

Plainville 3  45 

Forestville 3  43 

BRISTOL 3  51 


(143)  BRIDGEPORT  to  ALBANY. 
Via  Housatonic  R.  R. 

To  Stepney 10 

Botsford 5    15 

Newtown 4    19 

Hawleyville 4    23 

Brcokfleld 6    29 

NewMilford; 6    35 

G  aylord's  Bridge 7    42 

Kent 6    48 

Cornwall  Bridge 9    57 

West  Cornwall 4    61 

Falls  Village 6    67 

Canaan  • 6    73 

Sheffield 6    79 

Barrington 6    85 

Van  Deusenville 2    87 

West  Stockbridge 8    95 

StateLine 3    98 

Western  R.  R. 

Canaan 5  103 

East  Chatham 5  108 

Chatham  Four  Corners 5  1$ 

Chatham  Centre 4  117 

Kinderhook 3  120 

Schodack 8  128 

ALBANY 8  136 

(144)  BRIDGEPORT  to  WINSTED. 
Naugatuck  R.  R. 

To  Stratford 4 

Junction 1  5 

Derby 9  14 

Ansonia 2  16 

Humphreysville 4  20 

NAUGATUCK 7  27 

Waterbury. 5  32 

Watervillo 3  35 


Plymouth 7  43 

Camp's  Mills 5  47 

Litchfield  Station 2  49 

Wolcottville 3  50 

Burrville 5  57 

Winsted 5  62 

(145)  NORWALK  to  DANBURY. 

To  Wilton  (via  E.  E.) T 

Eidgefield 5  12 

DANBURY 12  24 

NEW  YORK. 

(146)  NEW  YORK  to  BOSTON. 
New  York  and  New  Haven  R.  R. 

32d  street.  New  York 2 

Williams' Bridge 11    13 

New  Rochelle 6    19 

Mamaroneck 4    23 

Rye 4    27 

Port  Chester 2    29 

Greenwich 2    31 

Stamford 5    35 

Darien 5    41 

Norwalk 3    44 

Westport 4    43 

Southport 4    52 

Fairfield 1    53 

BRIDGEPORT 5    53 

Stratford 4    62 

Milford 4    66 

NEW  HAVEN 10    76 

JV.  Haven,  Hartford,  and  Spring- 
field R.  R. 

North  Haven 7    83 

Wallingford 5    88 

Meriden 6    94 

Berlin 7  101 

New  Britain 3  104 

HARTFORD 8112 

Windsor 7  119 

Windsor  Locks 6  125 

Warehouse  Point 2  127 

Thompsonville 3130 

SPRINGFIELD 8  138 

Western  R.  R. 

kVilbraham 6  144 

'aimer 9  153 

Warren 10  163 

West  Brookfield 4  167 

South  Brookfield 2  169 

East  Brookfield 3  172 

ipencer 2  174 

Charlton 5  179 


58 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


W  ''.,„„„,„«                         ..  9  192 

Westerly  .'...'..  5  130 

Boston  and  Worcester  R.  R. 
G  ration                               •     6  198 

Carolina  3  142 

>r°  '                                   4  208 

Kingston  6  148 

A.shl-tnd                           ••       4  212 

Wickford        7  155 

Ff>\n-\\fifrham                                             2    214 

Warwick  3  164 

W«at   NW>rlH«im                                       *?    °21 

Grmtville                            •     1  222 

West  Nowton              5  227 

Boston  and  Providence  R.  R. 
Pawtucket  4  179 
Dodgeville  7  186 

NewtouviUe  1  228 

Brighton                2  231 

Tobey's  5  192 

(147)  NEW  YORK  to  BOSTON. 
Steamboat. 

Mansfield            2  194 

Foxboro'         2  196 

T>  ,;,.,,}  VlllP                                                                                                        5      209 

Norwich  and  Worcester  R.  R. 

Riwlinrv                                           •  •     ^   216 

p      *       MM                                                                       1     141 

Jewett  City             9  150 

(149)  NEW  YORK.  to  BOSTON 
Steamboat. 
To  Newport  165 
FALL  RIVER    19  184 

Plaintield       6  156 

Central  VilH^e    3  159 

Danielsonville  6  165 

Fall  River  R.  R. 

Fisherville  1  I'9 

Myrick's  3  196 

W  ilson  *  *£ 

Auburn  7    * 

East^mfwest  Bridgewater  2  213 
Keith's  Furnace  1 

Junction   •  J  JjJ° 

6  205 

Q.-i-.p,,           3  230 

uinc>  •••                             •  «»  -^" 

(150)  NEW  YORK  to  BOSTON. 
Long  Island  R.  R. 
To  Greenport  (see  1  51)  96 

Steamboat. 

(148)  NEW  YORK  to  BOSTON. 
To  STONiMaTON,  (Steamboat)  "l^ 

Railroad. 
Tj/^r^vT  /coo  147^         ....110238 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


59 


(151)  NKW  YORK  to  GREENPORT. 
To  Brooklyn 1 

Long  Island  R.  R. 

Bedford 2      3 

East  New  York 3 

Union  Course 3 

Woodville 1     10 

JAMAICA 2    12 

Brush ville 3    15 

Hyde  Pork 3    18 

Hempstead  Branch* 3    21 

Curl  Place 2    23 

Westbury 1    24 

Hicksville 3    27 

Farmingdale 6    33 

Deer  Park 6    39 

Thompson-.. 3    42 

Suffolk  Station 3    45 

Lake  Road    5    50 

Medford 6    56 

Yaphank 5    61 

St.  C  eorge's  Manor 6    67 

Riverhead 8    75 

Jaraesport 5    80 

Mattetuck 4    84 

Cutchogue 3    87 

Hermitage 4    91 

Southold ^ 1    92 

GREENPORT 4    96 

*  Branch  to  Hempstead  2£— 23£. 

(152)  N.  YORK  to  PHILADELPHIA. 

Steamboat. 

To  Jersey  City \...   1 

jYew  Jersey  R.  R. 

NEWARK    8      9 

Elizabethtown '5    14 

Rahway 6    20 

Freeman's 7    27 

NEW  BRUNSWICK    •• 5    32 

JV*.  Brunswick  and  Trenton  R.  R. 

Kingston    13    45 

Princeton 4    49 

TRENTON    10    59 

Morrisville,  Pa. 1    60 

Philadelphia  and  Trenton  R.  R. 

Bristol  9    69 

Andalusia 4    73 

Cornwall's 2    75 

Tacony 5    80 

Philadelphia  Depot 7    87 

PHILADELPHIA  EXCHANGE  .  2    89 
(153)  N.  YORK  to  PHILADELPHIA. 

Steamboat. 
To  South  Amboy 28 


Camden  and  Amboy  R.  R. 

South  River 5  33 

Spotswood 5  38 

West's 4  42 

Prospect  Plains 3  45 

Hightstown 4  49 

Centreville 4  53 

Newtown 3  56 

Sand  Hills 2  58 

BORDENTOWN 5      63 

Kincora 4  57 

Burlington  4  71 

Rancocas  River 6  77 

Palmyra 5  82 

Camuen 7  89 

Steamboat. 

PHILADELPHIA 1  90 

(154)  N.  YORK  to  PHILADELPHIA. 

To  Trenton,  (see  152) 59  , 

Bordentown 7    66 

PHILADELPHIA,  (see  153,)  ..27    93 

(155)  N.  Y.  to  WASHINGTON,  D.C. 
To  Philadelphia,  (see  152).. 89 

Baltimore,  (see  257) 97  186 

WASHINGTON,  (see  299) ....  40  226 

(156)  NEW  YORK  to  TROY. 

Steamboat. 
To  Manhattan  ville 8 

*  Fort  Lee 1  9 

Fort  Washington 2  11 

Yonkers 6  17 

Hastings-... 3  20 

Dobb's  Ferry 2  22 

*  Piermont 2  24 

Tarrytowu 3  27 

*Nyack 2  29 

SING  SING 4  33 

*  Haverstraw 3  36 

Verplank's  Point 5  41 

*CaldweU's 3  44 

PEEKSKILL 2  46 

Anthony's  Nose 1  47 

*WEST  POINT 5  52 

3old  Spring 1  53 

*  CORNWALL   4  57 

Pish  kill  Landing 4  61 

*NEWBURG 

ew  Hamburg 6  67 

*  Milton 3  70 

POTGHKEEPSIE 4  74 

*NewPaltz 1  75 

Hyde  Park 5  80 


60 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


.  .  7    90 

Millerton      ...                    8    96 

*  Kingston  Landing  

..   1    91 

Boston  Corners  7  103 

Barrytown  

.  .  4    95 

Hillsdale-  ...                     9  112 

..  6  101 

CoDoke                                    3  115 

..10  111 

Ghent  13  128 

..  5  116 

A  T  T)  A  W    f«OA    1  W\                                          O1}      1  M 

Columbiaville  

.     4  120 

(158)  NEW  YORK  to  ALBANY. 
Hudson  River  R.  R. 
To  Sl^t  street                           3 

..  4  124 

Kinderhook  Landing    «•> 

..  3  127 

..  4  131 

.  .  2  133 

.  .   t  134 

Q  '                 IIP        t   '               '     «;      11 

.  .  3  137 

Yonkers                                 4    17 

..  5  142 

Hastings                                   4    21 

..  3  145 

Dobbs'  Ferrv                           1    22 

..   6  151 

r;                                       ~     ^* 

Those  marked  thus  (  *  )  are  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river. 

(157)    NEW    YORK    to    ALBANY. 

New  York  and  Harlem  R.  R. 
To  32d  street                           ** 

SING  SING  6    33 

Peekskill  7    43 

Cold  Spring  3    54 

Finikin  Landin"  •                   6    60 

Carthage  4    64 

New  Hamburg  2    66 

Yorkville 

3      G 

Harlem 

o      g 

POUGHKKEPSIE  6      75 

Mottsville 

2    10 

Hyde  Park  6    81 

1     11 

For  lh-  7i 

2     13 

Rhinebeck  6    91 

Willi'irns'  Bridge 

1     14 

Red  Hook  ....   G    97 

1     15 

Upper  Red  Hook.  3  100 

H      t'    R  'He- 

2     17 

Underhill's 

2     19 

Livingston  5  110 

1    °0 

H    -f   P 

4    04 

Stockport   4120 

W        •  P 

2    26 

n         ^R        lr 

3    29 

|Y      :                      'I] 

3    32 

Castleton    3  136 

PI               '11 

2    34 

i^ieas<     vi 

2    36 

N  >'     P-    tl 

4    40 

..2    42 

(159)  NEW  YORK  to  ALBANY. 
Via  Housatonic  R.  R. 
To  Bridgeport,  (see  146)  .  .  .58 
Stepney  10    08 

\Vhitlocksville    

.  .   3    45 

..2    47 

.  .  2    49 

Croton  Falls 

2    51 

Southeast    

.  .  4    55 

4    59 

p  .  . 

4    63 

Botsford     5    73 

P'       1'    o-    '11 

4    67 

9     fh  r^VI 

6    73 

Hawleyville  4    81 

..  7    80 

Brookfield  6    87 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


61 


New  Milford  6    93 

Mellenville  4      7 

Gaylord's  Bridge  7  100 

Ghent      •                                 5    \f> 

Kent  6  106 

Chatham  Four  Corners  —  4    16 

Cornwall  Bridge.  9  115 

West  Cornwall  4  119 

Edwards      •                            6    27 

Falls  Village  6  125 

State  Line  3    30 

WEST  STOCKBRIDGE  3    33 

(164)  HUDSON  to  N.  LEBANON  SPA, 
To  Edwards,  (see  163)  27 

Stage. 

State  Line  3  156 

New  Lebanon  Springs  1    34 

(165)  ALBANY  to  PITTSFIELD,MASS. 
To  Greenbush  1 
Schodack  Centre  5      6 

Chatham  Four  Corners  ••••  5  171 
Chatham  Centre  3  174 
Kinderhook  4  178 
Schodack  8186 

Greenbush  7193 
ALBANY  1  194 

(160)  POUGIIKEEPSIE  to  NEW  MIL- 
FORD,  CONN. 
To  Manchester  Bridge  5 
Sprout  Creek  ••••           ....   4      9 

Brainard's  Bridge  4     16 
Mofflt's  Store  3    19. 
Lew  Lebanon  4    23 
New  Lebanon  Springs  1     24 

PlTTSFIELD,  MASS              ....    Q      33 

(166)  ALBANY  to  BOSTON. 
Albany  and  W.  Stockbridge  R.  R. 
To  Greenbush  1 

Beekman  ....   4    15 

P'lwli   os  °                                   7     04 

Quaker  Hill   ••••                     3    27 

Kinderhook  8    16 

Sherman,  Conn  3    30 

Chatham  Centre  3     19 

NEW  MILFORD  6    36 

(161)       POITGHKEEPSIE     to     WEST 

CORNWALL,  CONN. 

Chatham  Four  Corners  4    23 

Canaan  5    33 

State  Line  5    38 

To  Pleasant  Valley  7 
Washington  Hollow  5     12 
Washington  3     15 
Dover  6    21 
South  Amenia  6    27 

Western  R.  R. 
Richmond  3    41 
Shaker  Village  5    46 

PlTTSFIELD     3      49 

D'lltmi                                                         e;      r  t 

Amenia  Union  3    30 
Sharon,  Conn  5    35 
WEST  CORNWALL  6    41 
(162)  HUDSON  to  GREAT  BARRING- 
TON,  MASS. 
To  Cl'iverick                           4 

Hinsdale  3    57 
Washington  5    62 
Becket  Station  3    65 

Chester  Village  7    81 

Smoky  Hollow                         4      8 

Westfield          8    06 

Hoffman's  4     12 
HiHsdale  4    16 

West  Springfield  8  100 

South  Egremont,  Mass  7    23 
GREAT  BARRiNGToif  5    28 

(163)   HUDSON  to  WEST  STOCK- 
BRIDGE,  MASS. 
Hudson  and  Berkshire  R.  R. 
ToClaverack  3 

Wilbraham  6  108 

Warren  10  127 

We6*!  Brookfield                      4  131 

South  Brookfield-  •  •    •          ^  133 

Fist  Brookfield                        3  136 

Soencer  2  1  US 

62 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


6rr 

Clappville  4  147 

Middlefield  Centre 

7ff> 

WORCESTER  9  156 

•r     f\a 

Boston  and  Worcester  R.  R. 
Grufton  6  162 

(170)  ALBANY  to  UNADILLA. 

Westboro'  6  168 

Guilderland  Centre  

•   3     12 

Ashland  ...  4  176 
Framingham  2  178 

Knowersville  
Knox  

..  4     16 
.  5    21 

Natick  4182 
West  Needham  3  185 

Gallopville  
SCHOHARIE  
East  Cobleskill  

.   6    27 
..  5    32 
.   5    37 

rantviiie            •                     1  lob 

Cobleskill  

.  5    42 

Richmondville  

.   5    47 

XT      ^onv^lie                          •  j  JJ~ 

..6    53 

Worcester  

.    4    57 

Schenevus  

.   5     62 

(16T)  ALBANY  to  BENNINGTON,  VT. 
Troy  and  Boston  R.  R. 
To  Troy  6 

.   4    66 

.  7    73 

..6    79 

9QQ 

Deepikill  1    13 

P-     >b 

6    94 

Seha^hticoke  5    18 

IT 

A      no 

Buskirk/s  Bridge                      9    ^7 

(171)  CATSKILL  to  CANAJOHARIE. 
To  Leeds  4 

EaHe  Bridge         .                   2    29 

North  lloosick                          4    33 

Waloomsac                               1    34 

.  6     10 

St'ite  Line                                 2    36 

3    13 

North  Bennin°ton                   2    38 

.  4    17 

.  6    23 

(16s)  ALBANY  to  RUTLAND,  VT. 
Via  Rutland  &  Washington  R.  R. 

To  Eagle  Bridge,  (see  167).  .29 
Writ's  Corners                         2    31 

.   4    °7 

4    31 

3    34 

Middleburg  

6    40 

5    45 

Cambridge                                 3    34 

Slius'nan                                    6    40 

.   3    53 

Salem  7    47 

Charleston  Four  Corners  •  • 
Rt>ot  

.  5    58 
.  5    63 

West  Rupert                            6    53 

Rupert  .                                    2    55 

.  4    67 

Pa\vlet                                      7    62 

M    70 

Gran  vi  lie                               .     3    65 

(172)  CATSKILL  to  UNADILLA. 
To  Leeds  4 
Cairo  6     10 

Poultney                                    8    73 

Castleton  7    80 

RUTLAND  4    91 
(169)  ALBANY  to  COOPERSTOWN. 
To  Guildfrland           9 

Acra  

.  3    13 

3     16 

TT   ' 

6     22 
.   o     04 

Wii  11  •  m  Centre 

Diinnsville  6     15 

W     lh' 

.  3    °7 

Diiaiuisbnrg  8    23 

E*pcrMncc                                  6    29 

Ashland   
Pntt^ville         

.  2    29 
•   6    35 

Sloansville  4    33 

Carlisle   ....                          .  6    39 

Moorsville  

.    4     39 
.  g     47 

Sh  aron                                      4    43 

«^,l»o,.f 

4    51 

Leesville  6    49  i  South  Kortrisrht  

.  4    55 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


63 


Summer  route. 
To  Saratoga  Springs  38 

WestMeredith  7    74 
Groton  2    76 

Franklin...-  5    81 
Sidney  10    91 

Whitehall,  (see  173)  40    78 
Steamboat  on  Lake  Champlain. 
Ticonderoga  24  102 

UNADILLA  1    92 

(173)     ALBANY      to      SARATOGA 
SPRINGS  and  WHITEHALL. 
Mohawk  and  Hudson  R.  R. 
To  Schenectady                      16 

Crown  Point  10  112 
Port  Henry          10  1°2 

West  Port....  11  133 

Essex    12  145 

Burlington,  Vt  15  160 

Saratoga  and  Schenectady  R.  R. 
Ecxlbrd  Fl'its                          4    ^0 

Port  Kent,  NY           10  170 

Plattsbur"  14  184 

Burnt  Hills            .                   4    24 

Rouse's  Point  26  210 

B'U'^ton  Centre                        4    28 

St  John's,  C  E  14  235 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS  7    38 
Saratoga  and  Washington  R.  R. 
Gansevoort's  10    48 

Railroad. 
La  Prairie  Sta  14  249 
St.  Lambert  6  255 

Fort  Edward  7    55 
Dunham's  Basin  3    58 
Fort  Ann    •«•«          ....           9    G7 

MONTREAL  1  256 

(1T7)  ALBANY  to  MONTREAL. 
Via  Whitehall  and  Burlington. 
To  Whitehall,  (see  113)  ...  .73 
State  Lioe                                6    84 

(174)      ALBANY      to      SARATOGA 
SPRINGS  and  LAKE  GEORGE. 
To  Troy  6 

Fair  Haven  .              2    86 

Hydeville                         .        2    83 

Castleton                                   3    91 

Renssdaer  and  Saratoga  R.  R. 
VVaterford  ....         4    10 

Rutland                          ...       9  100 

Burlington  (see  54)               67  167 

IMechanicsville                         8    ]8 

MONTRFAL  (see  55)              102  269 

BALLSTONSPA  13    31 
SARATOGA  SPA  7    38 
Saratoga  and  Washington  R.  R. 
Gansevoort's  ...  10    48 

ALBANY  to  MONTREAL. 
Via  Rutland  &  Washington  R.R. 
Salern,  (see  168.)  47 
To  Castleton  33    SO 

Fort  Edward  7    55 
Stage. 
Sandy  Hill  2    57 

Rutland  11    91 
Burlington,  (see  54)  67  158 

Glenn's  Falls  3    60 
CALDVVELL  9    09 

ALBANY  to  MONTREAL. 
Via  Western  Vermont  R.  R. 
To  N.  Bennington,  (see  66),  38 

(175)  TROY  to  WHITEHALL. 
Stage. 
To  Lansingburg  4 

Wall  in  "ford                              21     SO 

Scha<'ticoke...  10    14 

Kntlanrl                                                         Q       '•iQ 

Burlington,  (see  54)  67  15(5 

North  Easton  3    24 

(17S)  PLATTSBURQ  to  MONTUK.VL. 
Via  Plattxl>urg&  Montreal  It.  R. 

South  Ar°rle  7    36 

Argyle  4    40 

North  Argyle  4    44 

To  Beekmantown  
West  Chazy  

Hartford   •  •••                           2    51 

North  Granville  9    60 

WHITEHALL    .,                    .  .  8     68 

64 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Seiota 

Oak's  Corners  5  204 

East  Vienna  3  207 

M      *  "•  Tun  itioi  * 

West  Vienna  1  208 

TT              ''erf      rl 

Clii'ton  Springs  3211 

SI      rin   5f>n 

1>V»       *"r 

St   I'emi 

Victor  9  231 

P-       trV           "  rr 

Pittsf  ord  12  243 

Ferry. 
Lachine 

ROCHESTER  4  251 

MONTREAL 

Tonawanda  R.  jR. 
Church  ville  14  265 

*  Junction  with  Ogdensburg  R.  R. 

(179)  ALBANY  to  BUFFALO. 
Mohawk  and  Hudson  R.  R. 

To  SCHKNECTADY    16 

Utica  and  Schcnectady  R.  R. 
Hoffman's  9    25 
Cr.ait'sville  3    28 
Amsterdam  4    32 

Byron     7  276 

BAT  AVI  A              •                      7  4)83 

Alexander  8  291 

ATTICA  3294 

Attica  and  Buffalo  R.  R. 
Darien  6  300 
Alden  5  305 

Tribes  Hill  5    37 
Fonda  6    43 

Spraker's         ••••           ....   8    51 

Lancaster  10  315 
BUFFALO  10  325 
(180)  NEW  YORK  to  DUNKIRK. 
Steamboat. 

Palatine  Bridge             ....   3    54 

Fort  Pl'iin                                 3     57 

Palestine  Church                •  •     3     60 

New  York  and  Erie  R.  R. 
Piermont,  (town)  1    25 
Blauveltville  4    29 

St.  Johnsville  3    63 
Little  Fulls  10    73 

Herkimer  6    79 

Sch  uyler                        ....  7    86 

Clarkstown  4    33 
Spriii01  Valley  2    35 

UTIC'A                         •     ••   •   8    94 

Syracuse  and  Utica  R.  R. 
Whitesboro'  3    97 
Orisk-my  ••.•         4  101 

Sufferns                       •      •  •  •     5    42 

Ramapo  Works  2    44 

Ro  >i  E                                        71  08 

Wilkes'                                    3    54 

Turner's  •••  3    57 

Wampsville  3  124 

Monroe  3    60 
Oxford    °    62 

Chittenaiiffo                        •  •   6  133 

G  oshen  5     70 

SYRACUSE                        ••••10  147 

Jluburn  and  Syracuse  R.  R. 
Geddes                          2  149 

Middletown  3    77 

Howell's   •  3    80 

TTlll.   .  •.!,,.„                                                                                Q       IfiO 

Shin  Hollow         '•••  7    92 

PORT  JEP  vis                6    98 

SenAet  4  168 

Stairway  Brook  9  107 
Pond  Eddy  2  109 

Jluburn  and  Rochester  R.  R. 

I  •  -k      '                                   4  1°0 

Sfnec'i  Fills                             5  188 

M-  't*n                               f  1Q6 

Waterloo  4  192 
GENEVA  7  199 

Narrowsburg  6  13? 
*  Branch  to  Newburg,  (see  183.) 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


65 


Cohecton 8  140 

Calicoon  5  145 

Hanldns 7  152 

Equinunk 11  163 

Stockport 6  169 

Chehocton 4173 

Deposit 13  186 

Gulf  Summit 8  194 

Lanesboro' 8202 

Great  Bend 9  211 

Windsor 9  220 

BlNQHAMTON 5   225 

Union 9  234 

Campville 6240 

OVVKGO 7247 

Tioga  Centre 6  253 

Smith boro' 4  257 

Barton 2  259 

Factory ville 7  260 

Chemung  4270 

Wellsburg 6  276 

ELMIRA  •  • 7  283 

Big  Flats 9  292 

East  Painted  Post 4  296 

CORNING 3  299 

Painted  Post 2  301 

Cooper's 4  305 

Campbelltown 6311 

Mud  Creek 5316 

BATH 6  322 

Kenned ysville •  •   4  326 

Goff's  Mills 5  331 

Howard 3  334 

HORNELLSVILLE 9343 

Almond 5  348 

Baker's  Bridge 4352 

Andover 8  360 

Genesee 9  369 

Scio 4  373 

Phillipsville 4  377 

Belvidere 3380 

Friendship 5385 

Cuba 9394 

Hinsdale 5399 

Olean 7406 

Alleghany 4410 

Nine  Mile  Creek 4414 

Great  Valley 8  422 

Little  Valley 11  433 

Albion 6  439 

Dayton 9  448 

Perrysburgh 3451 

Smith's  Mills 7  458 

Forestville 4  462 

DUNKIRK 8470 


(181)  NEW  YORK  to  BUFFALO. 

Via  JVcw  York  and  Eric  R.  R. 

To  Elmira,  (see  180) 283 

Junction 4  287 

Horseheads 1  288 

Millport .8  296 

Havana 6  302 

Jefferson 3  305 

Rock  Stream-- 6311 

Starkey 5  316 

Hemrods 4320 

Milo  Centre 3  323 

PennYan 4327 

Benton  4331 

Beliona 3  334 

Gorham 5  339 

Hopewell 4  343 

CANA.NDAIGHJA 8  351 

ROCHESTER,  (see  179) 29  380  | 

Attica 43  423 

BUFFALO 31  454 

(181i)  NEW  YORK  to  BUFFALO. 
Via  Owego  and  Ithaca. 

To  Owego  (see  ISO) 247 

Cayugdand  SusqueJianna  R.  R. 

South  Candor 5  252 

Candor f>  'jr»7 

Wilseyville 4  261 

Pugsleys.  • 5  206 

Ithaca 13  279 

Steamboat  on  Cayuya  L<i!a-. 

CAYUGA .* 37  ;>16 

BUFFALO,  (see  179;  .......  142  453 

(182)  NEW  YORK  to  BUFFALO. 
Via  Buffalo  and  N.  Y.  Citi/  It.  R. 
To  HORNELLSVILLE,  (ISO).  .343 

Burns '.)  :•;>•> 

Whitney's  Valley 4  :;:>*> 

Nunda 11  367 

Portage 6  878 

Castile 4  377 

Gainesville 4  381 

Warsaw 6  387 

Middlebury 5  392 

Linden 4  396 

Attica 7  403 

Darien  City 5  408 

Darien 2410 

Alden 5  415 

Town  Line 5420 

Lancaster 5  425 

BUFFALO ".10  435 

6* 


66 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


(183)  NKWBURQ  to  CHE 
Newburg  Branch  R. 
Vail's  

STKR. 

R. 

.  6 

(187)  COOPERSTOWN  to 
arid  ITHACA. 
To  Harwick  Seminary  . 
Milford 

UNADILLA 
....  4 

Salisbury  

.  4     10 

9      ]O 

Millbrd  Centre  

...  4      8 
6    14 

f   '  '  r    'I] 

517 

Colllersville  

...  4     ia 

f1 

...  6    °4 

(184)  AMSTERDAM  to  SAGEVILLE. 
To  Perth  fi 

9    33 

Sidney  Plains  

.  5    48 

VaU's  Mills  
Broudalbin  

.  3      9 
.   1     10 

Coventry  ville  
Coventry          .... 

...7    60 
3    63 

Union  Mills  

.  4    14 

6    69 

Northampton  

.  5     19 

Gene(ranslet  

3    72 

Osborne's  Bridge  

.   6    25 

Whitney  's  Point 

8    80 

.  3    28 

Lisle 

3QO 

(185)  CHERRY  VAL.  to  SYI 

IACUSE. 

Centre  Lisle  

.  •  3    86 

Rich  land  

...   8    94 

Caroline  

2      6 

Slatersville  

..     3  103 

W-     •"' 

3Q 

ITHACA  

..    Q   1  \f> 

Richfield  

.  4    13 

(188)  BINGHAMTON  to  UTICA. 
To  Chenango  Forks  11 
Greene  7    18 
Oxlbrd  14    32 
Norwich  8    40 
NorthNorwich  6    46 
Sherburne  5    51 

Winfield  
Bridgewater  
Sangerfield  
Madison   
Morris  ville  
Nelson  

,   8    21 
.  5    26 
.   7    33 
.  9    42 
7    49 
.  7    56 
A     r;n 

Oran  6    66 

Manlius  2    68 
Fayetteville  2    70 
Dewitt  3    73 
SYRACUSE  5    78 

(186)  COOPERSTOWN  tO  ITHACA. 

Earlville  
Hamilton  
M  adison  
Waterville  
Paris  
New  Hartford  

...5    56 
...  6    62 
...7    69 
...9    78 
-..  6    84 
...  6    90 

A      Ql 

(189)  ITHACA  to  UTICA. 
To  Varna  •  •  •  •         -  -     *• 

6     11 
3     14 
3    17 

9    26 

4    36 
11     47 
9    56 
4    60 
8    68 
10    78 
2    80 
6    86 

Wesl  R     1'   rr\ 

«•  8    12 

F  1        t         b 

M  *  r 

4     16 

Columbus  .... 

Cortlandt  

.  .  .  6    22 

..2    24 

Sm  •  • 

Otselic 

Cuyler               

8    42 

4    46 

Cuvler        • 

..7    53 

.  .  .  5    58 

H 

.  .   7    65 

p 

..  6    71 

Mrl  pan 

.  .   9    80 

D      1 

V  "• 

8    98 
4  102 

New  Hartford  

..  .   6    92 

..  4    96 

ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


(190)  ITHACA  to  SYRACUSE. 

To  Varna 4 

Dryden  8  12 

McLean 4  16 

Oortlandt • 6  22 

Homer 2  24 

Little  York 4  28 

Preble 3  31 

Tally    5  36 

Tally  Valley 4  40 

Cardiff 3  43 

Onoadaga  Hollow 8  51 

SYRACUSE 4  55 

(191)  ITHACA  to  AUBURN. 

To  South  Lansing 8 

Ludlowville 2  10 

Lansingville 3  13 

Five  Corners 3  16 

King's  Ferry 5  21 

Ledyard 2  23 

Poplar  Ridge 3  26 

Sherwood's  Corners 2  28 

Scipioville 1  29 

The  Square 3  32 

Fleming 3  35 

AUBURN   4  39 

(192)  ITHACA  to  WATERLOO. 

To  Jacksonville 8 

Truiiiansburg 3  11 

Covert 3  14 

Farmer    4  18 

Lodi  ....    5  23 

Ovid 5  28 

Romulus 6  34 

Varick  •••• 3  37 

WestFayette 4  41 

WATERLOO    6  47 

(193)  ITHACA  to  HORNELLSVILLE. 

ToEnfield 6 

Mecklenburg 6  12 

Reyuoldsvllle 4  16 

Burdette 6  22 

Jeifer.-Km 5  27 

Reading 3  30 

Pine  Grove  ...J* 4  34 

Tyrone 4  38 

Urbanna 9  47 

BATH 8  55 

Kennedysville 4  59 

Guff's  Mills 5  64 

Howard 3  67 

HORNKLLSVILLK 10  77 


(194)  BATH  to  GKNKVA. 

To  Urbanna 8 

Wayne   ..._ 9  17 

Barrington 6  23 

PENN  YAN 9  32 

Benton 8  40 

GENEVA 8  48 


(195)  CORNING  to  BATAYIA. 
Buffalo,  Corning,  and  N.  Y.  R.  R, 

To  Painted  Post 2 

Coopers  Plains 2  4 

Campbell .,..•  5  9 

BATH <...!!  20 

Kennedyville 4  24 

Avoca 4  28 

Wallace's 3  31 

Liberty 5  36, 

Wayland  ...    10  46 

Spring  Water 6  52 

Oonesus 5  57 


(196)  ELLICOTTVILLE  to  ROCHES- 
TER. 

To  Franklinville 13 

Farmersville 5  18 

Rush  ford 7  25 

Ceutreville 7  32 

Pike 8  40 

East  Pike 4  44 

Castile 4  48 

Perry 6  54 

Moscow 7  61 

GENESEO 6  67 

South  Avon 6  73 

Avon 2  75 

West  Rush 5  80 

Rush   3  83 

Henrietta 5  88 

ROCHESTER 7  95 

(197)  CLEAN  to  GENESEO. 

ToHinsdale 6 

Cuba 7  13 

Friendship 8  21 

Hobbieville   5  26 

Angelica 5  31 

Allen 6  37 

G  trove  • .  * 6  43 

Niihda 8  51 

Oakland  3  54 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


Brookes' Grove 5  59 

MountMorris 7  66 

GENKSEO 6  72 

(198)  GENESBO  ;to  CANANDAIGUA. 

To  Lakeville. . .'. 6 

Livonia 4  10 

Richmond  Mills 4  14 

Allen'sMills 3  17 

Bristol 5  22 

CANANDAIGUA 9  31 

(199)  GENKSEO  to  BUFFALO. 

To  Moscow 6 

Perry 7  13 

Perry  Centre... 2  15 

Warsaw 8  23 

Orangeville 6  29 

Johnsonburg 4  33 

Sheldon 4  37 

Wales  7  44 

Willink. 6  50 

East  Hamburg 6  56 

BUFFALO 12  68 

(200)  BUFFALO  to  BATAVIA. 

To  Williamsville 10 

Clarence 8.  18 

Newstead •••-4  22 

Pembroke 4  26 

East  Pembroke 6  32 

BATAVIA 7  39 

(201)  BUFFALO  to  ERIE,  PA. 
Buffalo  and  State  Line  II.  R. 

To  Rodgers  Road 10 

18  Mile  Creek 5  15 

Evans  Center 7  22 

Lagrange 7  29 

Silver  (..reek 2  31 

DUNKIRK 10  41 

Centerville 10  51 

"Westville. 6  57 

Quincy. 8  65 

STATE  LINE. 4  69 

Erie  and  North  East  R.  R. 

North  East 4  7: 

Harbor  Creek 7  8' 

ERIE 8  88 

(202)  BUFFALO  to  NIAGARA  FALLS 

and  YOUNGSTOWN. 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  R.  R. 
To  Black  Kock 3i 


Tonawanda 8  11 

NIAGARA  FALLS 11  23 

Lockport  and  Niagara  Falls  R.R 

Junction  Lewiston  R.  R.  •  •  •  6  28 

Lewiston 3  31 

Stage. 

YOUNGSTOWN 6  31 

(203)    BUFFALO    to    QUEENSTOH 
C.W. 

Steamboat. 
To  Chippewa 20 

Railroad. 

NIAGARA  FALLS 3    23 

Drummondsville 1    24 

QUEENSTON 6    30 

(204)  BUFFALO  to  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

Steamboat. 

To  Dunkirk 43 

Erie,  Pa 48  91 

Conneaut,  Ohio    30  121 

Ashtubula 14  135 

Fairport 33  168 

CLEVELAND   30  198 

Huron 45  243 

Sandusky 14  257 

Amherstburg,  C.  W 52  309 

DETROIT,  MICH 20  329 

Fort  Gratiot 70  3U9 

Point  au  Barques 85  484 

Thunder  Bay 70  554 

Presquelsle 80  634 

Mackinaw  • 65  699 

Beaver  Islands 50  749 

Manitou  Islands 45  794 

MILWAUKIE,  Wis. - 150  944 

Racine 25  969 

Southport 13  982 

CHICAGO  57  1039 

(205)  BUFFALO  to  OGDENSBURG. 

Railroad. 

To  Lewiston,  (see  202) 31 

Steamboat. 

Rochester 90  121 

Oswego 55  176 

Sackett's  Harbor 40  216 

Kingston,  C.  W. 30  246 

Clayton,  N.  Y. 22  268 

Alexandria 15  283 

Morristown 23  306 

OGDENSBURQ 12  318 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


69 


(206)  BUFFALO  to  ALBANY. 
Attica  and  Buffalo  R.  R. 

To  Lancaster 10 

Alden 10    20 

Darien  5    05 

ATTICA 6    31 

Tonawanda  R.R. 

Alexander 3    34 

BATAVIA 8    42 

Byron 7    49 

g£r?en 7    56 

Cnurchville 4    GO 

ROCHESTER 14    74 

Auburn  and  Rochester  R.  R. 

Brighton 4    78 

r(ttsford 4    82 

yi^u- 12    94 

tanandaigua 9  103 

Chapinsviite 3  JOG 

Short's  Mills 3  109 

Clifton  Springs 5  114 

vv  esl  V  ienna 3  117 

East  Vienna 1  U8 

Oak's  Corners 3  121 

G  ENE  VA 5    126 

Waterloo 7  133 

Seneca  Falls 4  137 

Cayuga  Bridge 5  142 

AfrBfJRN 10    152 

Auburn  and  Syracuse  R.  R 

Sennet  5  157 

Skaneatelea  Junction 4  101 

Elbridge 1  102 

Camillas 8  170 

Geddes G  176 

SYRACUSE o  173 

Syracuse  and  Utica  R.  R. 

Munlius 10  188 

Chittenango 4  192 

Canastota   G  198 

Wampsville 3  201 

Oneidu  Depot 3  204 

Verona  Centre 4  208 

ROME 9  217 

Oriskany 7  224 

Whitesboro' 4  228 

UTICA 3  231 

Utica  and  Schenectady  R.  R. 

Bchuyler 8  2:19 

Herkimer 7  2i", 

Little  Falls' G  2./2 

St.  Johnsville 10  202 

Palatine  Church 3  2G."> 

Fort  Plain 3  208 

Palatine  Bridge 3  271 


Spraker's 3  274 

Fonda 8  282 

Tribes  Hill 6  288 

Amsterdam 5  293 

Cranesville 4  297 

Hoffman's 3  300 

SCHENECTADY 9309 

Mohawk  and  Hudson  R.  R. 

ALBANY 16  325 

(207)  BATAVIA  to  LOCKPORT. 

ToOakfleld 8 

Alabama 6  14 

Royal  ton 13  27 

LOCKPORT   G  33 

(208)  ROCHESTER  ^o  LOCKPORT  and 

NIAGARA  FALLS. 
Rochester,  L.,  and  N.  F.  JR.  R 

To  Spencerport 10 

Adams  Basin 2    12- 

Brockport '...  5    17 

Holley 5    22- 

Murray . .  H     25 

Albion 5    30 

Medina 10    40 

Middleport 5    45- 

Mabce's 4'   49-' 

Orangeport 2    51 

Loekport. l.« 5    55 

Tonawanda * ... 

Pekin 10    66 

Suspension  Bridge 8    74 

Niagara  Falls  .  -~ 9    T6 

BUFFALO,  (see  202) 22    98 

(209)  ROGHESTER'iO  LoeKPORT. 

To  Greece G 

P.irrna ">  11 

Clarkson 7  18 

Murray 7  25 

(Taines 9  34 

West  Gaines ...4  38 

Oak  Orchard  ( 3  41 

Ridgeway  3  44 

Johnson's  Creek-. 7  5i 

Martland 3  54 

Wright's  Corners 7  Gl 

LOCKPORT. % 4  G5 

(210)  ROCHESTER  to  WEEDSPORT. 

To  Brighton*... 3. 

Pittsford 4      7 

Egypt. G  13.. 

Macedbu 8  21 


70 


ROUTES  IN   NEW  YORK. 


Palmyra 4  25 

East  Palmyra 4  '20 

Newark 4  33 

Lyons 6  39 

Clyde 7  4fi 

Muntezuma 11  57 

Port  Byron 5  62 

WKEDSPORT 3  65 

(211)  CANANDAIGUA  to  BATAVIA. 

To  Centrefield 3 

E;ist  Bloornfield 5  8 

Wi-st  Bloomfield 6  14 

Lima 4  18 

East  Avon 5  23 

Avon 4  27 

Caledonia 7  34 

Le  Roy > 7  41 

Stafford 7  48 

BATAVIA 6  54 

(212)  AUBURN  to  CORTLANDT. 

To  Owascb 8 

Niles 5  13 

Moravia 7  20 

Locke 3  23 

Summer  Hill 6  29 

Homer 8  37 

CORTLANDT 2  39 

(213)  AUBURN  to  OSWEGO. 

To  Sennet 5 

Weedsport 3  8 

Cato 8  16 

Cuto  Four  Corners .2  18 

Ira 4  22 

Hannibal 8  30 

Kinney's  Corners 3  33 

OSVVEGO 8  41 

(214)  OSWEGO  to  ROCHESTER. 

To  North  Sterling 12 

Little  Sodus 3  15 

Red  Creek 6  21 

Wolcott 5  26 

Huron   5  31 

Alton 6  37 

Sodas 4  41 

Williamson 5  46 

Ontario 5  51 

Webster 9  60 

ROCHESTER 13  73 

(215)  OSWEGO  to  ROME. 

To  Scriba 4 

New  Haven 6  10 


Mexico 5  15 

Union  "Square 4  19 

Albion 7  26 

Williarnstown 6  32 

West  Camden 6  38 

Ciiinden  •••• 5  43 

McConnellsville 4  47 

Pine 7  54 

ROME 10  64 

(216)  SYRACUSE  to  OSVVEGO. 
Via  Oswcgo  and  Syracuse  R.  R. 

To  Baldwinsville 12 

Larnson's- •  •  •  . 5  17 

Fulton 7  24 

Oswcgo 11  35 

(217)  SYRACUSE  to  AUBURN. 

To  Geddes 2 

Camillas 6  8 

Marcel lus 4  12 

Skaneateles 6  18 

AUBURN   7  25 

(218)  SYRACUSE  to  WATERTOWN. 

To  Salina 2 

Cicero   8  10 

Brewerton 4  14 

Central  Square 3  17 

Hastings 6  23 

Colosse 3  26 

Union  Square 3  29 

Richland 8  37 

Sandy  Creek 6  43 

Mansville. 5  48 

Pierrepont  Manor 2  50 

Adams 5  55 

Adams  Centre 3  58 

Appling 4  62 

WATERTOWN   6  68 

(219)  UTICA  to  SACKETT'S  HARBOR. 

To  South  Trenton  - 9 

Trenton* • 4  1 

Remsen 4  17 

Alder  Creek 5  22 

Booneville 9  31 

Leyden...- 6  37 

Turin 5  42 

Houseville   - 4  46 

Martinsburg 4  50 

Lowville 3  53 

Stow e's  Square 3  56 

Denmark 6  62 

Champion 6  68 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  YORK. 


71 


•  •6    80     Richland  

5    42 

1°     >4 

..    S     Q9     Arista 

5    59 

*  Trenton  Falls  2  miles. 

(220)  ROME  to  CAPE  VINCENT. 
To  Stokes  •  •  •  •                        a 

.  .  .  1  '}      7^ 

(222)  ROME  to  SACKETT'S  HARBOR. 

West  Branch  

..5    13  !  Taberg  

...4     11 
•  9    20 

West  Leyrlen  
Constableville 

..5    '2-2  i  Redfield  

...10    30 
...  18    48 

Turin  

..  5    33 

5    53 

Houseville  

Marlinsburg  •  •  .  .         .... 

..   4    37 

..4     41 

North  Adams  

...  7     60 
5    65 

Lowville  ... 

3    44 

(223)    OGDENSBURG    to 

BURG. 

ToFlackville  
Canton  
Potsdam  

PLATTS- 

...    8 
...10    18 
...11     29 

Stowe's  Square  

..3    47 

.  .  6     53 

Champion  
Rutland  
WTATERTOWN  
Brownville  

..   6    59 
..6    05 
..  6    71 

..   4    75 

Dexter  
Limerick  
Chaumont  
Three  Mile  Bay  

..  3    78 

..  1     79 
•  •   6    85 
..3    88 

Chateaugay  
Wrights  ville  
Blleuburg  
Farrel  Mace  •  •-  .    

...12     78 
...8    86 
.-•5    91 
...  15  106 

(221)  ROME  to  OGDEN 
To  Denmark,  (see  220)  . 

3BURG. 

..53 

PLATTSBURG-  

..  .  1:1    11R 

(224)  OGDENSBURG  to  ROUSE'S  PT. 
Via  Northern  R.  R. 
To  Lisbon  Q 

\Vilm 

5K<1 

JQ        fQ 

Madrid  

...8    17 

«;          ^11 

700 

...8    25 

p  m<^           '  * 

500 

Stockholm  

...3    28 

Rich  ville 

...7    35 

De  Kalb 

SlJil 

...6    41 

Moira  

...   6    47 

£?                        '"  ' 

71  1R 

Brush's  Mills  

..  .  2    49 

(221|)  ROME  to  WATEI 

Rome  and  Watcrtown 
To  Pine  

...  6     55 

6    61 

R.  R. 

Q 

•  .  4    73 

P'll  >  il    MT 

..  •  Ifi    89 

.  .  7    ]3 

Ph    '          ° 

6     05 

Camden  

•  •  5    18 

O     (       '11 

8   103 

•  •   5    23 

M 

.  .  3  106 

pi           ,   . 

8  114 

Kasoa?  

..   3    31 

Rouse's  Point  

..  4  118 

THE   BRITISH   POSSESSIONS. 

THESE  immense  regions  occupy  almost  the  whole  of  North  America 
lying  north  of  the  United  States,  and  are  divided  into  several  distinct 
governments.  It  is  not  necessary  hi  this  connection,  however,  to  de- 
scribe others  than  those  lying  on  the  immediate  boundary  of  our  Union ; 
viz.,  the  Canadas,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  &c.  To  these  alone  is 
there  any  general  travel. 

The  CANADAS  (Upper  and  Lower)  lie  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence river,  and  on  the  north  shores  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie.  These 
united  provinces  contain  an  area  of  about  350,000  square  miles,  and  a 
population  of  nearly  1,855,312.  The  whole  country  is  exceedingly  well 
adapted  to  agriculture  and  commerce.  The  lands  of  Upper  Canada  are 
rich  and  fertile ;  and  the  climate,  though  severe,  is  much  milder  than 
hi  the  lower  province.  The  settlements  are  as  yet  almost  wholly  con- 
fined to  the  shores  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  The 
people  uf  the  two  provinces  are  different  in  origin,  manners,  and  re- 
ligion. In  Upper  Canada  the  majority  is  of  British  origin,  and  conform 
to  the  rites  of  the  Church  of  England;  while  in  Lower  Canada  the 
people  are  descendants  of  the  old  French  colonists,  and  profess  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  faith.  The  political  union  of  the  two  races  has  led  to 
feuds  and  constant  ferment,  and  so  bitter  has  national  antipathy  become 
of  late  years  as  to  threaten  civil  war.  The  Canadians  have  a  parliament 
of  fcheir  own,  but  the  Crown  exercises  the  chief  executive  through  a 
Governor-General.  The  commerce  of  the  Canadas  is  already  very  valu- 
able, and  that  carried  on  with  the  United  States  is  daily  increasing.  The 
exports  consist  chiefly  of  breadstuff,  furs,  lumber,  &c. ;  and  the  imports, 
of  manufactures.  Several  railroads  and  canals  facilitate  transit;  the  lat- 
ter, however,  are  used  sokrty  to  overcome  falls  and  rapids  in  the  rivers, 
but  are  of  inestimable  value.  Toronto  is  the  seat  of  government.  It 
has  a  fine  harbor  near  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario.  Kings- 
ton, at  the  eastern  extremity,  is  the  royal  naval  station  on  that  hike,  and 
has  a  deep  and  well-sheltered  harbor.  Prescott  and  Cornwall  on  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  By-Town  on  the  Ottawa  river,  at  the  north  terminus 
of  the  Rideau  canal,  are  also  important  towns.  These  are  in  the 
Upper  Province.  Quebec,  "  the  Gibraltar  of  America,"  on  the  north 
side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Montreal,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name  hi 
the  same  river,  and  La  Prairie,  on  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
are  the  chief  towns  in  Lower  Canada,  and  are  intimately  connected  with 
the  trade  between  the  British  Possessions  and  the  American  Union. 
Railroads  from  New  England  and  New  York  are  almost  completed  to 
these  points.  Several  lines  of  telegraphs  have  akeady  been  built,  and 
are  in  successful  operation. 


THE   BRITISH   POSSESSIONS. 


73 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  has  an  area  of  27,000  square  miles,  and  an  estima- 
ted population  of  193,216.  It  lies  east  of  the  St.  Croix  river  and  the 
State  of  Maine.  Its  surface  is  chiefly  undulating,  and  covered  to  a  great 
extent  with  magnificent  forests.  The  people  are  engaged  almost  wholly 
in  lumbering  and  the  fisheries,  and  are  chiefly  settled  on  the  St.  John 
river,  or  near  the  sea-coasts.  Frcderickton,  at  the  head  of  sloop-navi- 
gation on  the  St.  John,  is  the  capital.  St.  John,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
however,  is  the  chief  trading-port.  Bathurst,  Dalhousie,  Chatham,  and 
Lien-pool,  are  ports  on  the  northeast  of  the  province.  The  executive 
is  vested  in  a  lieutenant-governor,  and  the  legislative  power  in  a  council 
and  assembly. 

NOVA  SCOTIA  (including  Cape  Breton)  has  an  area  of  nearly  20,000 
square  ingles,  and  a  population  of  276,117.  It  is  a  peninsula  southeast 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  in  its  general  physical  character  resembles  that 
province.  It  has  many  fine  harbors.  Halifax,  the  capital,  is  the  chief 
naval  station,  and  the  British  North  American  depot  of  the  Cunnrd  Line 
of  steamships  sailing  between  Liverpool  and  Boston,  and  between  Liv- 
erpool and  New  York.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged  in  mining, 
fishing,  and  navigation.  The  bituminous  coal  of  Nova  Scotia  is  exten- 
sively used  by  steamships.  Pictou,  on  the  north,  and  Sidney,  on  the 
island  of  Cape  Breton,  are  the  chief  depots  for  this  mineral.  The  gov- 
ernment is  similar  to  that  of  New  Brunswick. 

PRINCE  EDWARD'S  ISLAND,  north  of  the  above,  forms  a  separate  gov- 
ernment, and  has  a  population  of  62,678.  Its  capital  is  Charlotte. 


ROUTES  IN  CANADA. 


(225)  TORONTO  to  NIAGARA  FALLS 
and  BUFFALO. 

Steamboat. 

To  Niagara 36 

Queenston 7     43 

Railroad. 

Drummondsville 0    49  j 

NIAGARA  FALLS 1    50  ! 

Chippewa 3    53  j 

Steamboat. 

BUFFALO 20    73 

(226)  TORONTO  to  NIAGARA. 
Stage. 

ToCooksville 16 

Trafalgar  . . .' 7    23 

Palermo 7    30 

HAMILTON 17    47 

Stony  Creek •  6    53 

Beamsville 16    69 

Jordan 7    76 

St.  Catharines*  8    84 


Queenston 15    99 

NIAGARA 7  10G 

*  Niagara  13—97. 

(227)  TORONTO  to  AMHERSTBURG. 

To  Hamilton,  (see  226) 47 

Ancaster 7    54 

Brantford 17    71 

Burford 10     81 

Woodstock 17    98 

Oxford 10  108 

London 22  130 

Westminster   6  136 

Delaware 6  142' 

Ekfrid 11  153 

Mosa 12  165 

Thamesville  15  180 

Chatham 15  195 

Windsor 52  247 

Sandwich 2249 

AMHERSTBURG 15  264 


ROUTES  IN  CANADA. 


(228)  TORONTO  to  MONTREAL. 

Steamboat. 

To  Coburg 80 

Kingston 105  185 

Brocksville 55  240 

Ogdensburg 13  253 

Cornwall 60  313 

Lachine 62  375 

MONTREAL 9384 

(229)  TORONTO  to  MONTREAL. 

ToScarbro 11 

Pickering 11    22 

Darlington 20    42 

Clarke 10    52 

Port  Hope 11    63 

Coburg 7    70 

Colbome 15    85 

Brighton 8    93 

River  Trent 10  103 

Belleville 12  115 

Napanee 25  140 

Mill  Creek 12  152 

KINGSTON 13  165 

Gananoque 20  185 

Yonge 23  208 

Brockville 9  217 

Maitlatid 6  223 

Prescott 7  230 

Matilda 15  245 

West  Willmmsburg 8  253 

East  Wiliiamsburg 8  261 

Dickinson's  Landing 9  270 

Cornwall 11  281 

Coteau  Landing 34  315 

Cedars .'-.10  325 

Lachine 28  353 

MONTREAL 9  362 

(230)  MONTREAL  to  QUEBEC. 

Steamboat. 

To  Varennes 15 

William  Henry 35    50 

St.  Francis  ../ 32    82 

Three  Rivers — •  8    90 

St.  Anne 25  115 

Richelieu  Rapids 20  135 

CapSant^ 15  150 

Point  an  Trembles 10  160 

1  Cape  Rouge 13  173 

QUEBEC/. 8  181 

(231)  MONTREAL  to  QUEBEC. 

Stage. 
\ToApertigny 18 


LaValtrie 14    32 

Berthier 18    50 

Maskinonge. 16    66 

R.  du  Loup 8    74 

Yamachiche- 5    79 

THREE  RIVERS 17    96 

Champlain 13  109 

Batiscan  Bridge 10  119 

St.  Anne ;  8  127 

Grondines 9  136 

Deschambaolt 6  142 

PortNeuf 6  148 

Cap  Sant6 7  155 

Point  au  Trembles 12  167 

QUEBEC 20  187 

(232)  MONTREAL  to  NEW  YOKK. 

To  St.  Johns,  (see  55) 21 

Rouse's  Point,  N.  Y 23    44 

Burlington,  Vt. 55  102 

Rutland,  (see  54)    67  169 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  (see  66) S3  252 

Albany 6  253 

Hudson,  (see  158) 29  287 

Poughkeepsie 41  $28 

.W  YORK 75  403 

(233)  MONTREAL  to  BOSTON. 

To  St.  John's,  (see  55) 21 

Rouse  s  Point,  N,  Y. 23    44 

Burlington,  Vt..  •  • 58  102 

Rutland,  (see  54) 67  169 

Fitchburg US  287 

BOSTON. 50  337 

(234)  QUEBEC  to  AUGUSTA. 
To  St.  Mary 33 


St.  Joseph  . 

St.  Francis 

St.  Charles 

State  Line,  Me.. 
Moose  River... 

Jsickm  an's 

The  Fork's 

Carritunk 


12 

16 

8 

26 

20 

10 

19 

9 

Moscow 6 

Birigham 12 

Solon 5 

Embderi   3 

Anson 5 

Norridgewock 12 

BJoomfleld 7 

Waterville 14 

AUGUSTA 18 


45 
61 
69 
95 
115 
125 
144 
153 
159 
171 
176 
179 
184 
196 
203 
217 
235 


ROUTES  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 


NEW  JERSEY. 

(235;  NEW  YORK  to  PATERSON  and 
SUFFERN'S. 
Paterson  and  Hudson  River  R.  R. 
To  Jersey  City  1 

.  3    29 

4    33 

.  5    38 

.   4    42 

5    47 

Stage. 

5    52 

Boiling  Spring  4      9 

Clinton  

.  3    55 

3    58 

Aquackanonk  1    12 
Ackerman's  1    13 

Bethlehem  
Bloomsburg  

.   3    61 
.  4    65 

Paterson  and  Ramapo  R.  R. 
Riv\r  Road  2    19 

.  4    72 

*  Steamboat  to 
Elizabeth  port  15  miles. 

Rock  Road  2    21 

Godwinviile  1    22 

Hohokus    2    24 

Elizabethtown  2  —  17. 
(238)  NEW  YORK  to  MILFORD,  PA. 
To  Morristown,  (see  236)  ...  33 
Suckasunny  10    43 

Allendale                  2    26 

Wanmaker's  3    31 

SUFFERN'S  •  •••  1    32 

(236)  NEW  YORK  to  E  ASTON,  PA. 
Via,  Morristown. 
To  Jersey  City  1 

Stanhope  

.  5    48 
•   2    50 

.  4    54 

Newton  

.  6    60 
.   5    65 

NEWARK  8      9 
Morris  and  Essex  R,  R. 
Orange  5    14 
Millville  6    20 

Augusta  
Branch  ville  .  •.  
Tuttle's  Corner  
Hainsville  

.  3  ee 

.   2    70 
.  5    75 
.   5    80 

Chatham  3    26 
Madison  2    28 

Montague  4    84 
MILFORD,  PA.  2    86 

(239)  PATERSON  to  MILFORD,  PA. 
ToPompton  9 
New  Foundland  9    18 

Stage. 
Mendham  7    40 

German  Valley  4    50 
SCHOOLEY'S  MOUNTAIN  ....   2    52 
Pleasant  Grove  3    55 

Stockholm  
Hamburg  
Deckertown  

-    4     22 
.   9    31 
.   5     30 

•)           -1Q 

Anderson  5    60 

Montague  

.12    51 

New  Village  6    66 
Stewartsville   2    70 

MILFORD,  PA  2    53 
(240)  NEWARK  to  DOVER. 

(237)  NEW  YORK  to  EASTON,  PA. 
Via  Somerville.                  x 

West  Bloomneld  
C'lldwell                .... 

•  2      7 
.  3     10 

Pine  Brook  

.  4     14 

4     18 

NFWARK  8      9 

i  ciisippany 

4    2" 

Elizabethtown  5    14 

Central  R.  R. 

KOC     way 

o    o^ 

(241)  NEWTON  to  EASTON,  PA. 

Westtield    2    21 

Feltvillf       2    23 

Scotch  Plains  1    24 

Plainfiuld  ...                          .  .   2     26 

Gratitude  

.  3      7 
.  5    12 

ROUTES  IN   NEW  JERSEY. 


Sunjpta  5    23 

Beividere  4    '21 

V^o;  rHILADELPHIA  IO  IVIT.  HOLLY. 

To  Camden  1 
Moorestown  9    10 

Rocksburgh  4    31 
Harmony  2    33 
EASTON  6    39 

Rancocus  
MOUNT  HOLLY  

(249)  PHILADELPHIA 

TON. 

6    16 
4    20 

tO    TUCKKR- 

(242)   NEW  BRUNSWICK  to  LAM- 

BERTSVILLE. 

To  Six  Mile  Run                 •  •  G 

Rocky  Hill  6     12 
Blawenbur"1  4     10 

Moorestown  ...    

9    10 

HoiH'wt'll                                   4    20 

Meet  ford  

Woodsville  4    24 

«  «  >  -     1  ^    29 

Sooy's  Inn  .   .   • 

10    39 

(243)  NEW  BRUNSWICK  to  LONG 
BRANCH. 
To  South  River  5 

Bass  River  Hotel  .  . 

8    A7 

(250)  PHILADELPHIA 

to  ABSECUM. 

Old  Bridge  2      7 

Middletown  Point  9    16 
Key  Port  2    18 
Middletown   5    23 

Haddonfleld  
Long-a-coming  

::::::1  7 

9     16 

1(1        Q(J 

Red  Bank  5    28 
Shrewsbury  2    30 
Eatonton  1    31 

May's  Land  ing  
Bargaintown  

19    45 
14    59 

LONG  BRANCH  3    34 

A       ce 

(244)  TRENTON  to  BELVIDERE. 
To  Pennington  8 
Woodsville  5    13 
Ringpe's  6    19 
Flemington  6    25 
Quaker  town  6    31 
Pittstown  2    33 
Sidney  2    35 

(251)  PHILADELPHIA  to  CAPE  MAY. 

To  Camden  1 
Wood  bury  8      9 
Carpenter's  Landing   3    12 
Ghissboro'  7     19 
Malaga  ...  8    27 
Miliville  12    39 

Clinton  2    37 
Ciurksville  5    42 
New  Hampton  2    44 
Mansfield  3    47 
Oxi'<  >rd  Furnace  3    50 
BELVIDERE  5    55 

(245)  TRENTON  to  NEW  YORK. 
Railroad. 
To  New  York  (see  °54)  •  •  •  •        59 

Leesburg  —  
Dennis  Creek  
Goshen    
CAPE  MAY  C.  H  
Fish  ing  Creek  
Cold  Spring  

0      40 

5    50 
7    57 
4    61 
4    65 
5    70 
8    78 

(252)  PHILADELPHIA  to  SALEM. 
To  Camden         * 

(246)  TRENTON  to  PHILADELPHIA. 
Via.  Bristol,  Pa. 
To  Philadelphia,  (see  254)  30 

(247)  TRENTON  to  PHILADELPHIA. 
Via  Burlington. 

Westville-  •• 

.         -«4      5 

4       0 

Clarksboro'  

4     13 
Q    19 

4    23 

4    27 

7    34 

Phihuielohia.  (see  256)  27    34 

4    38 

ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


77 


(253)  PHILADELPHIA,  to  BRIDGETON. 

(256)  PHILADELPHIA  to  N.  YORK. 

To  Bordentown,  (see  255)  .  .  .27 
Trenton  7    34 

Westville  •  •  •  **>  4      5 

Woodbury  4      9 

NEW  YORK,  (see  254)  59    93 

(257)  PHILADELPHIA  to  BALTIMORE. 

Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and'  Bal- 
timore R.  R. 

Mullico  Hill  -&-  5    17 

Pitt's  Grove  9    26 

Deerfield         7    33 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

(254)  PHILADELPHIA  to  NEW  YORK. 
Philadelphia  and  Trenton  R.  R. 
To  Philadelphia  Depot  2 
Tacony  •  »     7      0 

Marcus'  Hook   3    17 

Cornwell's  5    14 
Andalusia               •         ....   2     16 

Newport  4    31 
Stanton                          •  •  •       2    33 

Bristol  4    20 

Morrisville    9    29 

Elkton         ••••         6    45 

New  Brunswick  and  Trenton  R.R. 

North  East  6    51 

Chirlestown   •••                     3    54 

Princeton  10    40 

Cecil  5    59 

Hivre  De  Gnce         1    60 

Hill's  Cross  Roads                   5    65 

New  Jersey  R.  R. 
Freeman's  5    62 

Gunpowder      8    77 

Harewood  3    80 

Chile's         ....                       1    81 

*_iemmer  s                                 ^04 

Jersey  City    •  •  •  •  8    88 

uan  on 

Steamboat. 

(258)  PHILADELPHIA  to  BALTIMORE. 

Steamboat. 
To  Fort  Mifflin  9 

(255)  PHILADELPHIA  to  N.  YORK. 
Steamboat. 
To  Camden  1 

Camden  and  Jlmboy  R.  R. 

Lazaretto  5    14 
Chester  4    18 

Palmyra  2      8 

Marcus'  Hook  4    22 

Rancocus  River  5    13 
Burlington  6    19 

Newcastle  13    35 

New  Castle  and  Frenchtown  R.  R. 

Kincora  4    23 

Steamboat. 

J3ORDK>  i  1  OWN 

Pool's  Island  21     87 

NorthPoint  15  102 

Fort  McHenry  10  112 

(259)  PHILADELPHIA  to  WASHING- 
TON, D.  C. 

To  Baltimore,  (see  257)  97 
Washington,  (see  299)  40  137 

7* 

South  \mbov    ••         5    6^ 

Steamboat. 

ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


(260)  PHILADELPHIA,   to  HARRIS- 

BURG. 

Columbia  and  Philadelphia  R.  R. 
To  Head  of  Inclined  Plane.  .  4 
White  Hall  7    11 

Altona  ,  

HOLLIDAYSBURG  .  .  . 

6  244 

Jlili'ghany  Portage  R 
Plane  No  9  .. 

.R. 
4  ^48 

Plane  No  8  

Reesvillo          ....                    5    19 

Westchester  Turnout*  •  •  •  •  •  2    21 
Paoli     .  .         3    24 

Plane  No.  4  
Plane  No  ° 

.   3  257 
3<>iift 

Whiteland  6    30 

Jefferson  .  .  

4()(\A. 

Halt-way  House 

4f)(\O 

Coiitesville  7    41 

Tunnel  .... 

Pennsylvania  R.  R 
Conemaugu  
Johnstown  

'.   2  276 

.   2  278 

.The  Gap  4    53 
Kjnzie's  3    56 
Paradise  4    60 

Enterprise  3    63 
LANCASTER  7    70 
Harrisburg  and  Lancaster  R.  R. 
Landisville  7    77 
Mount  Joy  5    82 
Elizabeth  town  6    88 

New  Florence  
Lockport  
Bolivar  
Blairsville  Junction  
Hill  Side  

.10  288 
-    5  293 
.   5  298 
.   2  300 
.   5  305 
.  4  309 

Conewago  Creek  4    92 
Middletown  5    97 
High  Spire    ...    3  100 

Latrobe  
Turnpike  

Turtle  Creek  

•   6  320 
.   2  322 

*  Branch  to  Westchester  10—  31. 

(261)  PHILADELPHIA  to  PITTSBURG. 
Via.    Harrisburff    and    Hollidays- 
burcr. 
To  Harrisburg,  (see  260)  .  .107 
Central  R.  R. 
Rockville   6  113 

VVilkinsonburg  

.    5  353 

Liberty  

•   5  358 

PITTSBURG  

.   5  363 

(262)  PHILADELPHIA  to  IJ 

TOWN,  M». 

To  Harrisburg  (see  260).  . 
Cumberland  Valley  R. 

AGERS- 
107 

R. 

Cove  5  118 

Duncannon  4  122 

Aqueduct  3  125 

1M  K  •  1  "  '  

•    3  115 

Bailey's  5  130 

Newport  4  134 

bt  .,,  

Millerstown  6  140 

Shippensburg  ...  »  

.10  147 

Tuscarora  7  147 

Perrvville  6  1  53 

Milllintown  •  •  1  1  16 

Franklin  R.  R. 
Green  Castle  

.11  168 

Lewiston  12  1  68 

McVeytown  5  180 
Hamilton  ....10  100 

HAGERSTOWN,  MD  
(263)  PHILADKLP.  to  CHAMI 
Columbia  R.  R. 
To  Lancaster,  (see  260)  •  .  . 
Dillersville  
Hempfield  

.22  190 

.KRSBG. 

.70 
.    1    71 
•    3    74 

Mt   Union  ....   3  ll)3 

Mill  Creek  6  199 

HUNTINGDON  5  204 
Petersburg  7  211 

Tyrone  7  224 

Mount  Pleasant  
Columbia^  

.   4    78 
•  4    82 

ROUTES  IN   PENNSYLVANIA. 


Wrightsville 1    83 

York  and  Wrightsville  R.  R. 

Hoo  ver's 6    89 

YORK 6    95 

Stage. 

Farmer's 9  104 

Abbottdtowu 5  109 

New  Oxford  * 4  113 

Gettysburg 10  123 

Cashtown  8  131 

Fimaievilie  9  140 

CiiAMllliKSBURG 7    147 

(204)  PHILADELPHIA  to  NAZARETH. 

To  Rising  Sun 4 

GeniiaiHown    3      7 

Chcsiml  Hill 3*10 

Wliitc  Marsh 3     13 

Upper  Dublin  •  • 2     15 

Montgomery  ville 6    21 

Line  Lexington 5    26 

Bunker  Hill 9    35 

Quakertown 3    38 

Coopersburg 6    44 

Bethlehem 9    53 

Hecktown 6    59 

NAZARETH 4    63 

(265)  PHILADELPHIA  to  EASTON. 

To  Rising  Sun 4 

Milestown 3 

Jenkintown 4    11 

Abington    1     12 

Willow  Grove 2     14 

Horsham 3    17 

Warrington   5    22 

Doylestown  •  •  •    3    25 

Danboro' 3    28 

Plumsteadville 2    30 

Ottsville 8    38 

Bucksville 3    41 

Reiglesville 4    45 

Raubsville   6    51 

EASTON 4    55 

(2GG)    PHILADELPHIA    to    POTTS- 

VILLE. 

Philadelphia,  Reading,  and  Potts' 
ville  R.  R. 

To  Inclined  Plane 5 

Manayunk 2      7 

Spring  Mill 5    12 

Norristown 5     17 

Valley  Forge 6    23 

Phosnixville 4    27 

Roy  er's  Ford 4    31 


Pottstown-. 9  40 

Douglassville 4  44 

Baumstowu 5  49 

READING 9  58 

Althouse's 8  66 

Mohrsville 2  68 

Hamburg 7  75 

Port  Clinton 3  78 

Scotchman's  Locks 5  83 

Orwigsburg 3  86 

Schuylkill  Haven 3  89 

POTTSVILLE 4      93 

(267)  POTTSVILLE  to  CORNING,N. Y. 

Fountain  Spring .12 

Boar  Gap 12    24 

Paxinos 5     29 

Sunbury 12    41 

NORTHUMBERLAND   1    42 

Chillisquaque 8    50 

Milton 4    54 

McEwensville 4    58 

Money 10    68 

Montures  ville .10    78 

Williamsport 4    82 

Williamsport  and  Elmira  R.  R. 

Trout  Run 15    97 

Ralston 10  107 

Stage. 

BLOSSBURG 15  122 

Corning  and  Blossburg  R.  R. 

Covington 5  127 

Mansfield 5  132 

Tioga 8  140 

Lawrenceville 7  147 

Lindleytown,  N.  Y 3  150 

Erwin  Centre 3  153 

CORNING - 9  162 

(268)  WILLIAMSPORT  to  ELMIRA. 

Williamsport  and  FJmira  R.  R. 

To  Trout  Run 15 

Ralston 10  25 

Stage. 

Canton 20  45 

Alba 4  49 

Troy 6  55 

Columbia  Cross  Roads.  —   4  59 

South  Creek 10  69 

Southport,  N.  Y. 8  77 

ELMIRA 2  79 

(269)  WILLIAMSPORT   to    HOLLI- 

DAYSBURG. 

To  Linden 9 

Jersey  Shore 6    15 


80 


ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


West  Branch  

5    15 
4    19 

5    24 
5    29 
3    32 
4    36 
8    44 
5    49 
4    53 
4    57 
6    63 
2    65 

N.  J. 

6 
'4     10 
5    15 
2    17 
6    23 
2    25 
7    32 
4    36 
2    38 
4    42 
3    45 

URG. 
9 

2    11 
4     15 

6    21 
8    29 
10    39 
9    48 
8    56 
5    61 
9    70 
7    77 
7    84 
5    89 

6    26 

Cherr     '11 

..2    28 

T  ph  '   h  P                         •  •  •  •  • 

Mill  Hall  

3    31 

P-irrv  v'll  * 

Lamar  

5    36 
8    44 

Lehighton  

4    48 

Summit  Hill  .  • 

6    54 

Halt"  Moon  

8    62 
10    72 

Blythe  

5    77 

Port  Carbon 

4    81 

(273)  EASTON  to  TRENTON 

.  ..1Q   101 

(270)  EASTON  to  PORT  JERVIS. 

Uftper  Blick  Eddv 

5    13 

Mount  Bethel  

4    n 

p.p. 

Slate  Ford  

2    19 

T         h    •   '11 

5    04 

N  >      H   V 

1    25 

R             h     • 

4    29 

T-    -1    •     '11 

5    34 

Y-i    UPV    '11 

4    38 

T                   NT 

Bushkill  

4    42 

(274)  EASTON  to  HARRIS  E 
To  Butztown  

6    48 

Milford  

6    54 
7    61 

PORT  JERVIS  8    69 
(271)  EASTON  to  BINGHAMTON. 
To  Nazareth  8 
Jacobsburg  3    11 

Bethlehem  

Trexlertown  
Kutztown  

Shai'er's  
Mount  Pocono  
Stoddartsville  
Bear  Creek  

WlLKESBARRE     «... 

7    22 
8    30 
12    42 
8    50 
10    60 

REAPING  
Sinking  Spring  
Womelsdorf  
Myerstown  
Lebanon  
Annville  

Wyoming  
Exeter  

North  Moreland.  •  •  • 

4    65 
9    74 
6    80 
6    86 

Palmyra  5    94 
Hummellstown  5    99 
HARRISBURG  •  •  9  108 

(275)  HARRISBURG  to  BALTIMORE. 
Baltimore  and  Susquehanna,  R.  R. 

o    88 

•  j 

11     99 

Bnrinffviila 

....       4  103 

TV       "•!' 

....       4  107 

25 
10    35 
11    36 

8    44 
2    46 
8    54 
5    59 

M 

.  .    7    1  U 

Lawsville  Centre  9  123 
BINGHAMTON,  N.  Y  12  135 

(272)  EASTON  to  POTTSVILLE. 
To  Hecktown  <•  -            R 

Gladfelter's  

^        '    -}    I1J.-T 

**                   't  ^ 

P-irk  ton    

Bath  ...... 

4    10 

Moukton  

ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


81 


Mauch  Chunk                         4    82 

Lausanne  8    90 

Relay  House  6    75 

(270)    HARRISBURG    to    HAGERS- 
TOWN,  MD. 
Via,  Gettysburg. 
To  Shiremanton  ".  .  .  .  4 

(281)  PHILADELPHIA  to  PORT  DE- 
POSIT, MD. 
To  Kingsessin°r  4 

Shepherdstown  5      9 

Dillsburo-  4    13 

York  Sulphur  Springs  8    21 

Nether  Providence  °    11 

Fairfield       8    43 

Fountain  Dale  4    47 

Chadd's  Ford     '4    22 

Leitersburg,  Md  5    62 

I-Iamorton  2    24 

Kennett's  Square.  ...              3    ^7 

(277)  HARRISBURG  to  NORTHUM- 
BERLAND. 

Avon  Dale  4    31 

West  Grove  3    34 

New  London  Cross  Roads.  .  5    39 
Brick  Meeting  House,  Md.  .  8    47 
Farmington  4    51 

Benvenue  7    15 
New  Buffalo  4    19 

Montgomery's  Ferry  5    24 

(282)  NORTHUMBERLAND  to  HONES- 
DALE, 
To  D  anvil1  e                ....       1° 

Liverpool  5    29 

McKee's  Half  Falls  .  .          1Q    41 

Chapman     •                    ....   2    43 

Catawissa  10    °° 

Shamokin  Durn     .  •                4    56 

Sunbury   2    58 

NORTHUMBERLAND   1    59 

(278)  LANCASTER  to  READING. 
To  Neffsville            •  •              4 

Espy  3    28 
Berwick  10    38 

Beaoh  Grove  6    44 

Shick^hiiiny  •  •  .  •                .   10    54 

Nanticoke  5    59 

Litiz                                        4      8 

Ephratah    8    16 

Plainsville    5    72 

Reamstown      4    20 

Pittston  Ferry  •  4    76 

Lackawanna  4    80 

READIXP                 ....            9    34 

Hyde  Park  4    84 

(279)  YORK   to   YORK   SULPHUR 
SPRINGS. 
To  East  Brrlin  12 

Blakely      ...                      3    90 

Wavmart  •  •  •                         6  lO'' 

YORK  SULPHUR  SPRINGS...  8    20 
(280)  PHILADELPHIA  to  BERWICK. 

Via  Allentown. 
To  Coopersburg,  (see  264).  .44 
Allentown  8    52 
North  Whitehall         .     .       8    60 

(283)    WlLKESBARRE    to    ELMIRA, 

N.Y. 

Wyoming  4      5 

Lehigh  Gap  10    70 

North  Moreland                     6    20 

Parrysville  5    75 

Eaton..           6    26 

82 


ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


.     2    28     f*™ir 

8  TQ4 

Stf-rlingville  

..10    38 

Union  Mills        .... 

8  202 

Braintree  
Skinner's  Eddy  

..  4    42 
..  3    45 

WTaterford  
ERIE  

.  .   8  210 

.  .   8    53 

(286)  PHILADELPHIA  to  ERIE. 

To  Lewistown,  (see  261)  .  .168 
Reedsville  5173 
Valley  4  177 

Runnerfield  Creek 

.     (j    59 

St;'iidinfr  Stone        .... 

Wysox  
Towanda  

.  .  4    66 
..2    68 

East  Smithfleld  
North  Stnithfleld  
Ridgebiirv  

Weil-3!)'!]-"1  N  Y  ...  . 

..7     85 

..  2    87 
..8    95 
5  100 

Potter's  Mill  
Old  Fort  
BELLEFONTE    
Milesburg  

..  7  184 
..  4  188 
..   9  197 
.  .   2  199 

ELMIRA  .'  
(284)  PORT  JERVIS  toOwi 

To  Milford 

..  5  105 

;GO,N.Y. 

g 

Phillipsburg  
Clearfield  Bridge  

..26  225 
.  .  15  240 
.  .   5  °45 

Luthersburg  

..13  258 

to     on 

Brookville  

.  .  23  281 

Tafton 

1  0    30 

Corsica  

..  6  287 

9    39 

Strattonsville  

.  .  7  294 

Prom   t 

5    44 

..  4  293 

W    •     f  t 

6    50 

.  .  4  30^ 

CARBONDALE  

..  6    56 
8     64 

Cranberry  

.  .  19  321 
.  .  3  324 

n     n 

87-> 

Canal  

.  .   g  332 

Brooklyn 

9    81 

Sugar  Creek  

.  .  4  336 

7     88 

Vcadville  

.  .12  348 

i  ontrose 

n    0.1 

.  .    9  357 

roresi  ''JKe 

6  1  00 

.  .  3  360 

txr^  sy  e 

8  in0, 

Waterford  

.  •  10  370 

n   1  IT 

.  .14  384 

(285)  TOWANDA  to  ERIE. 
To  Burlington  '  <"* 

(287)  CHAMBERSBTTRG  to  WHEEL- 
ING, VA. 
To  Bedford,  (see  262)  56 
White  Horse-..  °^    "^ 

Troy        ....         

6    20 

.  •   5    °5 

.  .14     93 

.  .  6    31 

-  .18  111 

Covington  
Charleston  

-.8    39 
8    47 

Mount  Pleasant  
McKean's  Old  Stand 

..10  121 
.  .  5  126 

WELLSBORO'  
Pine  Creek  

Pike  IV  ills 

.  .  3    50 
..12    62 
14    76 

West  Newton  ..*........ 
Gamble's  •  

.  7  133 
..  4  137 
3  140 

•   1°    88 

T)        '  *ox  ''He 

10  150 

T                -'11 

W-  ^h*  ^<n 

..10  ]60 

COUDERSPORT  

jRoulette   ....         

..3     05 

.  .  9  104 

Claysville----  -  

.10  170 
.  .  7  177 

5  109 

.  .  4  181 

Q              .,,                        *?                       y 

WHEELING          

.  m  101 

(288)  PITTSBITRG  to  WIIEELING,VA. 
To  Herriottsville  -   ^ 

..16  149 

.    13  16° 

T  v'  e 

«  •    7  1  69 

8    18 

..  3  172 

W-    h'      t     ^ 

..7    25 

..14  186 

WHRKMNO.  (see  287^...  • 

..31     56 

ROUTES  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


83 


(289)  PITTSBURG     to    STEUBEN- 

VILLE,  O. 

ToFayette 13 

r      North  Star 6    19 

Bavington 3    22 

Florence 4    26 

Paris 5    31 

Holiday's  Cove,  Va. 4    35 

STEUBENVILLE,  O 3    3 

(290)  PITTSBURG  to  CLEVELAND,  O 

To  Alleghany 1 

Sewickly  Bottom 14    1, 

Economy 3    jj 

freedom 7    2 

Beaver 3    oj 

Darlington ". 12    40 

Enon  Valley 4    44 

Petersburg,  0 6    50 

New  Middletown 4    54 

Poland 5 

Boardman 3 

Canfleld 6    68 

Ellsworth 6    74 

Frederick 6    81 

Palmyra 5 

Edioburg  5 

RAVENNA 6     ~« 

Franklin  Mills 6  102 

Stow 4  106 

Hudson 6  112 

Twinsburg 5117 

Bedford 7  124 

Newburg 6  130 

CLEVELAND 6  136 

(291)  PITTSBURG  to  MERCER. 
Via  Bbaver. 

To  Beaver,  (see  290) 28 

Fallston 2  30 

Brighton.   2  32 

Irish  Ripple 10  42 

Mount  Jackson 2  44 

Cross  Cut 5  49 

New  Castle 5  54 

New  Bedford 10  64 

Pulaski    4  C8 

New  Wilmington .6  74 

MERCER ./  7  gl 

(292)  PITTSBURG  to  ERIE. 

To  Alleghany 1 

Bakerstown 16  17 

Glade  Mills 6  23 

Butler   9  30 

Forest  .'l2  44 


Slippery  Rock 4    43 

North  Liberty 4    52 

MERCER 12    04 

Culbertson's    J5    79 

Meadville i15    94 

Woodcock 9  103 

Rockdale 3  106 

Waterford K)  H6 

ERIE 14  130 

(293)  PITTSBURG  to  BALTIMORE. 
Steamboat. 

To  McKeesport 16 

Elizabethtown 8    24 

Monongahela  City 9    33 

Belvernon 12    45 

Brownsville \  12    57 

Stage. 

L/montown 12    69 

Farmington 13    $2 

Soinerfield   g    99 

Addison 5    95 

<-.ram,sville,  Md 13  108 

Shade  Mill 9  j]7 

Frostburg 4  jai 

CUMBERLAND .'10  131 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  R.  R. 

Patterson's  Creek 8  139 

Little  Cacapon  Creek 13  152 

Paw  Paw  Tunnel 4  1 56 

Doe  Gully  Tunnel .12  108' 

Great  Cacapon  Creek 9  177 

HANCOCK 9  jgg 

Walnut  Bend 5  191 

Back  Creek  Viaduct ."  7  198 

Hedgesville  Depot 4  202 

MARTI.NSBURG 7209 

Kerneysville g  217 

Duflieid's 5  222 

HARPER'S  FERRY 6228 

Xrioxville 3  231 

Berlin 3  034 

'nt  of  Rocks 6  240 

''REDBRICK g  248 

Monocacy  Bridge 3  251 

jamsville 5  256 

donrovia 4  260 

Mount  Airy 6  266 

Woodbine 6272 

•Sykesville Q  273 

Vlarriottsville 3  281 

>lysville   g  289 

lllicott's  Mills 6  295 

Ichester 2  297 

lelay  House 4301 

BALTIMORE 9   310 


ROUTES  IN  DELAWARE MARYLAND. 


DELAWARE. 

(294)  WILMINGTON    to    GEORGE- 

TOWN. 

To  NEW  CASTLE 5 

Saint  George's 10  15 

McDonough 3  18 

Cantwell's  Bridge 4  22 

Black  Bird 6  28 

Smyrna 6  34 

DOVER 12  46 

Camden : 3  49 

Canterbury 5  54 

Fredrica 5  59 

•Miltbrd 8  67 

Milton 12  79 

GEORGETOWN 8  87 

(295)  GEORGETOWN     to     CAPE 

CHARLES,  VA. 

To  Millsboro' 8 

Dogsboro'  5    13 

St.  Martin's,  Md. 10    23 

Berlin 8    31 

Newark 8    39 

Snow  Hill 8    47 

Sandy  Hill 9    56 

Horntown,Va 6    62 

Accornan 7    69 

Modestto wn 9    78 

ACCOMAC,C.H 10    88 

Onancock 8    96 

Pungoteague   4  100 

Bellehaven <• 6  106 

Franktown 7  113 

EASTVILLE  12  125 

Capeville 12  137 

(296)  GEORGETOWN  to  PRINCESS 

ANNE. 

To  Concord 12 

Laurel 6  18 

Salisbury,  Md 15  33 

Forktown 4  37 

PRINCESS  ANNE > 11  48 

MARYLAND. 

(297)  BALTIMORE   to    PHILADEL- 

PHIA. 

Philadelphia,    Wilmington,    and 
Baltimore  R.  R. 

To  Canton 3 

Stemmer's  Run 7    10 

Chase's 6     16 

Harewocd. 1    17 


Gunpowder  3  20 

Ferryman's 8  28 

Hall's  Cross  Roads 4  32 

Havre  de  Grace 5  37 

Cecil 1  38 

Charlestown 5  43 

North  East 3  46 

Elktown  6  52 

Newark 6  58 

Stanton 6  64 

Newport 2  '66 

WILMINGTON 4  70 

Naaman's  Creek 8  78 

Marcus' Hook 2  80 

Chester  3  83 

Lazaretto 4  87 

Gray's  Ferry 7  94 

PHILADELPHIA 3  97 

(298)  BALTIMORE    to    PHILADEL- 

PHIA. 

Steamboat. 

To  Fort  McHenry 3 

NorthPoint 10  13 

Pool's  Island 15  28 

Turkey  Point 21  49 

Frenchtown 15  64 

JVezo  Castle  and  Frenchtown  R.  R. 

Newcastle 16  80 

Steamboat.  . 

Marcus'  Hook 13  93 

Chester 4  97 

Lazaretto   4  101 

Fort  Mifilin 5  106 

PHILADELPHIA 9  115 

(299)  BALTIMORE  to  WASHINGTON, 

D.'C. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  R.  R. 
To  Relay  House 9 

Washington  Branch  R.  R. 

Elkridge  Landing 1  10 

Jessup'sCut 5  15 

Annapolis  Junction 3  18 

Savage  Factory 2  20 

Laurel  Factoiy 1  21 

White  Oak  Bottom 4  25 

Beltsville 3  28 

Paint  Branch 2    30 

Bladensburg 3  33 

WASHINGTON   7  40 

(300)  BALTIMORE  to  ANNAPOLIS. 
Railroad. 

To  Relay  House 9 

Elkridge  Lauding 1    10 


ROUTES  IN  MARYLAND. 


85 


Jessup's  Cut  

....       5    i  " 

North  Branch  Viaduct    ...  2  173 
CUMBERLAND  K  170 
Brady's  "Mill  7  1S6 
Rawlins  Station  6  192 

Annapolis  Junction  •  . 
Patuxent  Forge  . 
Millersville  

3    If 
4     2-, 
6     2r 

(301)  BALTIMORE  to    WHEELING, 
VA. 

Baltimore,  and  Ohio  R.  R. 
To  Rcioy  House                       " 

New  Creek  .   10  '>  >•? 
Piedmont  5  9,  -7 

Frank  ville  Q  ->ifi 

Altamont  g  094 

Oakland  9^33 

Cr.  Summit  |o  243 

Avalou    

1     10 

Rowlesburg  \\_  -754 

Eli  icon's  Mills  

3     13 
2     15 

Independence  8  269 
Thornton  5  974 

Putnev's  Bridge 

39  1 

Fetlerman    8  °  v> 

Woodstock  

1     23 

Naz  urn's  Mills  9  2itt 

Marriotts  ville 

I  Ben  ton's  Ferry  g  999 

3    30 

Fairrnount  4  g(j| 

\Voodbint! 

3    35 

1  Barrack  ville  5  -303 
Farmington  5  S13 

Mount  Airy 

Mannington.  7  309 

Monrovia  
Ijam^viile  

6    50 

Glover's  Gap  7  :;27 
Littleton  \{  ^33 

Reel's  Mill  
Monocacy  Bridge-  .  . 
FREDERICK  

4    58 
1     59 
3    62 

Beilton  7345 
Welling  Tunnel  5  350 
Cameron  2  3'V? 

Do'ip's  Switch  
Point  of  Rocks  
Catoctiu  Switch  

....    4    6t> 
....   4    70 
o    70 

WHEELING  n  330 
(303)  BALTIMORE  to  PITTSBURG. 
To  Hookstown  ....                 5 

Knox  ville  

3    79 

HARPER'S  FERRY  
Peach  er's  Mill  

....  3    82 
.  .  .  .   9     g4 

Pikesville  3      Q 
O  wing's  Mills  4     10 

Duffield's  

Lee  town  Road  

3    9J 

Finksburg  .  ..  .    5    oj 

Kerneysville  

Westminster                            7    93 

Drake's   

49? 

MARTINSBURG  

ijittlestovvn  Penn                   7    42 

Warm  Spring  Road  ... 
Tabb's     

2  103 

Cet-ysburg...  10    52 
Cashtown  «    r>n 

Hedges  vil'e  Depot  ... 

...  2  106 

r  ayetteville  9    gq 

Back  Creek  Bridge  

Runner's  Ferry  Road  •  . 
Licking  Water  Station. 
Walnut  Bend  

•-..2  112 
•-..   5  117 
..  .     2119 

PITTSBURG,  (see  262)  .151  >J27 

(304)  BALTIMORE  to  WINCHESTER 
and  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  VA. 
To  Harper's  Ferry,  (see  30  1)82 
Winchester  and  Potomac  R.  R. 
Halltown  Q    88 
Charlestown  4    90 

St.  John's  Run  

Great  Cacapon  .... 

Rockwell's  Run  
Doe  Gully  Tunnel  

...  7  140 
•  •  .  2  142 

Water  hiation  
Paw  Paw  Tunnel.... 
Little  Cacapon  

...   9  151 
...3  154 
...   4  158 

Summit  Point  7    99 
Stephenson's  Depot  10  109 
WINCHESTER....         ...     5  114 

Green  Spring  Run  
Patterson's  Creek  

...   7  165 

Stage. 
Newtown  Stephensburg  ...  8  122 

86 


ROUTES  IN  MARYLAND. 


Middletown  5  127 

Freeland's  5    34 

Tom's  Brook  6  138 

York  and  Maryland  Line  R.  R. 

Woodstock  6  144 

Ed  iii  bur0"                                  5  149 

Heath  cote's                             4    4^ 

Red  Banks       4  153 

Mount  Jackson  4  1  57 
New  Market     7  164 

Glatfelter's  2    49 
Tunnel         ••                ••••     1    50 

YORK                                   •   7    57 

WrightsvUle  and  York  R.  R. 
Heaston's  Mills     •  •  •           .  .  7    64 

Mount  Crawford  8  191 

Mount  Sidney  6  1  97 
STAUNTON                 ••••         11  °08 

Wrightsville  6    70 

Buffalo  Gap        13  221 

Columbia  R.  R. 

Deerfield       •  •      15  236 

Cloverdale  Hotel  9  245 
Green  Valley  7  252 
Warm  Springs  or  Bath  C.  H.14  266 

Hemptield  4    79 
Dillersville  3    82 

(307)  BALTIMORE  to  NORFOLK,  VA. 

Steamboat. 
To  Fort  McHenry  3 

Morris  Hill  14  285 

Call'i"'h  an's         8  293 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS  .14  31)7 
(305)  BALTIMORE  to  CARLISLE,  PA. 

NorthPoint  10    13 

Sandy  Point         ....             14    27 

Thomn  s  Point               •  •  •    10    37 

Pikesville      3      8 

Owin<r's  Mills  •«•               .     4     12 

Holland  Point  •  ••  •                  10    52 

^h'vru's  Isl'Uid                  »       8    60 

TT                                                           c      01 

Hamstead  5    26 

Cedar  Point  8    85 
Point  Lookout,  mouth  of  the 
Potomac  River  17  102 
Windmill  Point,  mouth  of 
Rappahannock  River  32  134 
Old  Point  Comfort             •  -45  J79 

Hanover,  Pa.  12    42 
Hampton    10    52 

York  Sulphur  Springs  6    58 

CARLISLE  6    72 

(306)  BALTIMORE  to  LANCASTER, 
PA. 

Baltimore  and  Susquehannah  R.R. 

NORFOLK,  VA  15  194 
(308)  ELKTON  to  SNOW  HILL. 

He'id  of  Sassafras  3     18 

Georgetown  Cross  Roads-  .  .  5    23 
Chestertown  16    39 
Church  Hill    6    45 

Melvale  1      4 

Centreville  •••                ....   9    54 

Wye  Mills  8    62 

Trappe       9    85 

AoliloTirl                                                   .     1        16 

Hick^bur"1  8  100 

Vjeima  4  110 

Monkton  Mills    2    23 

Barren  Creek  Springs  5  115 
S-ilisbury    1  1   126 

Whitehall                    •  •           4    27 

Park  ton  .                 2     29 

SNOW  HILL  20  146 

ROUTES  IN  MARYLAND. 


87 


(309)   WASHINGTON   to 
BURG,  PA. 
To  Georgetown  

GETTYS- 

2 

2      4 

(311)  WASHINGTON  to  HANCOCK. 
To  Frederick,  (see  309)  43 
Middletown  8    51 

Rockville  

.  .     H       J-rj 

Funkatown 

8    67 

Middle  Brook  

.  .  ,  10    25 
...   3    28 

Hagerstown  

..2    69 

••11    80 

Hyattstown  

...4    32 
4    30 

Park  Head  

•  •   8    88 

7      Q«i 

(312)  WASHINGTON  to  RIDGE. 
To  Palmer's  Tavern  1  ft 

Utica  Mills  

.  .     8    51 

4    55 

f  -'-^i 

3    58 

..6    16 

F  •         'ttel     1  -£T 

7    05 

Pleasant  Hill  

.  .  10    26 

„      >          Y            f    p. 

r      ^Q 

.  .  6    32 

rten  A  o  n  ,  j  a.  . 

«;     •r^ 

Allen's  Fresh  

...9    41 

(310)  WASHINGTON  to  ANNAPOLIS. 
Lou0"  Old  Fields  -     Q 

•  .  3    44 

Chaptico  

8    52 

6    58 

...  8    17 

.  .     6    64 

Queen  Anne  

...9    26 

Great  Mills  

...12    76 

Davidsonville  
ANNAPOLIS  

v..  4    30 

..  9    39 

Saint  Inegoes  

...6    82 
..  5    m 

THE  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 


UNDKR  this  head  are  included  the  states  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida,  which  occupy  a  territory  of  more 
than  900  miles  in  length,  or  from  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  to  the  south- 
ernmost point  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida.  Their  geographical  position 
10  between  40°  43  and  25°  N.  lat.;  and  between  75°  and  88'  W. 
long.  They  are  bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania:  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Mary- 
land and  the  Atlantic  ocean ;  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  that 
Gulf  and  the  states  of  Alabama,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Ohio ;  and 
include  an  aggregate  area  of  248,120  square  miles. 

The  surface  of  this  section  of  the  United  States  exhibits  several  dis- 
tinct and  different  physical  conditions.  Along  the  Atlantic  coast  is  an 
extensive  level  tract,  having  its  western  limits  marked  by  the  rocky 
ledge  over  which  the  rivers  fall,  and  to  the  foot  of  which,  in  several  in- 
stances, the  tides  penetrate.  Morasses  and  swamps,  sluggish  streams 
and  wide  arms  of  the  sea,  stretching  far  inland,  are  among  the  features 
of  this  plain,  which  slopes  gently  eastward,  and  is  continued  under  the 
sea.  Succeeding  this,  a  table-land,  with  an  elevation  of  800  or  1,200  feet 
above  (he  sea-level,  intervenes  to  the  mountains.  The  Alleghanies  form 
the  background,  but  do  not  attain  the  great  elevation  which  distin- 
guishes them  in  the  more  northern  parts  of  the  range.  Black  Moun- 
tain, 6,476  feet  high,  is  the  loftiest  culmination.  Virginia  is  the  only  one 
of  these  states  that  extends  beyond  the  mountains.  The  soil,  climate, 
and  products  of  these  several  divisions  are  essentially  different  each 
from  the  other.  On  the  Atlantic  plain  the  soil  and  climate  are  suitable 
for  the  growth  of  tobacco,  cotton,  and  rice — the  latter  of  which  is  chiefly 
grown  in  the  South  Carolina  swamps.  The  elevated  plateau  succeeding 
this  low  region,  is  well  adapted  to  cereal  agriculture,  while  the  moun- 
tains and  their  intervals  are  appropriate  for  grazing  and  sheep-fanning. 
The  whole  range  of  the  Alleghanies  abounds  in  minerals — coal,  iron, 
granite,  &c.,  being  the  chief  products;  and  at  the  eastern  base  of  the 
mountains,  considerable  deposites  of  gold  have  been  discovered.  Be- 
yond the  mountains  in  Virginia,  bituminous  coal  and  iron  are  very  abun- 
dant, and  find  a  ready  market  in  the  manufacturing  establishments  hi 
the  neigh borhood  of  the  mines,  and  for  steamboats  plying  on  the  Ohio 
and  other  western  rivers. 

The  southern  states  hav  i  hitherto  been  almost  wholly  devoted  to  ag- 


THE  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA.  89 

riculture ;  but  of  late  years,  manufactures  of  several  descriptions  have 
been  established  in  various  sections.  The  manufacture  of  cotton  goods 
has  especially  been  advanced,  and  there  is  a  fair  prospect  of  ultimate 
success  in  this  new  branch  of  southern  industry.  The  woollen  business 
has  also  received  a  similar  impetus,  and  m'any  planters  are  turning  their 
attention  to  these  and  like  manufactures,  with  a  view  to  supply  their 
home-market  with  materials  hitherto  imported.  The  direct  foreign 
commerce  of  the  southern  states  is  by  no  means  proportionate  to  the 
amount  of  products  furnished  by  the  agriculturist ;  but  the  coasting- 
trade  with  the  northern  ports  is  immense  ;  and.  internal  traffic,  facilitated 
by  the  advance  of  railroad  communication  and  steam  navigation  on  the 
rivers,  is  rapidly  increasing  in  amount  and  value.  Within  the  past  ten 
years,  indeed,  industry  in  these  states  has  been  completely  revolutionized, 
and  capital  been  diverted  to  a  hundred  different  employments,  hereto- 
fore never  thought  of  by  the  people. 


THE  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 

Area  61,352  square  miles.— Population  1,421,661. 

VIRGINIA  is  situated  between  36°  33'  and  40°  43'  N.  lat.,  and  between 
75°  25'  and  83°  40'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland ;  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean ;  S.  by  North  Carolina  and  Tennes- 
see, and  W.  by  Kentucky  and  Ohio.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  Atlantic 
states,  and  has  been  the  longest  time  settled  by  Europeans  of  any  portion 
of  the  Union,  with  the  exception  of  those  parts  settled  by  the  Spaniards. 

Several  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  from  Pennsylvania  pass 
through  this  state  in  a  southwestern  direction,  into  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  The  most  easterly  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
On  the  west  the  Laurel  Mountain  and  Chesnut  Ridge  extend  from  Penn- 
sylvania, and  terminate  in  this  state.  The  Cumberland  Mountains  oc- 
cupy the  western  border.  There  are  other  ridges,  as  Greeubrier,  North 
Mountain,  Back  Bone,  Iron  Mountain,  Great  Flat  Top,  &c.  The  loftiest 
summits  are  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  4,250  feet  high.  The  state  is  watered 
by  a  great  number  of  rivers,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Poto- 
mac, Rappahannock,  York,  James,  and  Staunton,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
mountains,  and  the  Ohio,  Kanawha,  &c.,  on  the  west  side.  The  south- 
ern part  of  Chesapeake  Bay  belongs  to  this  state ;  and  by  its  depth  and 
extent,  and  the  numerous  fine  rivers  it  receives,  is  of  the  highest  value 
to  navigation.  Most  of  the  large  towns  are  situated  a  considerable  dis- 
tance up  the  rivers.  The  estuary  of  James'  river  forms  a  spacious 
haven,  called  Hampton  Roads.  These  roads  are  strongly  fortified,  and 

8*    . 


90  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 

the  entrance  is  impracticable  to  an  enemy.  A  peninsula,  about  60  miles 
long,  and  from  10  to  15  wide,  lies  on  the  eastern  side  of  Chesapeake  Bay, 
and  is  bordered  towards  the  sea  by  a  string  of  low,  sandy  islets.  The 
waters  of  the  Chesapeake  enter  the  sea  between  capes  Charles  and  Hen- 
ry, forming  a  strait  about  15  miles  in  width. 

From  the  Atlantic  to  the  head  of  tide-water  in  the  rivers,  the  country 
is  low,  flat,  and  swampy,  and  has  a  meager,  sandy  soil,  covered  with 
pines  and  cedars,  except  on  the  margins  of  the  streams,  which  are  loamy 
and  rich,  arid  in  these  parts  the  vegetation  is  abundant  and  luxurious. 
This  territory  is  alluvial,  and  beneath  the  surface  exhibits  strata  of  ma- 
rine deposites.  In  the  valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  main  ridge 
of  the  Alleghanies,  we  come  to  a  limestone  country ;  and  here,  the  soil 
resting  on  a  bed  of  that  rock,  is  very  fertile.  In  some  parts  the  soil  is 
chalky.  Between  the  mountains  and  the  Ohio  river  the  surface  is  much 
broken,  and  the  soil  indifferently  fertile ;  but  occasionally  large  tracts 
of  good  land  are  met  with. 

The  most  remarkable  natural  features  in  Virginia  are,  Weir's  Cave, 
the  Rock  Bridge  over  Cedar  Creek,  and  the  Passage  of  the  Potomac 
through  the  Blue  Ridge  at  Harper's  Ferry.  The  Rock  Bridge  has  been 
formed  by  the  bursting  of  accumulated  waters  through  a  wall  of  rock 
more  than  200  feet  in  height.  The  bridge  is  60  fet-t  in  width,  with 
perpendicular  sides.  A  road  passes  over  the  top,  and  the  scenery  from 
this  is  exceedingly  grand  and  romantic.  Weir's  Cave,  in  Augusta  coun- 
ty, extends  1,260  feet  into  the  earth,  and  contains  upwards  of  80  large 
chambers,  glittering  with  stalactites  and  stalagmites  in  the  shape  of  col- 
umns, thrones,  statues,  petrified  water-falls,  and  other  fantastic  figures. 
The  Passage  of  the  Potomac  presents  the  appearance  of  an  immense 
rent,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide,  through  a  stupendous  mass  of  rock. 
The  broken  fragments  of  the  mountain  which  lie  scattered  all  around, 
and  its  craggy  front  torn  down  to  its  base,  attest  the  violence  of  the  dis- 
ruption, and  forcibly  remind  the  spectator  of  the  period  when  the  moun- 
tain opposed  a  barrier  to  the  stream,  and  when  its  collected  waters 
swelled  to  such  a  volume  as  to  tear  away  the  mountain  from  its  founda- 
tion. In  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state  there  is  a  natural  tunnel,  winding 
like  an  5"  in  the  solid  rock,  450  feet  long,  and  from  50  to  150  feet  wide, 
and  from  70  to  80  feet  high,  through  wrhich  runs  a  branch  of  Clinch  river, 
400  feet  below  the  summit  of  the  hill  that  thus  crosses  it.  These  chance 
works  of  nature  are  frequently  visited  by  the  tourist ;  and  certainly  few 
places  in  the  United  States  present  more  impressive  or  imposing  objects 
for  contemplation,  while  the  buoyant  atmosphere  and  the  grand  scenery 
around,  are  alike  prolific  in  health  and  that  species  of  recreation  so  con- 
genial to  the  summer  traveler  seeking  forgetfulness  of  the  every-day 
cares  of  life. 

In  the  mountainous  and  western  part  of  the  state  is  an  abundance  of 


THE  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA.  91 

iron,  lead,  and  bituminous  coal.  Gypsum  is  also  found  in  the  same  re- 
gion. At  the  eastern  foot  of  the  mountains,  between  the  Potomac  and 
James'  rivers,  gold  has  been,  discovered  near  the  surface,  and  consider- 
able quantities  have  been  obtained  by  washing  the  earth.  Since  1827 
a  large  amount  of  this  gold  has  been  annually  coined  at  Philadelphia. 
Almost  every  part  of  the  state  W.  of  the  mountains  abounds  in  salt 
springs ;  and  in  the  mountains  is  also  a  great  number  of  mineral  springs. 
The  principal  are  the  White  Sulphur  Springs  in  Greenbrier  county,  and 
the  Warm  and  Hot  Springs  in  Bath  county.  The  Sweet  Springs  of 
Monroe,  and  the  baths  of  Berkley  county,  are  also  much  frequented  by 
invalids. 

Virginia  is  essentially  an  agricultural  state,  and  produces  the  finest 
tobacco.  The  cultivation  of  this  staple  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  region 
E.  of  the  mountains.  In  tho  valleys  between  the  ridges  of  the  Alle- 
ghaniea,  the  staples  are  wheat  and  Indian  corn  ;  while  cattle,  hogs,  and 
other  live-stock  are  reared  in  abundance  in  the  western  sections  of  the 
state.  Cotton,  flax,  hemp,  &c.,  are  also  cultivated ;  and  upwards  of 
four  million  pounds  of  wool  are  gathered  annually.  The  manufactures 
of  the  state  are  comparatively  small,  but  are  rapidly  increasing,  espe- 
cially those  of  iron,  wool,  and  cotton.  Virginia  had  in  1849  about  40 
cotton  factories.  Leather,  glass,  earthenware,  &c.,  are  also  manufac- 
tured. As  a  commercial  state,  Virginia  ranks  the  eighth  in  importance. 
The  exports  consist  of  tobacco,  cotton,  and  some  other  staples.  The 
coasting  trade  is  also  very  extensive,  and  employs  a  large  tonnage.  The 
shipping  employed  in  the  foreign  trade  is  about  75,000  tons.  The  fish- 
cries  are  little  attended  to,  except  those  on  the  immediate  coast.  The 
length  of  railroad  in  the  state  is  578  miles,  and  of  canal  211  miles. 

Education  in  Virginia  is  confined  to  the  white  population.  William 
and  Mary  College  at  Williamsburg,  founded  in  1692,  is  the  oldest  in- 
stitution of  the  kind  in  the  southern  states.  There  are  nine  or  ten  others 
in  the  state,  which  have  from  three  to  ten  professors  each,  and  libraries 
containing  from  1,200  to  7,000  volumes.  The  number  of  poor  schools 
in  1850  was  3.904,  and  the  total  number  of  children  educated  31,655 ;  the 
amount  expended  for  tuition  was  $68,135.  The  children  of  the  wealthy 
are  generally  taught  at  the  academies,  (of  which  there  are  about  500,) 
at  private  schools,  or  at  home  by  private  teachers. 

Virginia  is  divided  into  two  districts,  Eastern  and  Western;  and  con- 
tains 137  counties.  The  chief  cities  and  towns  are  Richmond,  Norfolk, 
Petersburg,  Fredoricksburg,  &c. 

RICHMOND  CITY,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of 
James'  river,  150  miles  from  its  mouth,  immediately  below  the  falls.  It 
is  a  .great  commercial  depot,  having  an  extensive  back  country  abound- 
ing in  tobacco,  wheat,  hemp,  and  coal,  which  is  reached  by  the  James' 
river  Canal  and  branches.  The  flouring-milfe  of  Richmond  have  a 


92  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 

world-wide  celebrity.  The  city  itself  has  many  handsome  buildings ; 
among  which  the  Capitol  is  the  cynosure.  The  City  Hall,  the  Armoiy, 
the  Penitentiary,  churches,  &c.,  are  all  substantial  and  line  buildings. 
The  private  residences  are  equal  to  any  of  the  same  description  in  other 
large  cities.  Three  large  reservoirs  supply  the  city  with  water.  Manu- 
factures of  various  kinds  are  rapidly  increasing ;  and  within  the  last 
two  or  three  years  several  cotton-mills  have  been  erected,  and  are  now 
in  profitable  employment.  Richmond  has  many  facilities  for  this  spe- 
cies of  industry,  which  must  ultimately  become  advantageous  to  the 
whole  neighborhood.  The  river  is  navigable  to  its  mouth,  and  travel, 
north  and  south,  is  maintained  by  railroad.  Population  27,483.  MAN- 
CHESTER is  a  flourishing  village  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  and 
is  chiefly  noted  for  its  manufactures.  It  is  connected  with  Richmond 
by  two  bridges. 

NORFOLK,  the  chief  sea-port,  is  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  Elizabeth 
river,  just  below  the  confluence  of  its  two  branches,  8  miles  above  its 
entrance  into  Hampton  Roads,  and  32  from  the  ocean.  It  has  a  safe  and 
commodious  harbor,  the  entrance  to  which  is  between  Old  Point  Com- 
fort and  a  sand-bar  called  the  Rip-Raps,  and  which  is  defended  by  Fort- 
ress Monroe  and  Fort  Calhoun.  These  fortifications  completely  com- 
mand the  entrance  from  Hampton  Roads.  Population  14,320.  Oppo- 
site to  Norfolk  is  PORTSMOUTH,  with  8,456  inhabitants,  and  immediately 
above  it  GOSPORT,  the  site  of  one  of  the  most  important  naval  stations 
in  the  United  States,  and  where  a  splendid  dry-dock  has  been  con- 
structed of  hewn  granite.  On  Washington  Point,  between  the  E.  and 
W.  branches  of  Elizabeth  river,  about  one  mile  from  Norfolk,  is  the 
U.  S.  Marine.  Hospital.  The  Dismal  Swamp  Canal  connects  Chesapeake 
Bay  with  Albemarle  Sound  through  Pasquotank  river,  and  opens  an 
extensive  water  communication  to  the  south.  Norfolk  owns  about 
24,200  tons  of  shipping,  and  has  more  foreign  commerce  than  any  other 
port  in  Virginia.  The  site  of  the  city  is  Luw,  and  there  are  marshes  in 
the  vicinity.  The  Seaboard  and  Roanoke  Railroad  commences  at  Ports- 
mouth, and  runs  westward  as  far  as  Newsom's  depot,  49  miles,  and  will 
be  further  continued  to  Welden  and  Gaston.  Steamboats  run  from 
Norfolk  to  City  Point,  and  a  branch  railroad  thence  communicates  with 
the  great  southern  line. 

PETERSBURG,  on  the  Appomatox,  below  the  falls,  and  12  miles  from 
its  mouth,  is  a  depot  for  the  staples  of  the  surrounding  country.  It  is 
connected  with  the  N.  and  S.  by  railroad,  and  the  river  is  navigable  to 
the  city  for  vessels  of  100  tons.  Population  14,010. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  on  the  Rappahannock,  below  the  falls,  100  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  at  the  head  of  navigation,  is  a  depot  for  the  corn, 
flour,  and  tobacco  of  the  neighborhood,  and  has  several  manufacturing 
establishments  driven  by*water-power.  Population  6,000.  Other  places 


THE  STATE  OF  VIRGINIA.  93 

of  note  in  the  tide-water  section  of  the  state  are— YORKTOWN,  famous  for 
the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  to  Washington ;  WILLIAMSBURG,  the  seat 
of  the  oldest  college  in  Virginia,  and  formerly  the  capital;  and  JAMES- 
TOWN, on  an  island  in  James'  river,  the  first  settlement  made  in  Virginia 
by  the  English.  IVlT.  VERNON,  on  the  Potomac,  is  noted  for  the  home- 
stead of  Washington,  and  his  final  resting-place.  ALEXANDRIA,  for- 
merly in  the  District  of  Columbia,  but  now  in  Virginia,  is  a  place  of 
commercial  activity.  Population  8,752. 

In  the  region  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  tide-water  region  are 
also  several  important  places.  CHARLOTTEVILLE  is  the  seat  of  the 
University  of  Virginia;  and  MONTICELLO,  about  3  miles  thence, is  fa- 
mous for  the  home  and  grave  of  "  Thomas  Jefferson^  author  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  and  founder  of  the  University  of  Virginia"* 
LYNCHBURG,  on  the  S.  bank  of  James'  river,  is  one  of  the  largest  tobacco 
markets  in  the  world.  HARPER'S  FERRY,  the  seat  of  the  U.  S.  Armory ; 
WINCHESTER,  32  miles  from  Harper's  Ferry  by  railroad  ;  and  STAUNTON, 
94  miles  by  stage  from  Winchester,  the  seat  of  the  State  Lunatic  Asy- 
lum, are  situated  in  the  central  valley.  These  are  all  important  centers, 
from  each  of  which  several  great  lines  of  travel  diverge.  West  of  the 
Alleghanies,  the  chief  towns  are — WHEELING,  a  flourishing  manufactur- 
ing town  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  at  the  head  of  low-water  navi- 
gation; PARKERSBURG,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Kanawha;  and 
CHARLESTON,  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation  on  the  Kanawha,  near 
the  great  salt-works  in  that  vicinity.  Several  other  towns  of  considera- 
tion are  found  on  the  Ohio. 

Jamestown,  founded  in  1607,  was  the  first  permanent  settlement  form- 
ed by  Europeans  within  the  original  territory  of  the  United  States.  The 
country  was  granted  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  who 
named  it  Virginia,  in  honor  of  his  virgin  sovereign  ;  but  the  grant  waa 
vacated  by  the  execution  and  attainder  of  Raleigh,  under  James  I.,  who 
gave  the  country  to  the  London  Company.  Jamestown  was  then  set- 
tled. The  early  history  of  the  colony  is  replete  with  romance,  and  many 
highly  affecting  incidents  occurred  during  the  Indian  wars.  The  colony 
was  originally  governed  by  a  council  of  seven,  and  a  president  chosen 
from  that  body  by  themselves ;  .but  afterwards  by  a  governor  appointed 
by  the  Crown.  Shortly  after  the  war  of  the  Revolution  broke  out,  a 
provisional  government  was  appointed,  and  in  1776  a  constitution  was 
formed,  which,  until  1830,  when  the  present  constitution  was  adopted, 
was  the  fundamental  law.  Virginia  has  produced  a  number  of  eminent 
Statesmen :  among  whom  are  Washington,  Jefferson,  Monroe,  and  Mad- 
ison,—all  of  whom  have  been  presidents  of  the  United  States ;  Patrick 
Henry,  and  the  late  Chief-Justice  Marshall.  Many  of  our  most  illustri- 
ous living  statesmen  are  also  natives  of  this  state. 

*  Such  is  the  inscription  on  a  granite  obelisk  placed  over  his  grare. 


94  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 

THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Area  45,000  square  miles— Pop-idation  868,903. 

NORTH  CAROLINA  lies  between  33°  53'  and  36°  33'  N.  lat.,  and  between 
750  23'  and  84°  20'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Virginia ;  E.  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean;  S.  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  W.  by  Tennessee. 

Except  in  the  extreme  W.,  where  the  Blue  Ridge  from  Virginia 
crosses  the  country,  the  greater  part  of  the  state  is  level,  and  the  soil 
mainly  sandy  and  poor,  with  extensive  swampy  tracts.  There  are,  how- 
ever, fertile  tracts  here  and  there,  and  the  margins  of  the  rivers  are  gen- 
erally productive.  The  soil  in  the  western  part  is  much  the  best.  The 
state-is  watered  by  the  Chowan  and  Roanoke,  which  rise  in  Virginia  and 
flow  S.  to  Albemarle  Sound  ;  by  Cape  Fear  river,  which  empties  into 
the  sea  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state ;  by  the  Pamlico  and  the  Neuse, 
which  flow  into  Pamlico  Sound,  and  by  the  Yadkin,  which  passes  into 
South  Carolina.  A  number  of  low,  sandy  islands  are  scattered  along  the 
coast,  and  enclose  several  large  sounds ;  but  the  entrances  to  these  and 
the  mouths  of  the  rivers  are  so  obstructed  with  shoals  that  no  good  har- 
bors are  found  in  the  state ;  and  N.  of  Cape  Lookout,  the  only  navi- 
gable pass  for  sloops  is  Ocracoke  Inlet.  This  want  of  harbors  has  driven 
the  trade  of  North  Carolina  to  the  more  favored  states  N.  and  S.  of  it. 
The  climate  in  summer  is  hot  and  unhealthy  in  the  low  regions,  but  in 
the  mountainous  country  of  the  W.  the  air  is  more  elastic  and  bracing. 
The  winters  are  very  mild.  The  Dismal  Swamp  in  the  N.  E.  is  pregnant 
with  every  evil  to  which  humanity  can  be  exposed. 

A  great  part  of  the  country  is  covered  with  forests  of  pitch-pine.  In 
the  low  parts  this  tree  is  almost  exclusively  the  natural  growth  of  the 
soil,  and  its  products  constitute  one-half  of  the  exports  of  the  state. 
Several  valuable  medicinal  plants  are  produced,  as  snake-root,  ginseng, 
seneca,  &c.  The  rich  intervals  are  overgrown  with  canes,  the  leaves 
of  which  continue  green  through  the  winter,  and  afford  good  fodder  for 
cattle.  The  mineral  region  of  the  state  is  chiefly  situated  between  the 
Yadkin  and  Catawba  rivers.  "Cold  is  found  near  the  surface  in  grains 
among  the  sand  and  gravel,  and  is  obtained  by  washing  the  earth.  The 
grains  are  in  general  small,  but  several  large  lumps  have  at  different 
times  been  found — one  weighing  28  Ibs.  Iron,  coal,  salt,  and  granite,  are 
also  among  the  minerals  found  in  this  state. 

North  Carolina  is  mainly  an  agricultural  state.  The  products  of  tne 
low  country  are  tar,  turpentine,  and  lumber.  •  Tobacco,  wheat,  and  In- 
dian corn,  are  grown  chiefly  in  the  middle  counties ;  while  cattle,  and 
other  live-stock,  are  the  staples  of  the  upper  country.  Cotton  and  rice 
are  produced  largely.  Wool-growing  is  also  becoming  an  important 


THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA.  95 

branch.  Manufactures  are  as  yet  in  their  infancy  ;  but,  in  common  with 
the  other  Atlantic  states,  much  of  the  capital  of  this  state  has  of  late 
years  been  diverted  to  the  manufacturing  of  cotton  fabrics ;  and,  in  1850, 
at  least  28  mills  were  in  full  operation.  Foreign  commerce  is  almost 
unknown,  but  the  coasting-trade  is  carried  on  briskly.  The  exports 
consist  altogether  of  raw  staples.  Some  fisheries  are  prosecuted  along 
the  coast,  and  a  small  capital  is  invested  in  the  whale-fisheries.  Within 
the  state  are  354  miles  of  railroad,  and  about  30  miles  of  canal. 

Within  the  last  20  or  25  years,  education  has  received  great  encour- 
agement. In  1804,  there  were  only  two  academies  in  the  state,  and  in 
18:30  not  50.  The  number  at  the  present  time  is  173.  The  University 
at  Chapel  Hill,  founded  in  1789,  is  the  oldest  college  :  there  are  two  oth- 
ers of  recent  date,  viz.,  Davidson  College,  in  Mechlenburg  county,  and 
Wake  Forest  College,  both  founded  in  1838.'  The  University  has  nine 
Professors,  and  is  very  flourishing;  the  other  two  have  each  three  Pro- 
fessors. The  primary  and  common  schools  number  about  700,  and  edu- 
cate about  20,000  scholars.  The  wealthy  are  educated  at  the  academies, 
and  privately  at  home. 

The  state  is  divided  into  79  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Raleigh,  Newbern,  Wilmington,  Fayetteville,  &c. 

RALEIGH,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly  situated  near  the  S.  bank  of  the 
river  Neuse,  and  about  the  middle  of  the  state.  It  contains  a  respecta- 
ble State-House,  built  of  granite,  and  other  public  buildings.  There  are 
also  5  or  G  churches.  Remoteness  from  navigation  has  been  its  greatest 
drawback,  but  it  has  lately  been  connected  with  the  Roanoke  by  railroad, 
and  may  now  become  an  important  center.  Population  3,000. 

NEWBERN  is  also  situated  on  the  Neuse,  30  miles  from  its  entrance  into 
Pamlico  Sound.  The  river  is  navigable  to  this  place,  and  secures  to  it  a 
considerable  commerce  in  the  exportation  of  flour,  naval  stores,  and 
lumber.  It  was  once  the  seat  of  the  state  government.  Population  4,000* 
KINGSTON,  WAYNESBORO',  and  SMITHFIELD,  higher  up  the  river,  are 
places  of  some  importance. 

WILMINGTON,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  35  miles  from  the 
sea,  is  the  largest  and  most  commercial  town  in  the  state.  The  shipping 
belonging  to  the  port  amounts  to  15,198  tons.  It  enjoys  a  large  coasting- 
trade,  and  exports  great  quantities  of  naval  stores,  &c.  Population  6.200. 

WASHINGTON  is  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  Tar  river,  at  the  head  of 
navigation.  It  has  considerable  commerce.  Population  2,600.  Regular 
lines  of  packets  sail  between  it  and  New  York. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation  on  Cape  Fear  river, 
is  next  in  population  and  commercial  importance  to  Wilmington,  and 
has  considerable  trade  with  the  neighboring  country.  Population  5,000. 

BEAUFORT,  in  Carteret  county,  and  near  Cape  Lookout,  has  an  excel- 
lent harbor.  CHARLOTTKVILLE,  in  Mechlenburg  county,  is  the  chief 


96  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 

town  in  the  "gold  region."    GASTON,  WELDON,  and  HALIFAX,  on  the 
Roanoke,  are  important  only  as  railroad  stations. 

Very  early  after  the  discovery  of  North  America,  several  attempts 
were  made  to  settle  on  the  coasts  of  Carolina,  but  without  success.  The 
first  permanent  colony  was  planted  by  refugees  from  Virginia,  between 
1640  and  1G50.  In  1663,  Charles  II.  granted  the  Carolinas  to  the  Earl  of 
Clarendon  and  others,  who  had  charge  of  it  until  1729,  when  the  coun- 
try was  purchased  by  the  Crown,  and  divided  into  North  and  South. 
Dining  the  Revolution,  North  Carolina  took  an  active  part  in  the  strug- 
gle for  independence  ;  and,  in  1776,  adopted  a  constitution,  which,  with 
the  exception  of  a  few  amendments  made  in  1835,  is  still  that  under 
which  the  government  is  organized. 


THE  STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Area  24,500  square  miles. — Population  668,507. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  lies  between  32°  02'  and  35°  10'  N.  lat.,  and  between 
78°  24'  and  83°  30'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  and  N.  E.  by  North 
Carolina,  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  S.  W.  by  Georgia,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah  river. 

The  whole  sea-coast  is  low  and  level,  and  towards  the  south  is  skirted 
by  a  multitude  of  islands,  divided  from  the  mainland  by  narrow  channels. 
These  islands,  like  the  neighboring  mainland,  are  low  and  flat,  but  cov- 
ered with  forests  of  live-oaks,  pines,  and  palmettoes,  and  many  of  them 
are  now  under  cultivation.  The  long,  sandy  beaches  which  border  these 
towards  the  sea,  are  the  resort  of  thousands  of  water-fowl.  The  tide- 
water region  of  the  state  is  also  chiefly  covered  with  pitch-pines,  inter- 
spersed with  swamps  and  morasses.  The  staple  of  this  section  is  rice. 
Beyond  this  is  a  parallel  belt  of  territory,  called  the  Middle  Country, 
consisting  of  low  sand-hills,  resembling  the  waves  of  an  agitated  sea. 
This  tract  occasionally  presents  an  oasis  of  verdure,  or  a  few  straggling 
pine-trees,  and  sometimes  a  field  of  corn  or  potatoes.  Succeeding  this 
is  another  belt,  called  the -"Ridge,"  where  the  country  rises  by  a  steep 
and  sudden  ascent,  and  afterwards  continues  gradually  to  ascend ;  and 
beyond  this  the  surface  exhibits  a  beautiful  alternation  of  hill  and  dale, 
interspersed  with  extensive  forests,  and  watered  by  pleasant  streams. 
The  Blue  Ridge,  from  North  Carolina,  forms  the  boundary  on  the  ex- 
treme west.  King's  Mountain,  a  solitary  elevation  on  the  N.  state  line, 
is  the  highest  land  in  the  country.  Several  large  rivers  flow  in  a  S.  E. 
direction  through  the  state,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Great  Pedee, 
a  continuation  of  the  Yadkin  from  North  Carolina  ;  the  Santee,  formed 


THE  STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA.  97 

by  the  union  of  the  Wateree  and  Congaree,  and  the  Savannah,  which 
washes  the  southern  boundary.  These  fall  into  the  Atlantic,  but  none 
of  them  have  good  harbors.  The  only  harbor  of  consequence  on  the 
whole  coast  is  that  of  Charleston,  which  receives  the  Ashley  and  Coopei 
rivers. 

The  climate  varies  in  these  several  regions.  Along  the  coasts  the 
atmosphere  is  moist  and  warm,  and  in  the  hot  season  intolerable.  The 
winters  here  are  of  short  continuation,  and  very  mild.  Higher  up  the 
country,  the  air  becomes  cooler,  and  in  the  N.  W.,  where  the  land  is 
elevated,  the  climate  is  generally  salubrious,  with  a  drier  atmosphere, 
and  a  cold  winter.  The  soil  is  very  indifferent,  except  near  the  rivers. 
The  western  highlands,  however,  are  generally  productive,  and  afford 
a  plentiful  supply  of  grasses.  South  Carolina  has  but  few  useful  min- 
erals. Cold  has  been  found  in  various  parts,  and  this  probably  exists 
in  considerable  quantities.  Domestic  salt  is  abundant.  There  are  sev- 
eral mineral  springs,  which  are  frequented  by  tourists  and  invalids. 

South  Carolina  is  an  agricultural  state,  the  great  staples  of  which*  are 
cotton  and  rice ;  the  former  cultivated  chiefly  on  the  margins  of  the 
rivers,  and  the  latter  in  the  swamp  lands  near  the  coast.  Wheat  and 
Indian  corn  are  produced  in  the  regions  above  tide-water,  and  cattle  and 
sheep  are  numerous  in  the  west.  Manufactures  have  scarcely  a  footing 
in  this  state.  The  export  of  cotton  forms  an  important  item,  and  that 
of  rice  is  equally  great.  Commerce,  .however,  is  carried  on  chiefly  by 
northern  shipping.  The  length  of  railroad  is  583  miles,  and  of  canals 
52  miles. 

The  College  of  South  Carolina,  founded  in  1804,  is  the  most  important 
literary  institution  in  the  state,  and  has  attached  to  it  a  theological  sem- 
inary; but  the  oldest  is  the  college  at  Charleston,  founded  in  1785. 
Erskine  College,  in  Abbeville  District,  is  also  a  valuable  institution. 
In  1850,  these  colleges  had  an  aggregate  of  391  students.  The  Theolo- 
gical Seminary  at  Lexington,  and  the  Furman  Seminary  in  Fairfield 
District,  are  also  flourishing  institutions,  and  the  Medical  College  at 
Charleston  is  a  school  of  high  repute.  Besides  these,  there  are  about 
130  ncademies  and  grammar-schools;  and  the  number  of  free  schools 
in  1P50  was  1023,  attended  by  9,1 22  children.  These  schools  are  under 
the  superintendence  of  commissioners  appointed  by  the  legislature. 

The  state  is  divided  into  29  districts,  and  these  are  subdivided  into 
parishes.  The  principal  cities  arid  towns  are  Columbia,  Charleston, 
Georgetown,  &c. 

COLUMBIA,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Congaree,  below  the  union 
of  Broad  and  Saluda  rivers.  It  is  a  handsome  and  regularly  built  town. 
The  Ptate  House  is  a  plain  wooden  building,  but  the' College  of  South 
Carolina,  here  located,  is  a  fine  and  spacious  edifice.  The  city  has  con* 
siderable  trade  with  Charleston,  and  several  manufactures.  The  river 

9 


98  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 

is  navigated  by  steamboats  ;  and  a  branch  railroad  connects  it  with  the 
South  Carolina  Railroad.  Population  6,060. 

CHARLESTON,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers, 
7  miles  from  the  sea,  is  the  most  commercial  and  populous  city  in  the 
state.  It  is  pleasantly  located,  but  so  low  that  parts  of  it  have  some- 
times been  inundated.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  City  Hall,  Ex- 
change, Court  House,  Custom  House,  &c. ;  besides  which,  there  aro 
several  handsome  churches.  About  33,292  tons  of  shipping  belong  to 
the  port.  The  harbor  is  spacious,  and  well  protected  by  fortifications. 
Charleston  is  connected  with  New  York  and  Philadelphia  by  regular 
lines  of  steamboats  and  packets,  and  with  the  west  by  the  South  Caro- 
lina Railroad,  which  is  completed  to  Hamburg  on  the  Savannah  river, 
where  it  connects  with  the  Georgia  lines  to  Chattanooga,  and  thence  to 
Nashville,  Tenn.  The  population  of  the  city  proper  in  1850  was  26,451, 
but  with  the  suburb  St.  Philip's,  it  is  about  42,985.  A  canal,  22  miles 
long,  from  the  head  of  Cooper  river,  connects  the  harbor  with  the  San- 
tee,  50  miles  to  the  north. 

GEORGETOWN,  on  Winyaw  Bay,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Pedee,  is  13 
miles  from  the  ocean,  and  well  situated  for  trade,  being  backed  by  a 
fertile  country.  There  is  a  bar  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  however, 
which  prevents  vessels  drawing  more  than  11  feet  of  water  from  entering. 
Population  about  4,600. 

The  other  principal  towns  are— HAMBURG,  at  the  head  of  steam  navi- 
gation on  the  Savannah,  and  the  depot  of  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state ; 
CHERAW,  on  the  Pedee,  at  the  lower  falls;  and  BEAUFORT,  on  Port 
Royal  Island,  which  has  a  fine  anchorage.  Eutaw  Springs,  King's 
Mountain*  Cowpens,  and  Camden,  are  famous  for  victories  of  the  Amer- 
icans in  the  revolutionary  war. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  this  state  was  made  on  Port  Royal 
Island,  in  1670 ;  but  the  emigrants  soon  after  removed  to  the  present 
site  of  Charleston.  Until  1729,  when  it  became  a  Crown  colony,  the 
settlement  was  under  a  proprietary  government.  In  1776,  the  British 
authority  was  thrown  off,  and  in  1790  a  constitution  was  framed.  It  haa 
since  been  several  times  amended. 


THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 

Area  58,000  square  miles.— Population  905,999. 
GEORGIA  is  situated  between  30°  19'  and  35°  N.  lat.,  and  between 
80°  50'  and  85°  40'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Tennessee  and 
North  Carolina ;  N.  E.  by  South  Carolina ;  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean; 
S.  by  Florida,  and  W.  by  Alabama. 


THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA.  99 

The  southern  part  of  the  state  is  generally  level ;  but  in  the  N.  sev- 
eral ridges  of  the  Alleghanies  pass  from  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina 
into  this  state,  all  of  which,  however,  terminate  before  reaching  the  33d 
parallel  of  N.  latitude.  The  soil  is  of  various  characters,  and  near  the 
coast  there  is  much  swamp  land.  The  Savannah  washes  almost  the 
whole  of  the  N.  E.  boundary.  The  Ogeechee  and'Alatamaha  rivers 
have  their  whole  course  in  the  state,  and  the  Flint  and  Chattahoochee 
pass  south  into  Florida,  the  latter  forming  part  of  the  western  border. 
The  coast  is  lined  by  a  chain  of  islands,  which  for  fertility  are  unequal- 
led, and  on  which  is  produced  the  finest  cotton  in  the  world,  well  known 
in  the  markets  as  the  ';  sea  island  staple."  The  land  here,  and  along  the 
coasts,  consists  of  marshy  tracts  or  hummock  lands.  On  the  Florida 
border  is  the  great  swamp  of  Okefinokee,  and  beyond,  a  belt  of  pine  bar- 
rens, interspersed  with  swamps  ;  still  further  the  country  becomes  sandy, 
but  towards  the  hilly  region  the  soil  is  strong  and  productive.  There 
are  many  large  forests,  which  supply  timber  for  exportation.  In  those 
parts  which  are  flooded  by  the  rivers,  the  land  is  devoted  to  rice  culti- 
vation. 

The  low  country  has  an  agreeable  and  healthy  climate  for  seven  or 
eight  months  in  the  year ;  but  in  the  latter  part  of  summer  and  in  the 
fall,  it  is  sickly,  except  on  the  sea  islands,  which  are  comparatively 
healthy.  The  climate  of  the  upper  country  is  temperate ;  and  in  the 
N.  W.,  at  the.  foot  of  the  mountains,  it  is  esteemed  one  of  the  healthiest 
in  the  Atlantic  states.  Georgia  has  a  number  of  valuable  mineral  springs. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  state  are  inconsiderable  :  some  few  mines 
of  iron  have  been  discovered,  and  coal  is  said  to  be  abundant.  Gold, 
in  large  quantities,  however,  has  been  from  time  to  time  found  in  the 
northern  parts,  and  this  metal  is  annually  sent  to  Dahlonega  for  coinage 
in  various  amounts.  Granite  is  also  quarried  to  some  extent.  The  great 
agricultural  staples  are  cotton  and  rice,  and  some  tobacco  is  grown.  In- 
dian com  is  more  cultivated  than  any  of  the  cereals,  and  wheat  and  oats 
are  grown  largely  in  the  uplands.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  are  numer- 
ous ;  and  wool-growing  has  long  been  a  favorite  employment  in  the 
mountains.  Georgia  is  making  rapid  progress  in  manufactures.  Large 
cotton-mills  have  lately  been  established  at  Columbus,  Augusta,  Gran- 
iteville,  &c. ;  and  other  branches  of  this  species  of  industry  are  spring- 
ing up  in  various  parts  of  the  state.  The  number  of  cotton-mills  in  1850 
was  33,  being  an  increase  since  1840  of  16.  These  are  as  yet  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  heavy  goods;  as  osnaburgs.  drillings,  and  similar 
fabrics.  The  Georgians  do  their  own  carding,  spinning,  and  weaving ; 
and  as  they  also  grow  their  own  cotton,  and  have  a  home-market  for 
their  goods,  enjoy  many  advantages  over  the  northern  manufacturers. 
All  the  machinery  is  driven  by  water-power.  Georgia  has  also  several 
large  tanneries  and  leather  factories,  and  will  soon  manufacture  its  own 


100  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 

Bhoes,  boots,  harness,  &c.  The  state  has  also  a  large  number  of  floaing* 
mills.  The  exports  from  Georgia  to  foreign  countries  are  of  considera- 
ble value,  and  consist  of  the  agricultural  staples  peculiar  to  the  state. 
The  coasting  and  internal  trade  are  also  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and 
are  being  daily  increased  in  importance  by  the  extension  of  railroads, 
and  the  establishment  of  steam  navigation  on  the  rivers  and  coasts.  The 
total  length  of  railroad  in  the  state  is  842  miles,  and  of  canal  28  miles. 

The  principal  educational  institutions  are  Franklin  University  at  Ath- 
ens, (founded  1785,)  Oglethorpe  College  at  Milledgeville,  Emory  College 
at  Oxford.  Mercer  University  at  Penfield,  and  Christ  College  at  Montpe- 
lier.  These  have  from  four  to  eight  Professors  each,  and  an  aggregate 
of  400  students.  There  are  Theological  Seminaries  at  Montpelier  and 
Penfield,  and  a  medical  school  at  Augusta.  Besides  these,  there  are 
about  200  academies  and  grammar-schools,  and  some  700  coinmon- 
echools,  scattered  over  the  state. 

Georgia  is  divided  into  94  counties.  The  chief  cities  and  towns  are— 
Milledgeville,  Savannah,  Augusta,  Columbus,  &c. 

MILLEDQEVILLE,  the  capital,  is  situated  near  the  centerof  the  state,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Oconee.  It  contains  the  State  House,  Penitentiary, 
Arsenal,  &c.,  and,  being  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  has  an  exten- 
sive business  with  the  back  country.  Population  3,200.  Indian  Springs 
are  50  miles  N.  W.  from  this. 

SAVANNAH,  the  largest  and  most  commercial  city,  is  built  on  a  sandy 
plain  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Savannah  river,  18  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Vessels  drawing  14  feet  of  water  can  come  up  to  its  wharves,  but  thoso 
of  a  larger  size  are  obliged  to  anchor  three  miles  below.  The  streets 
and  buildings  are  regular  and  well  planned,  and  the  streets  being  lined 
with  trees,  the  city  has  a  rural  appearance.  The  Exchange,  City  Hall, 
Court  House,  Hospital,  &c.,  are  the  principal  public  buildings.  Churches 
are  numerous,  and  generally  built  in  excellent  taste.  The  trade  of  Ceor- 
gia  centers  here,  and  the  greatest  portion  of  cotton  and  rice  grown  in  the 
state  is  exported  hence.  Railroads  extend  from  Savannah  to  Chatta- 
nooga on  the  Tennessee  river,  428  miles,  and  will  ultimately  be  carried 
on  to  Nashville.  Population  10,060. 

AUGUSTA,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Savannah  below  the  falls,  145  milea 
from  the  sea,  is  the  entrepCt  of  the  produce  of  a  large  district,  which  ia 
sent  down  the  river  to  Savannah  in  steamboats,  or  to  Charleston  by  rail- 
road. Population  7,400.  The  Georgia  R.  R.  extends  hence  to  Atlanta. 

COLUMBUS,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Chattahoochee, 
is  an  important  place,  and  has  lately  commenced  manufacturing  cotton 
goods  on  a  large  scale.  In  1828  it  was  a  wilderness;  it  now  contains 
7,000  inhabitants.  SUNBURY,  BRUNSWICK,  and  ST.  MARY'S,  are  small 
ports  S.  of  Savannah.  DARIEN,  on  the  Alatamaha,  12  miles  froYn  its 
mouth ,  is  a  place  of  trade,  and  a  depot  for  the  produce  of  the  river  val- 


THE  STATE  OF  FLORIDA.  101 

ley.  Among  the  interior  towns  not  before  mentioned,  the  most  impor- 
tant are — ATHENS,  the  seat  of  Franklin  University  ;  MACON,  at  the  head 
of  steam  navigation  on  the  Ockmulgee,  and  an  important  point  on  the 
Central  Railroad;  DECATUR,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  and  DALTON,  a 
new  and  thriving  village  on  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  At  all 
these  places  a  large  amount  of  business  centers.  DAHLONKGA,  in  the 
"gold  region,"  is  the  seat  of  a  branch  of  the  United  States'  Mint.  A 
number  of  new  towns  have  of  late  sprung  up  along  the  lines  of  railroad, 
and  are  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and  Importance. 

Georgia  was  the  last  settled  of  the  thirteen  original  states.  Previous 
to  1732,  it  was  a  wilderness.  At  this  period  the  territory  was  granted  to 
a  company  whose  object  was  to  transport  gratuitously  such  persons  as 
were  unable  to  earn  a  subsistence  in  England.  In  honor  of  the  grantor, 
George  II.,  it  was  called  Georgia.  In  November  of  that  year,  160  per- 
sons arrived,  under  Gen.  James  Oglethorpe,  and  the  town  of  Savannah 
was  then  settled.  Emigrants  from  Scotland  and  Germany  arrived  at 
successive  periods.  Georgia  was  retroceded  to  the  Crown  in  1752,  and 
a  regular  civil  government  was  established  in  1755.  From  this  period 
the  colony  began  to  make  rapid  progress  in  prosperity  and  population. 
During  the  revolutionary  war,  it  was  several  times  overrun  by  British 
troops,  and  immediately  after  the  termination  of  that,  suffered  much 
from  the  incursions  of  the  Seminoles.  In  1795  its  present  constitution 
was  formed.  In  1802  the  state  ceded  all  its  lands  W.  of  the  Chattahoo- 
chee  river  to  the  United  States ;  from  which,  at  a  subsequent  period, 
the  states  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi  were  formed.  The  recent  history 
of  Georgia  is  barren  of  important  events,  but  the  state  is  making  rapid 
strides  in  all  that  is  conducive  to  prosperity  and  permanent  wealth. 


THE  STATE  OE  PLORIM. 

Area.  59,268  square  miles. — Population  87,401. 

FLORIDA,  the  most  southerly  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  between 
250  anti  310N.Jat.,  and  between  80°  and  87°  30'  W.  long.:  and  is  bound- 
ed N.  by  Georgia  and  Alabama ;  W.  by  Alabama  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co ;  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

This  state  occupies  two  distinct  territories— the  one  the  southern  part 
of  the  mainland  of  the  United  States,  and  the  other  a  long,  narrow  pe- 
ninsula, lying  between  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
greater  portion  of  both  these  sections  consists  of  swamps  and  hum- 
mocks, overgrown  with  oaks  and  other  valuable  timbers.  Much  of  the 

9* 


102  SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC   STATES. 

soil  is  a  rich  alluvium,  but  there  are  also  extensive  tracts  of  sandy 
wastes.  The  climate  is  such  that  vegetation  is  perennial,  and  tropical 
fruits  grow  luxuriantly.  From  October  to  June  it  is  generally  mild  and 
pleasant,  but  the  summer  months  are  extremely  hot  and  sultry,  and  in 
the  low  and  swampy  parts  very  unhealthy.  San  Augustine  and  the  isl- 
ands, however,  enjoy  an  excellent  climate,  and  are  often  resorted  to  by 
those  suffering  under  pulmonic  affections. 

The  shores  are  indented  by  bays  and  lagoons,  and  along  the  south- 
ern point  of  the  peninsula  a  string  of  small  islands,  very  dangerous 
to  navigation,  stretch  far  away  to  the  south-west.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  St.  Mary's  and  St.  John's,  emptying  into  the  Atlantic,  and  the 
Apalachicola,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Flint  and  Chattahoochee  riv- 
ers, which  falls  into  the  Gulf.  The  Withlacoochee,  Escambia,  Suannee, 
Oscilla,  Ocklocony,  and  the  Choctawatchie,  are  also  considerable 
streams.  The  Perdido  divides  the  state  from  Alabama,  There  are  sev- 
eral lakes  in  the  interior,  some  of  which  are  noted  for  the  quiet  beauty 
of  their  scenery. 

The  natural  productions  of  Florida  are  live-oak  and  other  timbers  of 
great  value.  The  fig,  orange,  date,  &c.,  are  among  its  fruits.  Its  min- 
erals are  unimportant.  Cotton,  sugar,  rice,  and  indigo  are  the  staples  of 
its  agriculture  ;  but  much  of  the  land  is  devoted  to  pasture  and  cattle- 
rearing,  which  is  a  business  with  many  of  the  settlers.  Very  little  grain 
is  grown  in  the  state.  Manufactures  are  chiefly  of  a  domestic  nature,  or 
of  a  minor  character.  Foreign  commerce  is  very  limited,  the  produce 
being  exported  coastwise.  The  fisheries,  however,  are  actively  carried 
on,  and  are  increasing  in  importance.  Owing  to  the  unsettled  condition 
of  the  country,  and  to  the  Indians  that  still  infest  several  districts,  indus- 
try of  all  kinds  is  retarded,  and  but  few  undertakings  of  permanent  value 
are  attempted  ;  nor  has  much  as  yet  been  done  towards  facilitating  in- 
tercommunication. Perhaps  the  most  needed  improvement  is  a  canal 
across  the  northern  part  of  the  peninsula,  so  as  to  direct  our  commerce 
through  a  safer  passage  than  by  the  Florida  Channel,  or  the  intricate 
labyrinth  of  islands  which  forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  No  great  obstacle  opposes  such  an  enterprise,  and  its  realiza- 
zation  would  be  of  incalculable  value  to  navigation.  The  total  length  of 
railroad  in  Florida  is  54  miles. 

Of  the  public  lands  of  Florida,  only  942,248  acres  had  been  sold  up  to 
1st  January,  1849 ;  and  the  total,  including  all  other  disposals,  entered 
upon,  was  only  4,487,136  acres,  or  about  one-ninth  of  the  whole. 
.  Florida  is  divided  into  five  districts,  each  composed  of  several  coun- 
ties. The  principal  towns  are  San  Augustine,  Tallahassee,  Pensacola, 
Jacksonville,  &c. 

TALLAHASSEE,  the  capital,  lies  in  the  northern  part  of  Leon  county, 
upon  an  elevated  site.  It  contains  the  State  House,  a  Jail,  and  several 


THE  STATE  OF  FLORIDA.  103 

churches.  The  permanent  population  numbers  about  2,000 ;  but  in  the 
winter  season  it  is  much  augmented  by  casual  visitors.  A  railroad,  36 
miles  long,  extends  to  Port  Leon  on  Appalachee  Bay. 

SAN  AUGUSTINE,  the  chief  town  in  East  Florida,  is  the  oldest  one  in 
the  state,  and  has  a  population  of  about  2,993.  It  is  situated  about  two 
miles  from  the  Atlantic,  on  the  S.  side  of  a  peninsula  protected  from  the 
ocean  by  Anastasia  island.  Its  climate  is  pure  and  healthy,  and  the 
town  is  embosomed  in  orange  groves.  The  public  buildings  are  the  U. 
S.  barracks,  the  Land  Office,  and  several  churches.  As  in  all  old  places, 
the  streets  are  narrow.  Fort  Marion,  standing  at  the  mouth  of  the  har- 
bor, protects  the  town. 

PENSACOLA,  in  Escambia  county,  is  the  most  westerly  of  the  Florida 
towns.  It  lies  on  Pensacola  Bay,  10  miles  from  the  Gulf,  and  is  accessi- 
ble to  vessels  drawing  8  feet  of  water.  The  U.  S.  Navy  Yard,  at  this 
place,  is  the  principal  station  for  the  Gulf  squadron.  Population  2,000. 

JACKSONVILLE,  on  the  St.  John's;  APALACHICOLA,  on  the  river  of  the 
sam£  name ;  and  ST.  JOSEPH'S,  on  St.  Joseph's  Bay,  have  good  harbors, 
and  maintain  considerable  commerce.  LANCASTER,  SMYRNA,  and  some 
other  settlements,  locally  important  as  depots  for  their  immediate 
neighborhoods,  will  ultimately  rank  high. 

KEY  WEST,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  southern  point  of  the  penin- 
sula, has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  important  as  a  naval  station.  The  Wreck- 
ers' Court,  established  here,  adjudicates  in  salvage  cases.  The  wreckers 
of  Key  West  are  a  hardy  set  of  men,  and  have  done  much  in  rescuing 
goods  and  passengers  from  vessels  stranded  on  the  shoals,  which  beset 
the  northeastern  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  number  and  value 
of  ships  lost  in  this  section  has  annually  increased :  in  1845,  24  vessels 
were  adjudicated  upon;  in  1849,  the  number  was  46.  In  the  latter  year 
the  value  of  property  rescued  was  $1,304,600,  upon  which  the  salvage 
amounted  to  $127,870,  and  the  incidental  expenses  to  $219,162.  This 
increase  may  perhaps  be  owing  more  to  the  increase  of  commerce  in 
the  Gulf,  than  to  any  increased  ratio  of  disaster;. but  on  this  point  no 
reliable  information  is  accessible.  The  late  Dr.  Samuel  Forry  recom- 
mended this  island  as  a  residence  for  invalids,  and  preferred  it  even  to 
far-famed  Malta  for  those  suffering  under  pulmonic  diseases. 

Florida  was  discovered  by  Cabot  in  1496.  It  was  first  visited  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1512,  and  in  1562  we  find  the  Spaniards  and  French  con- 
testing its  possession.  Subsequently  the  English  from  Georgia  and 
Carolina  attempted  to  gain  it,  but  unsuccessfully.  In  1763  it  was  ceded 
to  England  in  exchange  for  Cuba,  which  had  been  captured  from  Spain 
the  year  previous.  Spain  recovered  it  in  1781,  and  at  the  peace  of  1783 
its  possession  was  confirmed  to  that  nation.  The  United  States  pur- 
chased the  territory  in  1819,  and,  after  the  usual  territorial  probation, 
Florida  was  admitted  as  a  state  of  the  Union  in  1845. 


104 

ROUTES   IN  THE 

SOUTHERN  ATLANTIC  STATES. 


VIRGINIA. 

(313)  WASHINGTON  to  PARKERS- 
BURG. 

To  Georgetown,  D.  C 2 

Prospect  Hill,  Va. 10    12 

Drauesville 9    21 

Belmont   8    29 

Leesburg 6    35 

Hamilton 6    41 

PurcelPs  Store 4    45 

Snickersville 8    53 

Snicker's  Ferry 6    59 

Berryville 4    63" 

WINCHESTER 12    75 

Back  Creek  Valley 13    88 

CaponBridge 8    96 

Hanging  Rock 5  101 

ROMNEY 16  117 

Burlinerton 10  127 

Ridgeville 5  132 

Claysvillo 6  138 

Hoysburg 14  152 

Glade  Valley 9  161 

German  Settlement 6  167 

Evansville 21  191 

Three  Forks 7  198 

Pruntytown   8  206 

Bridgeport 10  216 

CLARKSBURG 6  222 

New  Salem 14  236 

West  Union 16  252 

Permsboro'. 12  264 

Schumla 21  285 

PARKERSBURG 20  305 

(314)  WASHINGTON  to  STAUNTON. 
Via  Culpeper  C.  H. 

To  Alexandria 7 

Fairfax  Court  House 14  21 

Centreville 7  28 

Groveton 7  35 

Buckhmd  7  42 

New  Baltimore 3  45 

Warrenton 6  51 

Warrenton  Springs 5  56 


Jeffersonton 5    61 

Rixeyville 6    67 

Culpeper  Court  House 9    76 

Colvin's  Tavern 4    80 

Locust  Dale 8    88 

Orange  Court  House 8    96 

Gordonsville 8  104 

Everittsville 15  119 

CHARLOTTESYILLK 6125 

Hardin's  Tavern 8  133 

Yancey's  Mills 8  141 

Brookville 4  145 

Waynesboro' 7  152 

Fishersville 5  157 

STAUNTON 6  163 

(315)  WASHINGTON  to   the  VIR- 
GINIA SPRINGS. 
Steamboat. 

To  Alexandria 7 

Fort  Washington,  Md 7    i4 

Mount  Vernon 2    16 

Crane  Island  ....   6    22 

SandyPoint 12    34 

Aquia  Creek  Landing 10    44 

Railroad. 

FREDERICKSBURG 14    58 

Stage. 

Chancellors ville 10    68 

Wilderness 5    73 

Locust  Grove 5    78 

Verdiersville  -  6    84 

Orange  Court  House 12    96 

Gordonsville 8  104 

Everittsville 15  119 

CHARLOTTES  VILLE 6125 

Hardin's  Tavern 8  133 

Yancey's  Mills 8  141 

Brookville 4  145 

Waynesboro' 7  152 

Fishersville 5  157 

STAUNTON 6163 

Buffalo  Gap 13  176 

Deerfield 15  191 

Cloverdale  Hotel *  9  200 

Green  Valley 7207 


ROUTES  IN  VIRGINIA. 


105 


Warm  Springs  or  Bath  C.H.  14  221 

Hot  Springs 5  220 

Morris  Hill 14  240 

Canadian's 8  248 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS*  14  262 

Lewisburghf 9  271 

BLUE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS...  13  284 

*  Sweet  Springs  . .  17—279. 

f  Second  Creek...  13-282. 

Union 9—291. 

SALT  SULPHUR  SPA.  3 — 294. 

Indian  Creek 9—303. 

RED  SULPHUR  SPA    8 — 311. 
(3 1C)  WASHINGTON  to  FREDERICK. 
Stage. 

Georgetown 2 

Te.nnally  Town 2      4 

Eockville. 11    15 

Middle  Brook 10    25 

Clarksbnrir 3    28 

Hyatt. s;  own 4    32 

Urban  lift 4    36 

FKEDEUICK 7    43 

(olG.i)  RICHMOND  to  STAUNTON. 
Virginia  Central  H.  R. 

To  Storrs. 6 

Crenshaws 1  7 

Alley's •  •  •    2  9 

Peake's    6  15 

Hanover  C.  II ...-3  IS  | 

"Wyckh  aiu's 9  27  1 

Junction  3  30  ! 

Andersons    8  33 

Noel's    2  35 

Hewletts. 5  40 

Beaverdam  ... 5  45 

Bumpa?1  ...   5  50 

Frederick's  Hall 6  56 

Tollersville C  62 

Louisa  C.  II. 5  67 

Trevillians 9  76 

Gordonsville 5  81 

Lindsay's  Turnout 2  83 

Keswick 7  90 

Shadwell  3  93 

CHARLOTTESVILLE 4    97 

University  — 1  98 

Woodville 6  104 

Medium's  River 3  107 


(317)  RICHMOND  to  KEESEVILLE. 

Richmond  and  Danville  It.  R. 

To  Kobios 10 

Coalfteld 3  1 

Tomahawk • 4  17 

Powhattan 5  2 

Mattoax 5  27 

Scott's  Shop 6  3 

Amelia  C.  H. 3  36 

Wyanoke..-. 7  4 

Jennings  Ordinary. 7  50 

Haytokah 4  54 

Liberty  Church  ....   5  59 

Mehherrin 6  65 

KEESEVILLE ••  8  73 


(317*)  WASHINGTON  to  WILMING 

TON,  N.  C. 

Steamboat. 

To  Alexandria 7 

Fort  Washington,  Md.  .....  7    1 

Mount  Vernon 2    16 

Crane  Island 6    22 

Sandy  Point 12    34 

Aquia  Creek  Landing 10    44 

Richmond,  Frcdcricksburg,  and 
Potomac  R.  R. 

FREDERICKSBURG 14    58 

Gurney's  Depot 12    70 

Milford  Depot 11    81 

Rather  Glen -10    91 

Junction,  (Louisa  R.  R.)  . . .  6    97 

Taylorsville   2    99 

Hungary  Station 13  1 12 

RICHMOND   8120 

Richmond  and  Petersburg  R.  R. 

Manchester 2  122 

Clover  Hill 11  133 

Port  Walthall 3  136 

PETERSBURG 0  142 

Petersburg  and  Roanoke  R.  R. 
Stony  Creek  Warehouse  •  .  .21  163 

Jarrett's 9  172 

Hicksford 10  182 

Pleasant  Hill,  N.  C 11  H 

Gareysburg 6  1" 

WELDON 5  204 

Wilmington  and  Weldon  R.  R. 

Halifax." 7  211 

Enfleld H  222 

Battleborough 1 1  233 

Rocky  Mountain 8  241 

JoyneVs 9  250 


106 


ROUTES  IN  VIRGINIA. 


Bi'ick  Creek  ••••                ..6  203 

Middleburg  5    40 

Nahunt't                       ••••       7  C)70 

Upperville   8    48 

Paris  4    52 

Dud'ey       ....            ....     9  200 

Berry's  Ferry  5    57 

Fmson's  12  302 
W'trs'ivv    8310 

Millwood  2    59 
WINCHESTER  11    70 

Strickland's   8318 

(321)  WINCHESTER  to  HANCOCK. 

Teachv's  10  328 

South  Washington  9  337 
Ber^aw  •  7  344 

Oakland  19    27 

Rocky  Point  8  352 
WILMINGTON  14  36(5 

(318;  WASHINGTON  to  NORFOLK. 

Steamboat. 
To  Alexandria  7 
Fort  Washington,  Md  7    14 
Mount  Vernon,  Va  2    16 
Crane  Island  6    22 
Sandy  Pont  12    34 
Aquia  Creek  Landing  10    44 

Berkley  Springs  10    37 
HANCOCK,  MD  6    43 

(322)  WINCHESTER  to  STA»  NTON. 
Newtown  Stephensburg  ...  8 
Middletown  5    13 
Strasburg  5     18 
Tom's  Brook  6    24 
Woodstock  6    30 
Edinburg   5    35 
Red  Banks  4    39 
Mount  Jackson  4    43 

Matthias  Point  8    62 
Cedar  Point,  Md.  7    69 
Swan  Point  4    73 
Piney  Point  25    98 
Point  Lookout  13  111 
Smith's  Point,  Va.  12  123 
Windmill   Point,  mouth  of 
Rappahannock  River  —  22  145 

New  Market  7    50 
Spartapolis  -8    58 
Harrisonburg  11    69 
Mount  Crawford  8    77 
Mount  Sidney  6    83 
STAUNTON  11    94 

(323)  WINCHESTER  to  CARPER'S 
FERRY. 
Winchester  and  Potomac  R.  R. 
To  Stephenson's  Depot  —  5 
Summit  Point  10    15 
Charle^town                             7    2iT 

New  Point  Comfort      •     .  .   7  167 

Back  River  Point  12  179 
Old  Point  Comfort  11  190 

NORFOLK  •  15  205 
(319)    WASHINGTON    to    LYNCH- 

BURG. 

To  CHARLOTTESVILLE,  (see 
315)    125 

Halltown  4    26 
HARPER'S  FERRY          ••••     6    32 

(324)  RICHMOND  to  GORDONSVILLE. 
Richmond,  Frederichsburg,  and 
Potomac  jR.  R. 

Garland's  14  139 

Taylorsville  13    21 

Louisa  R.  R. 
Beaver  Dam  Depot  13    36 

INeW     V*  Ul.  r,(    W 

Frederick  shall  12    48 

LYNCHBURG  15  195 

(320)  ALEXANDRIA  to  WINCHES- 
TER. 
To  Fairfax  Court  House-  ...  14 
Chintillv                      •            6    20 

Tolersville  6    54 

GORDONSVILLE  14      74 

(325)  RICHMOND  to  LYNCHBURG. 

Coal  Mines  13    15 

Arcola...                       5    29 

Hallsborouffh  3    18 

ROUTES  IN  VIRGINIA. 


107 


Scottsville  7    33 

To  Prince  George's  C.  H  7 

Af  aeon  7    40 

Ballsville  8    48 

Cabin  Point                               9    26 

Cumberland  Court  House  .  .  9    57 
Langhorne's  Tavern  5    62 

Surry  Court  House     ....    12    38 

B'icon  Castle                            8    46 

Raines  «...  8    70 

DurweuBijay                  ....   o    o^ 

Prospect  10    85 

W  aiker's  Church  6    91 

SUFFOLK            *                    10    78 

Clover  Hill  7    98 

(331)  PETERSBURG  to  CITY  POINT. 

Concord  •  •  •  °  3  109 

(332)  NORFOLK  to  WKLDON,  N.  C. 
Portsmouth  and  Roanokedl.  R. 
To  Portsmouth  1 

(326)  RICHMOND  to  TAPPAHANNOCK. 
To  Old  Church             •         15 

Avletts         •                         •  13    28 

Fleetwood  Academy  8    36 
Millar's  T'ivern              •           4    40 

Suffolk  Court  House  17    18 
C.-irrsville  14    32 

Franklin  5    37 

(327)  RICHMOND  to  HAMPTON. 

Bov  kin's  Depot        '    5    54 

M'lrEf'iivttsville  N  C               ()    63 

New  Kent  Court  House  ....  13    30 
Barhamsvilie    10    40 

-  i)iii'tr  jo    75 

WELDON                                   5    80 

(333)  FARMVILLK  to  GREENSBORO*. 
N.  C. 
To  Prince  Edward  C.  H.  .  .  .  7 
Midway  Inn           •••         .-8    15 

Williamsburg        12    GO 

Hali'wiy  House      12    84 

HAMPTON  12    1)6 

(328)  RICHMOND  to  NORFOLK. 
Steamboat. 
To  Warwick  7 

KiMuioku  Bridge  .6    21 
Charlotte  Court  House  7    28 
Midland  10    38 
Mount  Laurel  7    45 

Graysville  5    52 
Wiiliamsburg  Landing  ...  .30    82 
Burweli's  Bay.   -  13    95 

Halifax  Court  House  12    57 
Bloonisburg  J3    70 
Cunningham's  Store,  N.  C.  .  .  13    83 
Milton  10    93 

(329)  PETERSBURG  to  LYNCHBURG. 
South  Side  R.  R. 
To  Sutherland's  10 
Ford's                  •••         ••••10    20 

Yancey  ville  13  106 
Sludi-'S     ...                          9  115 

Lenox  Castle  7  lc>2 

Hjcrh  Rock  3  i;>5 

JVlo'nticeJlo                                 8  133 

"Wilson's    8    2S 

"Wellville      3    31 

(334)  LYNCHBURG  to  KNOXVILLE. 
Virginia  and  Term.  R.  R. 
Hitlsey's  5 

Blacks  and  W^liites  6    37 

Nottoway  C  H        6    43 

Burkville    9    52 

Rice's  10    62 

F'irmville                 6    6S 

Clay's  Crossing  3      8 

Forest  DiM)ot                             ^    10 

Prospect....  '  10    78 
Clover  Hill  13    91 

Poindexter's  3    13 

Spout  Sprin01  8    99 

Lovvry's  Crossing  3    19 

Concord                 3  102 

Liberty  .  .  C    25 

Oiikmul^a.  ..                    4    29 

108 


ROUTES  IN  VIRGINIA. 


T/sbon-  -.  

••  •     3      32      MiVMla  \fnrt*itn;«                            in      fie 

BufonPs  Gap  

.  .  5    37 

Pott's  Creek                             4    80 

Kiuke's  

.  .  .  5    42 

5    47 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS  .17  101 

Big  Lit.-k  

.  .  6    53 

•  •  •   7    60 

(337)  LEWI.SBURG  to  GUYANDOTTE. 
To  Clintonville  10 

.  .  .  25    85 

20  105 

Wytheville 

28  133 

Marion  

...27  160 

1°.  17Q 

Seweli's  Mountain  19    29 
Locust  Lane  10    39 

A  a  ' 

11  189 

Mountain  Cove  9    48 

Sapling  Grove  

.  .  13  202 

Gauley's  Bridge  14    62 

Eden's  Ridge  

..  9  211 

.  .  9  220 

Loop  Creek  5    67 
PaintCreek  10    77 
Kanawha  Saline  16    93 

"  New  C;tnton  

.  .  9  235 

7  94<> 

KANAWHA  COURT  HOUSE  .  .  6    99 

Yellow  Store 

3  °45 

Red  Bridge 

10  ^63 

Cabell  Court  House  12  138 

Rocky  Spring  
Bonn's  Station  

.  .  7  270 
.  .   4  °74 

GUYANDOTTE  7  145 

(338)  LEWISBURG  to  NEWBERN. 
To  Second  Creek  10 

Rutled<re    ....         .... 

9  °83 

Blair's  Cross  Roads  

•   14  297 

9  306 

K 

1  ft  'i  i  fi 

Union  9    19 

(335)  LYNCHBURGtoGREE 

N.C. 
To  Campbell  Court  House 
Yellow  Branch  
Castle  Craig  «  >  «       • 

NSBORO', 

..12 
..  5     17 
5    ^2 

Salt  Sulphur  Springs  3    22 

Red  Sulph  ur  Springs  8    39 
Peterstown        9    48 

Giles  Court  House  9    57 
Poplar  Hill  10    67 

Ward's  Bridge  
Chalk  Level  

..   5    27 
..13    40 

NEWBERN  '  12    79 

(339)    STAUNTON    to    KNOXVILLE, 
TENN. 

To  Greenville  12 

.  .  5    45 

Pittsylvania  Court  House  - 
Danville  

..  7    52 
..20    72 

Graves,  N.C  
Rawlingsburg  
Reidsville  

.  .  9    81 

..   8    89 
.  .  9    98 
.  .   4  102 

SteePsTavern  6    18 
Fairfield  6    24 
Timber  Ridge  6    30 

Hillsdale  
Martinsville  

.   4  106 
..  5  111 
..  6  117 

Fancy  Hill  8    43 
NATURAL  BRIDGE  7    50 
Pattonsburg  10    60 

GREENSBORO'  7  m 
(336)  LYNCHBURG  to  LEWISBURG. 
To  New  London  "i  1 

FINCASTLE  12    72 

Cloverdale  3    81 

Bio-  Lick  9    90 

..7     18 

8    26 

I  'ih 

Wvtheville                             48  168 

Blue  Ridge  

.  8    42 
14    56 

Abingdon  55  223 

Rl^itntui'illa       -                                         OO    0/1=1 

Craie's  Creek  

.10    66  1  KNOXVILLK...                ...105  350 

ROUTES  IN  VIRGINIA NORTH  CAROLINA.        109 


To  Mouth  of  Pocotaligo  .  ...  1C 
Walnut  Grove  •••   4    20 

Petersburg  and  Roanoke  R.  R. 

Redhouso  Shoals  6    26 
Buffiilo  6    32 

Pleasant  Hill....  6  173 
Hickstord,  Va.  11  184 

Arbuckle    7    39 
POINT  PL  a  AS  ANT  16    55 

(341)  FINCASTLE  to  CUMBERLAND 
GAP. 
To  New  Castle  •  17 

Jurrett's  10  194 
Stony  Creek  Warehouse  ...  9  203 

Richmond  and  Petersburg-  R.  R. 
Port  Walthall  6  230 

Clover  Hill                               3  233 

Newport  18    47 

RICHMOND  ^  'M6 

Gile1*  Court  House     •••         13    60 

Richmond,      Fredcricksburg,     and 
Potomac  R.  R. 
Hun°"irv  Station             «         8  ^54 

E'ist  River      16    76 

Bi"-  Sprin^1  12    88 

Blue  Stone  15  103 

Tazewell  Court  House  14  117 

Taylorsville  13  267 

Junction  (Louisa  R.  R.)  .  .  .  .    2  269 
Ruther  Glen  ....                     fi  275 

Hortoirts  Valley  14  142 
Elk  Garden  11  153 

Miltbrd  Depot  10  285 
Gurney's  Depot  11  296 

Dickinson  ville       11   173 

Aquia  Creek  Landing  14  322 

Steamboat. 
Sindv  Point                           10  332 

Osborne's  Ford  14  1H7 

Pend'eton    •••          11  °07 

Stock  Creek  5  212 

Mount  Vernon             ....       6  350 

Powell's  Mountain  10  222 
Jont'sville  14  23G 

Fort.  Washington,  Md  2  352 

Rose  Hill  18  254 

WASHINGTON  CITY  7  366 

(343)  WILMINGTON   to  NORFOLK, 
VA. 

Via  Wilmington  and  Raleigh  R.R 
To  Gareysburg,  (see  342).  .167 
Portsmouth  and  Roanoke  R.  R. 
Mar"-aretsville  12  179 

CUMBERLAND  GAP,  KY  9  271 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

(342)  WILMINGTON  to  WASHING- 
TON, D-  C. 
Wilmington  and  Wddon  R.  R. 
To  Rocky  Point  14 
Bergnw  f  .  8    22 
South  Washington  7    29 

Bov  kins  Va--..                     Q  188 

Newson's  Depot  5  193 
Franklin...  12  205 
Carrsville   5  210 

Teachv's  9    38 
Strickland's  10    48 
Warsaw  8    56 

Portsmouth  17  241 
NORFOLK  1  242 

(344)  WILMINGTON  to  NEWBERN. 

To  Strickland's,  (see  342).  .  .48 
Stage. 
Kenansville  10    58 

Dudley    12    76 

GoU'^orou'rh.  ••  •           •••     9    85 

Nihunt'i          •"•  •              •••!!     *)6 

Bl'ici-  Creek    7  103 

To-v.io!t  •  6  109 

Hallsville  8    66 
Richlind                 .  ...  T        °0    86 

Rool'v  Mount                           4  1°5 

Marketplace  9    95 

NJE  WBKRN  °0  12S 

10 

110 


ROUTES  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


TON,  S.  C.              -v 

Steamboat. 
To  Smith  ville                     •  30 

(351)  FAYETTEVILLE  to  WARSAW. 

CHARLESTON  140  170 

(346)  WILMINGTON  to  FAYETTK- 

VILLE. 

To  Robinson's  16 

Springvale  8    43 

WARSAW,  (on  railroad)  6    49 
(352)  FAYETTEVILLE  to  RALEIGH. 
To  Averysborough  25  ' 

Westbrook  15    31 

Elizabethtown  17    48 
Prospect  Hall  17    05 

FAYETTEVILLE  21    86 

(347)    F  AYE  TTE  VILLE    to    MARION 

COURT  HOUSE,  S.  C. 
To  Little  Rock       •       •          G 

RALEIGH  12    60 

(353)  RALEIGH  to  WASHINGTON, 
D  C. 
Raleigh  and  Gaston  R.  R. 
ToNeuse  9 

Forestville                                fi    1*5 

St.  Paul's  9    15 
Lumberton  16    31 

Leesville  11    42 
Gatkiysville  10    52 

»j        _-_            p       TT                                                              9«J          7C 

Franklinton  11    26 
Staunton  11    37 

(348)  FAYETTEVJLLE  to  CHERAW, 
B.O. 

Ridgeway  ;  13    57 

Macon  Depot  10    67 

Littleton        11    78 

Randallsville              12    26 

Gaston  9    87 

Greenville  R.  R. 
Ruland's,  Va  10    97 

Laurel  Hill                          ..8    40 

Brightsville,  S.  C  18    58 

Hicksford's  -  11  108 
WASHINGTON,  (see  342).  .  .182  290 

(354)   RALEIGH   to  WASHINGTON, 

N.  C 
Via  Rocky  Mount. 

(349)    FAYETTEVILLE     to    CHAR- 
LOTTE. 

Randallsville  12    26 

Montpelicr  6    32 
Rockingham   25    57 

Wakefield  8    20 

Tindalsville  11    68 

Nish  ville                                12    45 

Lilesville  5    73 

Rocky  Mount  (on  railroad)  .  16    61 
Tarboro'  17    78 

Wadesboro'  5    78 
Lanesboro'  13    91 

Jenkin's  Store  13  104 

Falkland                                   8    94 

Creenville                                9  103 

Orrville          5  118 

Maxwell's  Store  5  123 

WASHINGTON  13  12J> 
(355)  RALEIGH  to  BEATTFORT. 
Via  Wayncsboro*  and  Ncicbern. 
To  Gulley's  Store  •  .  •  9 

(350)  FAYETTEVILLE  to  SALISBURY. 
To  Peir^on's  Mills  14 

Johnson  ville                  ••••     9    23 

Smithfield         •  •  •  •                18    °7 

Boon  Hill  10    37 

Peets'                        12    51 

Goldsboro'  (on  railroad)  1     52 
Mosely  Hall  11     63 

Hill's  Store  ...                   ...15    78 

Kinston  .  .                           ...  16     79 

ROUTES  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Ill 


Trenton 26  105 

Polloksville 12  117 

NEWBERN 8  125 

Cravensville 17  142 

BEAUFORT 31  173 

(356)  NEWBERN  to  NORFOLK,  VA. 
Via.  Plymouth  and  Edcnton. 

To  Swift  Creek  Bridge 17 

WASHINGTON 18    35 

Plymouth ........35    70 

Edenton,  (by  steamboat) . .  .20    90 

Hertford 12  102 

Woodville 11  113 

Elizabeth  City 10  123 

New  Lebanon 12   135 

Deep  Creek 25  160 

NORFOLK •••• 10  170 

(357)  EDENTON  to  NORFOLK,  VA. 
Via,  Currituck  C.  H. 

To  Hertford 12 

Woodville ....11  23 

Elizabeth  City 10  33 

Camden 5  38 

Shiloh K 6  44 

Indiantown 6  50 

Currituck  Court  House 10  60 

N.  W.  River  Bridge,  Va  . . .  15  75 

Great  Bridge 14  80 

NORFOLK... 10  99 

(358)  HALIFAX  to  PLYMOUTH. 

Via  Williamston. 

To  Scotland  Neck 22 

Palmyra 7    29 

Roanoke 5    34 

Hamilton 8    42 

Williamston 13    55 

Gardner's  Bridge 11    66 

PLYMOUTH 11    77 

(359)  RALEIGH  to  SALISBURY. 
Via  Orcensboro\ 

Moringsvilie 20 

Chapel  Hill    8    28 

H  iilsborough 12    40 

MJJSOH'S  Hall 9    49 

Haw  River 11    60 

Albright's 6    66 

Allemance 6    72 

GREENSBORO' 13    85 

Jamestown 11    9i> 

BrummelPs 10  106 

Rich  Fork 6  112 

Lexington 8  120 

SALISBURY 17  137 


(360)  RALEIGH  to  SALISBURY. 
Via  Jtshboro*. 

To  Grove 20 

Hackney's  Cross  Roads 7    27 

Pittsborough 8    35 

St.  Lawrence 12    47 

Marley's  Mills ...  10    57 

ASHBORO' • 16    73 

Can-away 9    82 

Spencer 8    90 

Cotton  Grove .11  101 

SALISBURY 10  117 

(361)  SALISBURY  to  ASHVILLK. 
Via  Lincolnton. 

To  Miranda 14 

Mount  Mourne 12    26 

Seattle's  Ford 8    34 

Catawba  Springs 4    38 

Vesuvius  Furnace 4    42 

Lincolnton   10    52 

Wilsonville 13    65 

Garner's  Ford 7    72 

Rutherford  ton 23    95 

Fairvievv 29  124 

ASHVILLE 12  136 

(362)  SALISBURY  toWARM  SPRINGS. 
Via  Morgantown  and  Jlshville. 

To  Cowarisville 16 

Statesville 11    27 

Poplar  Grove 9    36 

Newton  5    41 

Chestnut  Oak 11     52 

Drowning  Creek 11    63 

MORGANTOWN 15    78 

Marion  Court  House 26  104 

Old  Fort 10  114 

Swannano 12  126 

ASHVILLK 13  139 

Lapland 20  159 

WARM  SPRINGS 17  176 

(363)  SALISBURY  to  YORKVILLE, 

S.  C. 

To  Concord 20 

Harrisburg 12  32 

Charlotte 7  39 

White  Hall 8  47 

Ranaleburg 8  55 

YORKVILE,  S.  C 17  72 

(364)  SALISBURY  to  CHERAW,  S.C. 

To  Rock vi lie 15 

Kendall's  Store 10    25 

Albemarle 3    28 


112         ROUTES  IN  N.  CAROLINA S.  CAROLINA. 


...12     40      Gii<4tnvn<»  .  .           1Q  Ono 

Cedar  Hill  

...   5   -45 

Cheek's  Cross  Roads             14  2^3 

.  ..  6    51 

...  6    57 

Panther  Springs          «•»         5  234 

Jiorv'on  

10    67 

.  4    71 

CliERAW,  S.  C  

...10    81 

Strawberry  Plain"  9  255 

(I»;i;V)   GREENSBORO'  to 
VA. 

HALIFAX, 
...13 

(368)  SALEM  to  RALEIGH. 

Hu<h  Rock  

...8    21 

p  •  i    i  I  •              i 

Lenox  Castle  

...3    24 

M          f'    Jj?                        o      01 

Blade's  

...7    31 

PR                 '                          r    w 

.  .  .  9    40 

...                                    '*  *  *t»    !tn 

Milton   

...13    53 

Aatmance           1  3     4U 

Cunningham's  

...10    63 
•  .  .  9    72 

Haw  River  6    52 
INl'ison's  Hall                            11     63 

HALIFAX  

•  .  .  13    85 

Hillsboro'                                 9    72 

(306)    GREENSBORO'    to 
VILLE,  VA. 

WYTHE- 

Chapel  Hill  1<>    84 

Moringsville  8    92 

RALEIGH  20  112 

To  New  Garden  

..  .  6 
..  .   3      9 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

(369)    CHARLESTON  to  AUGUSTA, 
GA. 
Via,  South  Carolina  R.  R. 
To  Sineath's  13 

7     16 

g'tlein   

11    27 

Old  Town-  ••  •         .... 

6    3'* 

.  .     3    36 

Litile  Yadkm  

9    4) 

6    51 

Tihnont 

6    57 

Ladson's  5     18 

11     68 

Summerville  4    22 

P       l<           V 

QO    on 

Jnabnet's  9    31 

Hillsville 

S    98 

Ross'  s  6    37 

9-1(17 

St.  George's  11    48 

*~         s    e11^ 

1O     1  CH  \ 

Branch  ville  14    62 

(3!i7)  SALEM  to  KNOXVILLE,  TENN. 

Etii^to  Turnout-..  •         .  •   •   4    66 

G  rah  am's   9    81 

ii  i'11-'  M         

Blackville  9    90 

nunisA  '    .  '  '  '  '         •*•  * 

10        OQ 

Williston  9    99 

Ch;:pelPs  Cmss  Roads  .. 

...6    45 

r.       ci\ 

Windsor  8  107 

Johnson's  8  115 

W'\lr        ^     •    ' 

if?      pi* 

Aiken  5  1;)0 

P^rtH^    P        

13    79 

Marsh's  8  128 

J  't¥>  •      x 

Hamburg  8  136 

N  •  i  jo  -t 

|C)     1(J^ 

AUGUSTA,  GA  1  137 

Tnylorsvilie,  Tenn.  ...... 
Moore's  Iron  Works  

•  .  .  14  li>2 
...9  131 
9  140 

(370)  CHARLESTON  to  SAVANNAH. 

Steamboat. 
To  Sullivan's  Island    6 

Elizabeth  town  

..-13  153 
18  171 

North  Edi^to  Rivt  r               ^8    34 

Leesburg  

...  5  176 
•  .  .10  186 

St.  Helena  Sound  15    49 
Port  Royal  Entrance             00    69 

4  [(jo 

Sivannah  River         ....       20    89 

Greenville  

...  6  196 

SAVANNAH  ...                      ...  18  107 

ROUTES  IN  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


113 


(371)  CHARLESTON  to  SAVANNAH. 

To  Jacksonboro' 32 

Ashepo  Ferry 9  41 

Blue  House 9  50 

Collins  Cross  Roads 10  60 

Pocotaligo 4  64 

lillisonville  5  69 

vlrahamsville 10  79 

Perrysburg 15  94 

SAVANNAH,  GA 18  112 

(372)  CHARLESTON  to  CAMDEN. 

To  Camden  Junction,  (see  373)  106 

Camden  Branch  R.  R. 
CAMDEN 44  150 

(373)  CHARLESTON  to  COLUMBIA. 

Via  South  Carolina  R.  R. 

To  Sineath's 13 

Ladson's 5    18 

Summerville 4    22 

Inabnet's 9    31 

Ross's 6    37 

St.  George's 11    48 

Branchville 14    62 

Columbia  and  Branchville  R.  R. 

Orangeburg 18    80 

Semerson's 6    86 

Lewisville 5    91 

Fort  Motte 8    99 

Camden  Junction 7  106 

Gadsden  5  111 

Hopkins 8  119 

Woodlands 5  1-24 

COLUMBIA 5129 

(374)  COLUMBIA  to  AUGUSTA,  GA. 
To  Lexington  Court  House.  12 

Leesville 18  30 

Ridge 10  40 

Edgefleld  Court  House 17  57 

Hamburg ? 18  75 

AUGUSTA .....  1  76 

(375)  COLUMBIA  to  FAYETTEVILLE, 

N.C. 

To  Camden 33 

Tiller's  Ferry 25  58 

CHERAW 34  92 

Brightsville    12  104 

Laurel  Hill,  N.  C. 18  122 

Montpelier 8  130 

Randallsville 6  136 


Davis'  Springs 12  148 

FAYETTEVILLE 14  162 

(376)  COLUMBIA  to  SALISBURY,  N.C. 

To  Cookham 20 

Wiusboro' 9    29 

Yonguesville 12    41 

Blackstock's 5    46 

Chester  Court  House 11    57 

Brattonsville 12    69 

Guthriesville  3    72 

YORKVILLE 7    79 

Ranaleburg 17    96 

White  Hall.... 8  104 

Charlotte 8  112 

Harrisburg...' 7  119 

Concord 12  131 

SALISBURY 20  151 

(377)  COLUMBIA  to  RVTHERFORD- 

TON,  N.  C. 

To  Cedar  Creek 12 

Thompson's 12  24 

McMeekin's 4  28 

Monticello 3  31 

Glympville  6  37 

Maybintown 5  42 

Goshon  Hill 8  50 

Beaverdam 5  55 

Unionville 12  67 

Bogansville 11  78 

Glenn  Springs 5  83 

SPARTANSBURG  •••  ••- 12  95 

Damascus 9  104 

Buck  Creek 7  111 

Island  Ford,  N.  C 6  117 

RUTHERFORDTON 15    132 

(378)  COLUMBIA  to  WARM  SPRINGS, 

N.C. 
Via  Greenville. 

ToOakville 13 

Pomaria 13  26 

Newberry  Court  House 16  42 

Pagesville 9  51 

Huntsville 7  58 

Holland's 5  63 

Lauren's  Court  House 9  72 

Greenwood    11  83 

Fountain  Inn 9  92 

GREENVILLE  C.  H 15  107 

Traveller's  Rest 10  117 

Orleans 8  125 

Merrittsville 5  130 

Flat  Rock,  N.  C 13  143 

Hendersonviile 7  150 

10* 


114        ROUTES  IN  SOUTH  CAROLINA GEORGIA. 


Limestone  5  160 

AsilVILLK   10   170 

^JOt;  GEORGETOWN  IO  UHERAW. 

To  China  Grove  24 

WARM  SPRINGS  37  207 
(379)  AUGUSTA,  GA.,  to  GILLISON- 

VILLE. 

To  Silverton,  S.  C  17 

Jeffrey's  Creek  23    66 
Mars'  Bluff  7    73 
DARLINGTON  C.  H  13    86 
Society  Hill.  ..  .         15  101 

CHER  AW                                 15  116 

Four  Mile  Branch  9    26 

(385)   GEORGETOWN  to   SUMTKR- 

VILLE. 

Speedwell  6    32 

Erwinton  11    53 

Roberts  ville  '.  .28    87 

GlLLl^ONVILLE                                \^      99 

(380)   AUGUSTA,  GA.,  to  GREEN- 
VILLE. 
To  Hamburg  1 
EdtcefieM  18    19 
Dtmtonsville  9    28 

Bradlevville  ....   14    78 

(386)  YoRKviLLE-to  ABBEVILLE. 
To  Blairsville  10 
Pinckneyville  10    20 
Decatur  9    29 

WintorSeat  5    42 
Fraziersville    9    51 

Abbeville  Court  House  9    60 

Unionville  7    36 
Cedar  Grove  6    42 
Cross  Keys  6    48 
Huntington  8    56 

Varennes  10    80 

Lauren's  Court  House  12    68 

Anderson  Court  House  5    85 
Steel's  9    94 

Stony  Point  5    84 
Dead  Fall  7    91 

Pendleton  7  101 
Double  Branches  8  109 
Pickensville  8  117 

ABBEVILLE  10  101 
(387)  YORKVILLE  to  CAMDKN. 

GREENVILLE  T..13  130 

(381)  CHARLESTON  to  DARLINGTON 
COURT  HOUSE. 
To  Pineville  51 
Kingslree  23    74 

Landsfbrd  •«««         10    31 

C.itawba  12    43 
Long  Street  3    46 
Dry  Creek  4    50 

Effingham  13  100 
DARLINGTON,  C.  H  20  120 

(382)    CHARLESTON    to    GEORGE- 
TOWN. 

RussellPlace  8    58 
Liberty  Hill  8    66 
Red  Hill  6    72 

GEORGIA. 

(388)  SAVANNAH  to  MACON. 
Central  Railroad. 
To  Eden  Depot  .20 

(383)  GEORGETOWN  to  WILMING- 
TON, N.  C. 

To  Bucksville  35 

Reform  10    30 

Little  River  28    72 
Shallotte  N  C  °°    94 

Halcyondale  4    50 

Smithsville  •  •••  21  115 

WILMINGTON  30  145 

Midville  ..10    90 

ROUTES  IN  GEORGIA. 


115 


Davisborough  22  1  2:2 
Teiiviiie  14  130 

To  Macon,  (see  388)  ..... 

.191 

Oconee    Jl  147 
Eminntt  5  152 

(394)  SAVANNAH  to  ST.  AUGUSTINE, 
FA. 
To  Old  Court  House    17 
Riceboro'                     •  •         '  '    ^ 

Gordon     ....                      18  170 

Larksville                              10  180 

MACON      11  191 

(380;  MACON  to  ATLANTA. 
J\I  ican  and  Western  R.  R. 
To  Howard's  6 

q    43 

D  \RIEN  

.  .]<)    62 

Bethel 

10        QA 

PntlsviiUi.  11     17 

JO             OO 

Forsvh  7    24 

T   .             U  '    '.„ 

7      QQ 

Other's    0    30 

1M'?-         t                   

IS    1  17 

GO/-;;IM'S  5     3o 

^t  Marv's 

c>O    IQQ 

BiifiK'<ville-.  5     40 

Kirkl'iiid 

M  liner's  7     47 

GiuiKiM  11     58 

a          A 

Fo^i:'i'ville  15    73 

(395)  DARIEN  to  BAINBRIDGE. 
To  Bethel  18 

Tucker's  Cabin  7    87 
Poolesville   3    90 

ATLANTA  11  101 
(390)  ATLANTA  to  CHATTANOOGA- 
Western  and  Atlantic  R.  R. 
To.Boltonville  8 
Marietta  12    20 

Waresboro'  

..55    85 
.  .48  133 

Troupv  ille  

22  155 

Sharp's  Store  
Okapilco  
Thomasville  

.  .12  167 
..10  177 
.  .26  203 

Allatoona  5    40 
Cartersville  10    50 
Hamilton    5    55 

Cairo  22  225 
BAINBRIDGE  20  245 

(396)  AUGUSTA  to  ATLANTA. 
Georgia  R.  R. 
To  Belair  1ft 

Kingston  5    60 

Adairsville  10    70 

Oothca'o^a  9    79 

11     21 

D  ALTON  •  15      99 

Tunnel    7106 

Lombardy  '  

..  8    29 
9    38 

Rinfrold    7  113 

C        r 

.  •   9    47 

Double  Wells  

.     5    52 

•  «   5    57 

(391)  SAVANNAH  to  AUGUSTA. 
To  Millen,  (see  8SS)  80 

Craw  fords  ville  

..   8    65 
.  .  6    71 

5    76 

An.ffu*f<i  and  Waynesboro  R.  R. 
Ltinipkins  10    90 

r  •      h     * 

7    83 

Buckhead  

..13    96 

Thomas  5    95 
"Wavnesboro  6  101 

Madison  

..  8  104 
.  8  112 

AUGUSTA  .30  131 

(392)    SAVANNAH  'to    MILLEDGE- 

VILLE. 

.  .  10  130 

f.        ®, 

11    |4i 

T  'th      ' 

.  .  6  147 

Stinp  Mountiin 

.     g  155 

Stage. 

MlLLKDGKVILLJC  22    174 

n  »    t 

.10  165 
.  .  6  171 

116 


ROUTES  IN  GEORGIA. 


(397)  AUGUSTA  to  CHARLESTON, 
S.C. 
To  Hamburg  1 

(401)  MILLEDGI 
To  Wallace  .  . 

VILLE  to  MACON. 
16 

1  Et         O1 

8      9 
8    17 
5    22 
8    30 
8    38 
9    47 
9    56 
9    65 
6    71 
4    75 
14    89 
11  100 
6  10(5 
9  115 
4  119 

(402)  MACON  to  DARIBN. 
To  Rutland       .                      R 

Windsor  

Williston  

Websterville... 

5     11 

6    17 

Black  ville  

10    39 

11          r 

...                12    51 

Q                J              . 

°6    77 

Branchville  

Temperance.... 

8    85 

15  100 

Ross's 

Luml  or  fvt 

23  123 

Boxville  •  •  •  • 

,  £  129 

Colquit 

7  136 

Perry's  Mills  •  •  • 

5  P4 

13  137 

ENS. 

76 

'  5    81 
3    84 
4    88 
5    93 
5    98 
J8  116 

VILLK. 
12 

10    22 
6    28 
.  3    31 
10    41 
6    47 
8    55 
14    69 
9     78 
19    97 
.12  109 
.  5  114 
6  120 
7  127 
20  147 

LEDGE- 

47 
4    51 
10    61 
12    73 
8    81 
15    96 

Fort  Barrington 

45  ^^08 

(398)  AUGUSTA  to  ATH 
To  Union  Point,  (see  396)  . 
Mhens  Branch  R.  R 
Wood  ville 

12  2C>0 

(403)  MACON  to 
South  Wt 

T'lIATTAHOOCIIEE. 

stern  H.  R. 
12 

8    20 

jrjaiiQStown   .  .                .. 

Fort  Valley  

8    23 

„  '     J     ... 

Marshalville-  ..  • 

7    35 

I          •     f|l           Tl            f             *     * 

T    42 

A  ,            °,  -,  n 

Montezuma  .... 

6    43 

(399)  AUGUSTA  to  CLARKS 

OGLFTIIOPPE  •  •  • 

2    50 

03    74 

05    99 

Culbreath's  

Palmyra  

12  111 
5  no 

05  141 

T  '    -it 

R'  ir  1  ridffp 

...  38  17Q 

p1  -•? 

CHATTAHOOCHE 

(404)  MACO 
To  Clinton  

E  05  204 

P  t  >  --1      •«• 

N  to  ATHENS. 
15 

10    25 

Clopton's  Mills  • 

7    32 

Dowersvuw    .   . 

Stanfordsville    . 

5    37 

'            ..! 

Eatonton  

11    48 

p1  IU  s^lile 

MADISON  

20    68 

CLARKSVILLE  

(400)     AUGUSTA    to    MIL 

VILLE. 

Salem  

10    78 
5    83 

7    90 

.       .  .    7     Q7 

(405)  MACON  to  COLUMBUS. 

Mavfield 

Sparta  

Echoconna  .... 

3    14 
11    25 

MlLLEDGKVILLE  

Francisville  •••• 

6    31 

ROUTES  IN  GEORGIA. 


117 


Talbotton  12    62 

Dirttown    16  1  74 

Ellerslie  .  16    78 

Summerville  8  182 

(406)  COLUMBUS  to  GRIFFIN. 

La  Fayette  17  204 

RossviLLE'.«  •  13  225 

To  Harrison  & 
Catawba      »     •           ...       6    15 

(409)  ATLANTA  to  MONTGOMERY. 
Via  La  Grange  R.  R. 

Hamilton  7    22 

Kind's  Gap  8    30 

White  Sulphur  Springs-...  6    36 

Palmetto                         ««•     7    25 

Texas  14    61 

Newnun                                  15    40 

Erin  4    65 

Ho^ansville      -                      19    59 

Mount  Mourne  -'.11    76 
GRIFFIN  •  ••  «                          8    84 

LA  GRANGE  13    72 

Lou0"  (  ^ane        •       10    82 

(407)  COLUMBUS  to  ATLANTA. 
To  Ellerslie  16 

Montgomery  and  West  Point  R.  R. 
Opelici         «  «  •                     21  108 

Waverly  Hall  ....          ....  7    23 

Bluff  Springs-  ««  «         3    26 

LoachapoTca             7  122 

Bellevue   7    33 

PleTnnt  Hill                5    38 

Cheh'iw      ....   8  135 

Double  Bridges  5    43 
Thomaston  10    53 
Union  Hill    11    64 

Franklin  7  142 
MONTGOMERY  33  175 

%(410)  GRIFFIN  to  MONTGOMERY. 

To  Mount  Mourne  8 
Greenville  29    37 
Mountville  10    47 

Mncon  and  Western  R.  ft. 
Milner's  7    78 
GRIFFIN  11    89 
Fosterville  15  104 

Jonesboro'  7  111 
Tucker's  Cabin  7118 
Poolesville  •  3  121 

Long  Cane  10    66 
WKST  POINT  5    71 
MONTGOMERY,  (see  409)  .  .  .97  168 

(411)  COVINGTON  to  NEWNAN. 
To  Oak  Hill       "                    11 

(408)  COLUMBUS  to  ROSSVILLE. 

Catawba    6    15 

Hamilton  7    22 

Fo^ferville                               11    34 

Cochran's  Cross  Roads  5    27 
Carlisle  5    32 

Fayetteville  9  '43 

Kidron                                    11    54 

Cane  Point  4    36 

NEVVNAN.                       ....   12    66 

(412)  ATHENS  to  CLAYTON. 
To  Danielsville  °0 

Corinth         15    59 

NEVVNAN                         •••       9    74 

Lodi  9    83 

Carrollton                                12    09 

Bancroft          ....         ....     7    45 

TalliDoosa                ...        21)  119 

Cedartown  16  135 

CLAYTON  19    84 

118 


ROUTES  IN  GEORGIA FLORIDA. 


(413)  ATHENS  to  DAHLONEGA. 
To  Jefferson  17 

(418)  ST.  AUGUSTINE  to  TALLA- 
HASSEE. 

Cunningham's  Store  9    20 

Carey's  Ferry  23    41 

Fort  Harlee  25    66 

Ntixju    RfiHtro                                           12       *»8 

Newnansville  21    87 

Ellisville  17  104 

ALLIGATOR   18122 

(414)  DAHLONEGA  to  DALTON. 

Little  River  P.  O.  15  137 
Lower  Mineral  Springs  —  14  151 
Columbus                          •     17  168 

Prince  Edward  12    28 

Ellijay  11    39 

Coosuwattee  16    55 
Spring  Place  •  •  •  '•  10    65 

Marion  22  220 

DALTON  8    73 

(415)  GREENSBORO'  to  ABBEVILLE, 
S.C. 

ToWoodville  8 
Woodstock  8     16 
Washington  15    31 
Danbury  10    41 

TALLAHASSEE   14244 

(419)  TALLAHASSEE  to  ALLIGATOR. 

Via  Monticdio. 
To  Miccosukee  20 
MONTICELLO  18    38 
Cherry  Lake  30    68 
Woodland--..  10    78 

Calboun's  Mills,  S.  C.  8    62 
Lebanon  6    68 
ABBEVILLE  6    74 

FLORIDA. 

(416)  ST.  AUGUSTINE  to  DARIEN, 
GA. 

To  Jacksonville  40 
Kirklancl  30    70 

Benton  6    84 
Jasper   16  100 
White  Springs  17  117 
ALLIGATOR  15  132 

(420)  TALLAHASSEE  to  ST.  MARKS. 

(421)    TALLAHASSEE     to     BAIN- 
BRIDGE,  GA. 

To  Salubrity  12 
Quincy            .  •                      12    °4 

St.  Mary's,  Ga.  20    90 
Jeffersonton  22  112 

BAINBRIDGE  24    48 

(422)  TALLAHASSEE    to    MOBILE, 
ALA. 

Way  nesville  7  1  37 

Bethel        •                12  149 

DARIEN  18  167 

(417)   ST.  AUGUSTINE  to  TAMPA 
BAY. 

Chattahoochee  21    45 

Webbville                •              10    86 

Pilatka                              ...20    2Q 

Fort  King      &-         25    74 

Milton  45  221 

Okahumpka                18  107 

Floridatown  9  230 

Fort  Dade                            •  40  1  47 

Fort  Foster  20  167 

Blakely  58  302 

TAMPA   ..                                ...21  188 

MOBILE  14  316 

ROUTES  IN  FLORIDA. 


119 


(423)  APPAI.ACHICOLA  to  COLUM- 
BUS, GA. 
Steamboat. 

To  Fort  Gadstieii 24 

lola 28    52 

Blountstown 40    92 

Ochesee 15  107 

CHATTAHOOCHBB 16  123 


Brown's  Ferry 30  153 

Woodville,  Ala 18  171 

Columbia 16  187 

Fort  Gaines,  Ga. 35  222 

Eufaula,  Ala. 30  252 

Roanoke,  Ga 23  275 

Fort  Mitchell,  Ala 48  323 

COLUMBUS,  GA 13  336 


120 


THE   SOUTH-WESTERN   STATES. 


THE  states  of  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Arkansas,  Louisiana, 
and  Texas,  are  comprised  in  this  division  of  the  Union.  They  are  bound- 
ed N.  by  the  southern  line  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  the  parallel 
of  3G°  30'  N.  lat.;  W.  by  New  Mexico  and  the  Rio  Grande;  S.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  E.  by  Florida,  Georgia,  and  North  Carolina. 

This  section  lies  between  latitudes  26°  and  36°  42  N.,  and  between 
longitudes  81°  and  103°  W.  from  Greenwich ;  and  includes  an  area  of 
459,428  square  miles. 

These  states  are  situated  in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  in 
the  basin  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and 
Texas  are  mostly  within  the  latter ;  while  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  with 
the  northern  portions  of  the  other  states,  are  drained  by  the  tributaries 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  rivers  of  the  south  fall  into  the  Gulf,  and 
have  generally  a  direct  southern  descent.  Considerable  diversity  of  soil, 
climate,  and  productions  obtains  in  the  several  states :  in  the  north  the 
land  is  generally  elevated,  but  with  trifling  exceptions  not  mountainous; 
and  has  a  rolling  surface,  and  a  climate  much  cooler  than  that  of  the 
south.  The  southern  section  is  low  and  level,  and  in  many  parts 
swampy.  The  climate  here  is  almost  tropical,  and  in  the  lower  regions 
very  unhealthy.  The  varied  productions  of  these  states,  however,  form 
some  of  the  great  staples  of  the  Union,  and  contribute  largely  to  tho- an- 
nual aggregate  earnings  of  American  industry. 

The  social  institutions  of  these  states  are  much  akin  each  to  the  other, 
and  slavery,  in  a  greater  or  lesser  degree,  is  common  to  all. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered  settlements  along  the  Mississippi 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  commencement  of  the  present  century 
found  the  whole  of  these  states  a  wilderness,  inhabited  only  by  the  In- 
dian, and  the  wild  animals  of  the  forest  and  prairie.  The  rapidity  of 
settlement,  and  the  progress  of  population  since  that  period,  though  not 
so  great  as  in  the  north-west,  have  been  wonderful.  The  chief  part  of 
that  wilderness  is  now  under  cultivation,  and  the  population  which  then 
numbered  only  30,000,  has  now  swelled  to  upwards  of  3,000,000:  while 
the  material  wealth  of  the  settlers  has  been  developed  with  astonishing 
success. 


THE  STATE  OF  TENNESSEE.  121 

Except  Texas,  which  formed  a  part  of  the  Vice-royalty  of  New  Spain, 
the  country  now  divided  into  the  several  states  above  named  belonged 
originally  to  the  French.  That  portion  E.  of  the  Mississippi  was  ceded 
to  England  in  1763,  and  reverted  to  the  United  States  by  the  terms  of  the 
treat/  of  1783 ;  and  Louisiana,  Under  which  title  was  included  all  the 
lands  W.  of  the  Mississippi  as  faj  north  as  the  British  Possessions,  (49° 
N.  lat.)  was  pin-chased  of  France  in  1803.  Texas  became  a  part  of  th£ 
Union  in  1846. 


THE  STATE  OP  TENNESSEE. 

Area  45,600  square  miles.— Population  1,002,625. 

TENNESSEE,  once  a  part  of  North  Carolina,  lies  between  35°  and  36<* 
42'  N.  lat.,  and  between  81°  30'  and  90°  10'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Kentucky  and  Virginia ;  E.  by  North  Carolina ;  S.  by  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  Mississippi,  and  W.  by  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  Cumberland  Mountains  traverse  this  state  centrally  from  north- 
east to  south-west,  and  divide  the  territory  into  two  unequal  parts.  The 
eastern  section  is  mountainous,  being  intersected  by  several  ridges;  the 
elevated  valleys  between  which  are  very  fertile,  and  the  climate  con- 
genial to  the  perfection  of  the  cereals  and  fruits  which  flourish  in  the 
middle  latitudes.  The  western  section  is  chiefly  level,  but  towards  the 
central  range  of  hills  becomes  first  undulating,  and  then  more  abrupt 
and  elevated.  In  this  region  the  soil,  especially  on  the  margins  of  the 
rivers,  is  deep,  rich,  and  fertile.  Tennessee  produces  cotton,  tobacco, 
hemp,  and  a  variety  of  other  staples,  both  of  the  North  and  South.  The 
state  is  watered  by  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers,  the  first  of 
which  rises  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  state,  traverses  it  from  north  to 
south,  and  thence  has  its  course  in  Alabama,  from  which  it  again 
emerges  W.  of  the  mountains,  and  then  passes  northward  through  the 
state  to  the  Ohio,  into  which  it  empties.  The  Cumberland  rises  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  mountains  in  Kentucky,  and  traverses  the  northern  part 
of  the  western  section,  and  also  falls  into  the  Ohio  a  few  miles  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Tennessee.  These  are  large  rivers,  and  navigable  for  a 
great  distance.  Several  small  streams  belonging  to  this  state,  fall  into 
the  Mississippi. 

The  climate  is  generally  healthy,  and  vegetation  commences  from  six 
to  seven  weeks  earlier  than  in  the  New  England  States.  Cattle  require 
no  housing  in  the  winter. 

Like  the  state  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee  has  numerous  caves,  some  of 
11 


122  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

which  contain  human  skeletons,  and  the  bones  of  various  animals.  One 
cave  has  been  explored  for  a  distance  of  10  miles.  In  the  Cumberland 
Mountains  are  some  very  singular  impressions  of  the  feet  of  men,  horses, 
and  other  animals,  as  distinctly  marked  in  the  solid  limestone  as  if  made 
in  moist  clay.  Petrifactions  of  various  kinds  are  found  in  many  places : 
petrified  trees  and  animals  are  abundanj ;  and-among  these  are  the  bones 
of  the  Mastodon,  and  the  organic  remains  of  animals  long  since  extinct. 
Immense  banks  of  oyster-shells,  of  enormous  size,  have  been  found  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

The  mineral  productions  of  Tennessee  are  iron,  bituminous  coal,  and 
some  small  amounts  6f  lead  and  gold.  Granite  and  salt  are  also  ob- 
tained. The  immense  water-power  afforded  by  the  rivers  gives  to  the 
state  great  advantages  for  manufacturing,  and  these  advantages  are  being 
developed  by  artificial  improvements,  and  the  erection  of  factories  and 
mills  on  the  courses  of  the  streams.  Great  progress  has  been  made  in 
the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  and  the  woollen  business  is  also  be- 
coming extensive.  But  as. yet  agriculture  is  the  chief  employment  of  the 
people,  cotton  and  tobacco  being  the  great  staples.  Wheat,  oats,  and 
Indian  corn  are  the  chief  cereal  products,  scarcely  any  rye,  barley,  or 
buckwheat  being  grown.  Flax  and  hemp  are  also  largely  cultivated. 
The  direct  foreign  commerce  is  very  small,  but  no  inconsiderable  amount 
of  produce  finds  its  way  to  New  Orleans  for  exportation.  The  internal 
trade  is  considerable,  but  is  much  impeded  from  the  want  of  good  roads. 
Of  railroads  k28T  miles  only  are  built,  but  in  a  few  years  many  more 
now  in  progress  will  pass  through  the  state,  uniting  the  western  rivers 
With  the  Atlantic  seaboard  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

There  are  two  universities  and  six  colleges  in  Tennessee,  each  having 
from  two  to  seven  professors,  and  an  aggregate  of  some  500  students.  A 
Roman  Catholic  seminary  has  been  established  at  Nashvilie,  and  a 
Presbyterian  seminary  at  Maryville.  At  Memphis  there  is  a  medical 
college,  and  at  Lebanon  a  law  school.  There  are  also  about  170  acad- 
emies and  grammar  schools,  attended  by  6,000  students,  and  about  1,200 
primary  and  common  schools,  attended  by  28,000  scholars.  This  is  but 
a  small  number  in  so  large  a  population.  Education,  however,  is  liber- 
ally provided  for,  and  it  seems  to  depend  more  on  the  people  them- 
selves than  on  their  governors,  that  it  is  not  more  generally  di  If  used. 

The  state  is  divided  into  three  districts,  viz.  the  Eastern,  Middle,  and 
Western,  and  into  79  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns  are — 
Nashville,  Knoxville,  Fayetteville,  Memphis,  &c. 

NASHVILLE,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Cumberland 
river,  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  122  miles  from  its  mouth.  The 
city  is  built  on  an  elevated  site,  and  the  streets  arev  laid  out  in  regular 
squares.  The  public  buildings  are  the  State  House,  Lunatic  Asylum, 
Penitentiary,  3  banks,  13  churches,  the  University  buildings,  &c.  Water 


THE  STATE   OF  TENNESSEE.  123 

is  raised  by  a  steam-engine  from  the  river  for  the  supply  of  the  city. 
Numerous  steamboats  ply  between  Nashville  and  Cincinnati,  and  other 
places.  The  city  is  rapidly  rising  to  importance,  and  its  prosperity  will 
be  much  enhanced  when  the  projected  railroad  to  Chattanooga  is  com- 
pleted, as  it  will  ^hen  have  an  uninterrupted  access  to  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board at  Charleston  and  Savannah.  Owing  to  its  healthy  situation, 
Nashville  is  much  resorted  to  in  the  summer  season  by  people  from  the 
lower  country.  The  population  is  10,478.  CARTHAGK,  LEBANON,  GAL- 
LATIN,  FRANKLIN,  and  CLARKESVILLE,  in  the  valley  of  the  Cumberland, 
are  thriving  villages. 

KNOXVILLE,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Tlolston  river,  a  few  miles  W. 
of  its  junction  with  French  Broad  river,  and  at  the  head  of  sfeam  navi- 
gation, is  a  considerable  town,  and  was  formerly  the  state  capital.  East- 
ern Tennessee  college  is  located  here.  The  population  amounts  to 
between  4,000  and  5,000.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  from  this  place  to 
unite  with  the  Western  and  Atlantic,  by  which  the  town  will  enjoy  the 
advantages  of  two  ports  on  the  Atlantic.  The  vicinity  is  thickly  settled, 
and  a  number  of  large  villages  occupy  the  surrounding  country. 

CHATTANOOGA,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Tennessee,  is  a  thriving  vil- 
lage, and  derives  importance  from  being  the  present  terminus  of  the 
Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  which  is  to  be  continued  to  Nash- 
ville. KINGSTON,  on  the  Tennessee  at  its  junction  with  the  Holston,  is 
also  a  thriving  place.  The  other  places  of  note  in  the  state  are— FAY- 
ETTEVILLE,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Elk  river;  SAVANNAH, 
REYNOLBSBURG,  and  PERRYSBURG,  on  the  Tennessee;  COLUMBIA, 
on  Duck  creek;  MURFREESBORO',  on  Stone  river,  formerly  the  capital, 
&c.  MEMPHIS  is  the  most  important  place  on  the  Mississippi.  It  is 
Bituated  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Pickering.  The  commerce  of  the  city  is 
perhaps  more  extensive  than  that  of  any  other  in  the  state.  The  Uni- 
ted States  have  a  rope  factory  at  this  place.  Population  6,000.  BOLIVAR, 
RANDOLPH,  COVINGTON,  and  some  other  extensive  villages,  lie  to  the  N. 
of  Memphis. 

Tennessee  was  originally  included  in  North  Carolina.  Fort  London 
was  built  on  the  Little  Tennessee  in  1757,  but  in  1760  the  garrison  and 
settlers  were  massacred  by  the  Cherokees.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ment was  effected  in  1768  by  emigrants  from  Virginia.  The  territory 
was  ceded  by  North  Carolina  to  Congress  in  1790,  when  it  was  erected 
into  a  separate  government.  In  1796  the  inhabitants  formed  a  constitu- 
tion, and  the  state  was  admitted  as  an  independent  member  of  the 
Union.  Tennessee  has  given  two  presidents  to  the  United  States,  in  the 
persons  of  Andrew  Jackson  and  James  Knox  Polk. 


124  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 

Area  50,722  square  miles. — Population  771,671. 

ALABAMA  is  situated  between  30°  17'  and  35°  N  lat.,  and  between 
840  5«'  unti  ggo  2G'  W.  long. ;  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Tennessee;  E.  by 
Georgia;  S.  by  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Mississippi. 

The  northern  districts,  being  penetrated  by  Several  ridges  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  are  mountainous,  but  the  remaining  portions  of  the  state  are 
generally  level,  sloping  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  soil,  ciiraate, 
and  products  of  these  two  sections  are  essentially  different.  In  the  north 
the  soil  is  fertile,  and  covered  with  immense  forests  of  oak,  hickory,  elm, 
ash,  cedar,  and  poplar.  The  center  of  the  state  is  comparatively  sterile ; 
and  here  the  pine  flourishes  in  luxuriaucy.  The  soil  of  the  south  is 
rich  and  deep,  and  the  natural  growths  are  cypress,  swamp-oak,  holly, 
and  live-oak.  Here  also  the  olive,  the  orange,  and  lemon,  come  to  per- 
fection ;  and  the  climate  is  proper  for  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  sugar, 
and  rice.  The  country  between  the  Tombigbee  and  Alabama  is  the 
best  portion  of  the  state. 

Alabama  is  traversed  by  several  fine  rivers.  The  Tennessee  drains 
the  country  northwest  of  the  mountains.  The  south  is  drained  by  the 
Alabama  and  Tombigbee,  which  about  31°  N.  lat.  unite  and  form  the 
Mobile,  which,  after  a  short  course,  falls  into  Mobile  Bay.  The  Ala- 
bama is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers,  which 
unite  in  32°  30'  N.  lat.  The  Tombigbee  rises  in  the  state  of  Mississippi, 
and  before  its  junction  with  the  Alabama,  receives  many  considerable 
streams :  the  Black  Warrior,  one  of  its  tributaries,  is  navigable  almost 
to  its  source.  The  Perdido  separates  the  state  from  East  Florida.  The 
bay  of  Mobile,  which  receives  the  main  body  of  the  waters  of  the  state, 
is  30  miles  long  and  12  broad,  and  affords  some  of  the  best  harbors  on 
the  Gulf  of  .Mexico.  The  waters,  except  at  its  entrance,  are  deep,  and 
the  anchorage  safe. 

The  mountainous  regions  of  the  north  are  rich  in  minerals.  Iron  and 
coal  are  abundant :  the  great  coal  region  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tus- 
caloosa.  Gold  is  found  in  Randolph  and  Tallapoosa  counties,  in  the 
north-eastern  portion  of  the  state.  Besides  these,  granite,  marble,  lime, 
and  gypsum  are  abundant.  Salt  is  made  in  several  parts.  The  prod- 
ucts of  agriculture  are  the  various  cereals,  and  the  staples  peculiar  to 
the  south,  as  tobacco,  sugar,  cotton,  rice,  &c.  The  forests  yield  lumber, 
with  large  amounts  of  resin  and  turpentine.  In  manufactures,  the  state 
is  rapidly  increasing ;  and  several  cotton-mills  have  lately  been  erected. 
There  are  also  large  numbers  of  tanneries,  and  some  minor  manufactures. 


THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA.  125 

Alabama  enjoys  an  extensive  foreign  commerce,  of  which  Mobile  is 
the  center.  Ther-e  are  143  miles  of  railroad  in  this  state. 

The  University  at  Tuscaloosa,  founded  in  1828,  is  the  chief  collegiate 
institution ;  it  has  9  professors  and  about  100  students.  The  colleges  at 
La  Grange,  Spring  Hill,  and  Marion  are  also  well  attended.  Attached  to 
the  University  is  a  law  school,  and  there  are  theological  seminaries 
at  Spring  Hill  and  Marion.  There  are  in  the  state  about  130  academies 
and  grammar  schools,  and  between  GOO  and  700  primary  and  common 
schools.  Education,  however,  is  far  from  being  universal  even  among 
the  white  population. 

Alabama  is  divided  into  52  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are — Tuscaloosa,  Mobile,  Montgomery,  &c. 

MONTGOMERY,  the  state  capital,  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Alabama,  is  situated  on  a  high  bluff,  and  commands 
an  extensive  prospect,  A  large  trade  is  carried  on  in  this  city,  it  being 
the  center  of  an  extensive  cotton  region.  It  is  connected  by  railroad 
with  West  Point  on  the  Georgia  line,  and  steamboats  ply  regularly  hence 
to  Mobile.  Population  6,400. 

MOBILE,  the  most  important  place  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  Mobile  river,  at  its  entrance  into  the  bay.  It  is  built  on  a 
slightly  elevated  plain,  and  has  a  splendid  prospect.  The  commerce 
of  the  whole  state  centers  here,  and  as  a  cotton  mart,  Mobile  ranks 
next  to  Charleston.  Immense  quantities  of  this  and  the  bttier  staples 
from  the  upper  districts,  and  also  from  western  Georgia  and  eastern 
Mississippi,  are  brought  down  the  rivers  in  steamboats,  and  exported 
hence  to  the  northern  ports  and  foreign  countries.  The  city  is  supplied 
with  water  brought  for  a  distance  of  two  miles  through  iron  pipes. 
The  harbor,  though  difficult  of  access,  is  good,  and  well  protected.  The 
port  is  situated  on  a  low  sandy  point,  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  opposite 
to  Dauphin  Island.  Mobile  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1700,  but 
did  not  become  a  place  of  importance  until  captured  in  1811  by  the 
Americans.  A  number  of  regular  steam  and  sailing  vessels  ply  between 
this  port  and  the  principal  cities  in  the  Gulf  and  the  Atlantic  coasts ; 
and  a  railroad  is  projected  to  extend  to  the  Ohio  river,  and  ultimately 
to  Chicago.  BLAKELEY,  opposite  Mobile,  on  the  Tensuw,  has  many 
advantages  as  a  commercial  point,  but  has  never  been  able  to  supersede 
Mobile,  although  it  enjoys  a  finer  climate,  and  is  perfectly  healthy.  The 
population  of  Mobile  in  1840  was  12,672,  and  is  at  the  present  time 
about  20,513. 

TUSCALOOSA,  the  former  capital,  is  situated  on  Black  Warrior  river, 
at  the  head  of  navigation.  It  is  a  small,  but  thriving  town,  being  the 
center  of  an  extensive  agricultural  and  mining  district.  The  University 
and  old  State  House  are  the  principal  public  buildings. 

The  other  principal  places  south  of  the  mountains  are— ST.  STEPHEN'!, 
11* 


126  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

on  the  Torabigbee ;  CAHAVVBA,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Alabama  and 
Cahawba  rivers ;  WETUMPKA,  at  the  union  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa 
rivers ;  and  several  nourishing  towns  besides  St.  Stephen's  are  found  on 
the  Tombigbee* 

HUNTSVILLE,  FLORENCE,  and  TUSCUMBIA  are  flourishing  villages  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  latter  is  connected  with  Decatur  by 
railroad.  The  natural  outlet  of  this  section  is  the  Tennessee  river,  which 
is  navigated  by  steamboats  to  Florence  during  the  seasons  of  high 
water. 

The  first  settlement  was  made  by  the  Spaniards  at  Mobile  in  1700,  at 
which  period  the  southern  part  of  the  state  formed  a  portion  of  Flori- 
da ;  but  it  was  also  claimed  by  the  French  as  a  portion  of  Louisiana. 
After  the  purchase  of  the  latter  by  the  United  States,  the  Spaniards  still 
held  possession,  and  not  until  1811  was  the  American  claim  to  the  coun- 
try south  of  31°  N.  lat.  enforced.  In  that  year  an  expedition  was  fitted 
out,  and  the  city  captured ;  and  the  territory,  which  extended  from  the 
Rio  Perdido  to  Pearl  river,  was  subsequently  divided  between  Alabama 
and  Mississippi,  which  ensures  to  each  a  considerable  seaboard.  At  tho 
time  it  came  into  the  hands  of  the  United  States,  very  lew  inhabitants 
were  found  in  all  the  district.  In  1817,  Alabama,  within  its  present  lim- 
its, was  erected  into  a  separate  territorial  government,  and  in  1820  be- 
came an  independent  state  of  the  Union.  That  part  of  the  state  N.  of  31° 
was  originally  a  portion  of  Georgia,  and  so  remained,  until  ceded  to  the 
United  States  in  1802. 


THE  STATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

Area  47,156  square  miles. — Population  606,555. 

MISSISSIPPI  lies  between  30°  10'  and  35°  N.  lat.,  and  between  88°  Iff 
and  91°  35'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Tennessee ;  E.  by  Alaba- 
ma ;  S.  by  the~  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Louisiana,  and  W.  by  Louisiana  and 
the  Mississippi  river. 

The  southern  part  of  this  state,  for  100  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
is  almost  a  dead  level,  and  chiefly  composed  of  swarnps  and  marshes, 
overgrown  with  pines  and  cypresses.  Further  north,  the  country  rises, 
and  in  some  places  is  hilly  and  broken,  but  nowhere  becomes  moun- 
tainous. A  range  of  bluffs  stretches  along  the  Mississippi,  sometimes 
reaching  almost  to  the  margins  of  the  river:  these  are  an  extension  of 
the  table-lands,  which  cover  a  portion  of  the  state,  and  which  have  gen- 
erally a  fertile  soil.  The  low  alluvial  is  the  richest  land,  but  this  is  not 
unfrequently  overflowed  during  the  floods.  The  lands  bordering  on  the 


THE  STATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI.  127 

Yazoo  are  especially  fertile,  being  a  fine  black  mould.  The  great  staple  of 
Mississippi  is  cotton,  but  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  indigo,  &c.,  are  also 
largely  cultivated.  The  natural  growths  consist  of  valuable  timber,  with 
a -great  variety  of  spices  and  fruits. 

The  Gulf  of  Mexico  skirts  the  southern  shore  of  the  state  for  70  or  80 
miles,  and  a  chain  of  low  and  sandy  inlands  line  the  coast.  The  princi- 
pal of  these  are  Cat  and  Ship  islands.  The  Bay  of  Puseagoula,  lying 
between  these  and  the  mainland,  is  65  miles  long,  and  from  7  to  8  wide, 
and  forms  an  inland  navigation  from  Mobile  bay  to  Lake  Borgne  and 
Lake  Pontchurtrain.  No  harbor  admitting  vessels  of  more  than  eight 
feet  draught  is  found  in  all  this  distance.  The  Mississippi  river  winds 
along  the  western  border  for  520  miles.  The  Yazoo  is  the  largest  river 
entirely  within  the  state,  and  is  navigable  for  50  miles.  The  Big  Black 
is  also  a  large  river,  but  not  so  capacious  as  the  Yazoo.  The  other  riv- 
ers emptying  into  the  Mississippi  are  small,  and,  except  the  Homochitto, 
not  navigable.  The  Pascagoula  and  the  Pearl  flow  S.  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

The  climate  of  this  state  is  more  mild  and  agreeable  than  Louisiana, 
except  along  the  S.  coast,  where  the  atmosphere  is  uncomfortably  hot 
and  every  way  unhealthy.  In  these  regions,  however,  the  lime  and  the 
orange  flourish  luxuriantly.  In  the  N.  the  temperature  ranges  during 
the  year  between  26°  and  94°  Fahr. ;  but  these  points  may  be  consider- 
ed as  extremes  and  of  short  duration. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people.  The  staple  crops 
are  cotton,  tobacco,  and  rice.  Manufactures  have  scarcely  a  footing,  and 
at  best  include  only  such  as  are  imperatively  necessary  to  the  comfort  of 
man  and  the  protection  of  stores — among  which  we  may  include  brick 
and  lime  making,  and  a  few  establishments  for  tanning  leather  and  the 
manufacture  of  soap.  Foreign  commerce  is  carried  on  through  the  me- 
dium of  New  Orleans.  The  state  contains  97  miles  of  railroad. 

The  chief  collegiate  institutions  in  Mississippi  are — the  University  at 
Oxford,  founded  in  1846;  the  College  at  Oakland,  founded  in  1830,  and 
Centenary  College  in  Rankin  county,  founded  in  1841.  The  first  is  still 
in  its  infancy,  but  the  two  latter  have  established  a  reputation,  and  are 
well  attended.  Besides  these,  there  are  between  70  and  80  academies, 
and  some  400  common  schools  in  the  state.  A  law  on  this  subject  was 
passed  in  1846,  by  which  each  school-district,  of  which  there  are  five  in 
each  county,  is  compelled  to  support  common  schools  by  taxation,  and 
several  small  items  of  revenue  are  devoted  to  the  same  purpose.  The 
larger  towns  have  already  adopted  this  system,  but  the  sparseness  of  the 
population  in  the  country  is  a  formidable  obstacle  to-  the  success  of  any 
general  system. 

Ttje  state  is  divided  into  59  counties.  The  chief  cities  and  towns  are, 
Jackson,  Natchez,  Vicksburg,  Columbus,  &c. 


128  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

JACKSON,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Pearl  river.  It 
contain*  the  State  House,  a  Penitentiary,  and  some  other  public  build- 
ings. It  is  connected  with  Vicksburg  by  a  railroad.  Population  4,000. 

VICKSBURO  lies  on  the  western  declivity  of  Walnut  Hills,  and  from 
the  Mississippi  river  has  a  picturesque  appearance.  It  contains  several 
handsome  buildings.  Vicksburg  is  the  depot  of  an  extensive  back- 
country,  and  the  steamboat  traffic  in  the  cotton  season  is  immense. 
Population  between  5,000  and  6,000. 

PORT  GIBSON,  on  Bayou  Pierre,  and  between  Vicksburg  and  Natchez, 
is  a  flourishing  village.  Population  2,600.  GRAND  GULF,  its  port,  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Mississippi. 

NATCHEZ,  106  miles  S.  of  Vicksburg,  is  the  largest  and  most  business- 
like town  in  the  state.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
12J.  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Yazoo  river.  It  consists  of  two  parts ;  the 
lower  town,  which  is  situated  immediately  on  the  river,  and  the  upper 
town,  which  is  built  on  a  bluff  which  rises  abruptly  300  fcet  above  the 
level.  The  first  is  devoted  to  the  conveniences  of  those  trafficking  on  the 
river,  and  the  latter  for  the  residences  of  the  better  class  of  society.  The 
streets  are  wide,  regular,  and  shaded  with  ornamental  trees.  Natchez 
contains  many  elegant  buildings,  and  during  a  part  of  the  year  is  a  pleas- 
ant and  not  unhealthy  abode.  It  is  the  great  cotton  mart  of  the  lower 
Yazoo  district.  Population  about  8,000. 

YAZOO  CITY,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name;  COMMERCE,  on  the 
Mississippi  near  the  north  boundary ;  MONTICELLO,  the  former  capi- 
tal ;  WOODVILLE,  in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state ;  and  MISSISSIPPI  CITY 
and  SHIELDSBORO'  on  the  Gulf,  are  some  others  of  the  more  considera- 
ble towns. 

COLUMBUS,  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation  on  the  Tombigbee  river, 
enjoys  considerable  commerce,  and  is  the  depot  of  a  large  agricultural 
neighborhood.  An  immense  trade  is  done  here.  Population  about  8,000. 

This  portion  of  the  United  States  was  discovered  by  De  Soto,  a  Span- 
ish adventurer,  who,  in  1540,  reached  the  Mississippi  from  Florida,  and 
died  on  the  banks  of  that  river  in  1342.  The  first  settlement  in  the 
present  state  was  made  at  Natchez  by  the  French  in  1716,  but  in  1719 
the  colony  was  massacred  by  the  Indians.  In  1763  it  was  ceded  to  Eng- 
land, and  became  a  part  of  Georgia.  In  1802  the  whole  territory  W.  of 
Georgia  was  purchased  by  the  General  Government,  and  organized  un- 
der the  title  of  the  Mississippi  Territory  ;  but  in  1817,  Mississippi  was 
portioned  off  as  a  state,  while  the  remainder  of  the  territory  was  erected 
into  a  separate  government.  The  portion  of  the  state  below  31°  N.  lat. 
belonged  to  Florida  until  1811,  when  it  was  captured  by  the  United 
States  on^the  assumption  of  its  being  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase, 
and  then  attached  to  the  Mississippi  Territory. 


THE  STATE  OF  ARKANSAS.  129 

THE  STATE  OF  ARKANSAS. 

Area  52,198  square  miles. — Population  209,639. 

ARKANSAS  is  situated  between  33°  and  36°  30'  N.  lat,  and  between 
890  50'  and  94Q  30'  W.  long. ;  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Missouri ;  E.  by  the 
Mississippi  liver ;  S.  by  Louisiana,  and  W.  by  Texas  and  the  Indian 
Territory. 

The  eastern  portion  of  the  state,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi,  is  an 
extended  plain,  and  so  low  as  to  be  frequently  inundated.  In  the  central 
districts  the  surface  is  undulating,  and  in  some  parts  broken.  The  west- 
ern section  is  hilly  and  the  soil  sterile,  and  a  large  portion  absolutely 
worthless  for  any  agricultural  purpose.  The  Black  Mountains,  N.  of  the 
Arkansas  river,  and  the  Washita  Hills,  at  the  head-waters  of  the  Wa- 
shita,  are  considerable  elevations.  The  principal  rivers  in  the  state  are 
the  Arkansas,  which  is  navigable  to  Fort  Gibson ;  the  White,  a  consid- 
erable, stream  which  joins  the  Arkansas  near  its  mouth,  and  has  itself 
several  large  affluents  ;  the  Red  River,  which  passes  through  the  S.  W. 
corner  of  the  state,  arid  forms  its  southern  boundary  for  a  few  miles,  and 
the  St.  Francis,  on  the  N.  E.  The  Washita,  Saline,  and  other  affluents  of 
the  Red  River,  drain  the  southern  districts.  The  mineral  resources  of 
Arkansas  are  little  known.  The  mountains  contain  iron,  lead,  coal,  and 
salt,  but  they  have  been  but  little  worked.  Extensive  deposites  of  ma- 
rine shells  are  found,  and  a  large  number  of  hot  and  warm  springs  exist 
near  the  head  of  the  Washita.  The  shell  deposites  have  proved  useful 
in  supplying  the  settlers  with  lime.  The  soil  in  the  low  country  is  very 
rich,  but  requires  draining.  In  the  undulating  region  it  is  easily  culti- 
vated, and  produces  very  fine  crops  of  grain  and  grasses. 

The  climate  is  generally  mild  and  equable,  but  the  winters  are  oc- 
casionally severe,  owing  to  the  cold  north  winds  which  sweep  over  the 
country,  and  at  times  Jay  waste  large  districts.  Except  in  the  swamp 
regions  on  the  Mississippi,  it  is  remarkably  healthy.  Grapes,  plums,  and 
several  other  descriptions  of  fruits,  grow  wild. 

Arkansas  is  altogether  an  agricultural  state.  The  attention  of  the  peo- 
"  pie  is  generally  bestowed  on  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  for  which  the 
more  thickly  settled  part  of  the  country  is  well  adapted.  Indian  corn  is 
largely  grown,  but  the  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  rye,  are  .very 
small :  no  buckwheat  is  grown.  The  cultivation  of  cotton  has  trebled 
in  amount  during  the  past  10  years.  Cattle  and  hogs  are  numerous,  but 
the  flocks  of  sheep  are  small  in  proportion  to  the  means  of  rearing 
them.  Lumber,  pitch,  and  turpentine  are  produced  in  large  quantities, 
and  the  furs  and  skins  of  animals  are  exported  to  some  extent.  Manu- 


130  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

factures  extend  only  to  a  few  articles  of  immediate  necessity.  The  state 
has  no  direct  foreign  commerce :  its  cotton  and  other  products  are  sent 
down  the  Mississippi  and  Red  River  to  New  Orleans,  and  thence  shipped 
to  Europe  and  the  northern  ports.  The  internal  trade  is  not  extensive, 
being  impeded  from  the  want  of  good  roads,  and  from  obstructions  in  the 
rivers.  No  railroads  have  yet  been  built  in  the  state.  Perhaps  on  the 
whole,  Arkansas  is  the  least  improving  or  progressive  state  in  the 
Union,  and  the  one  least  inviting  to  settlers. 

Education  is  not  fostered  in  Arkansas.  Though  Congress  granted 
seventy-two  sections  of  land  for  the  endowment  of  a  seminary  of  learn- 
ing, there  is  neither  university  nor  college  in  the  state.  In  some  of  the 
larger  towns  there  are  academies,  but  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining 
their  condition.  There  are  but  few  common  schools  in  the  state. 

The  state  is  divided  into  51  counties.  Little  Rock,  Van  Buren,  Bates- 
vilie,  Fayetteville,  &c.,  are  the  principal  places. 

LITTLE  ROCK,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Arkansas, 
on  a  bluff  rising  150  feet  above  the  river.  It  is  laid  out  in  regular 
squares,  and  contains  the  State  House,  a  Court  House,  the  U.  S.  Arsenal 
and  Land  Office,  the  State  Penitemiary,  several  churches,  an  academy, 
and  other  public  buildings.  It  is  accessible  by  steamboats  from  the 
Mississippi,  and  has  considerable  trade  with  the  neighborhood.  Popu- 
lation 4,500. 

VAN  BUREN,  on  the  Arkansas  near  the  western  boundary,  has  about 
1,200  inhabitants  and  is  a  point  of  some  importance  in  western  travel. 
BATESVILLE,  on  White  River,  and  FAYETTEVILLE,  near  the  N.W.  corner 
of  the  state,  are  also  important  villages.  The  population  of  each  is 
about  1,000.  Few  other  villages  have  more  thun  500  or  600  inhabitants, 
the  majority  of  the  .people  being  thinly  scattered  over  the  country.  Co- 
lumbia, Napoleon,  and  Helena  lie  on  the  Mississippi. 

HOT  SPRINGS,  a  few  miles  N.  of  the  Washita  river,  and  84  miles  S.W. 
of  Little  Rock,  derives  its  importance  from  tthe  medicinal  virtues  of  its 
waters,  and  has  lately  Become  a  popular  resort.  Visiters  are  well  pro- 
vided with  hotel  accommodation. 

Arkansas  was  a  portion  of  the  Louisiana  purchase.  Previous  to  1819 
it  was  attached  to  Missouri,  but  in  that  year  it  was  formed  into  a  sepa- 
rate territorial  government;  and  in  1836,  having  formed  a  constitution. 
it  was  received  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state. 


THE  STATE  OF  LOUISIANA.  131 

THE  STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 

Area.  46,431  square  miles. — Population  511,974. 

LOUISIANA  is  situated  between  29°  and  33°  N.  lat,  and  88»  40'  and 
940  05'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Mississippi  and  Arkansas ;  E. 
by  the  Mississippi  and  Pearl  rivers ;  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W. 
by  Texas,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Sabirie  river. 

The  whole  southern  part  of  the  state  consists  of  swamps  and  marshes, 
destitute  of  trees,  but  covered  with  a  strong  reedy  vegetation.  Through 
this  district  the  Mississippi  flows  in  a  south-eastern  direction,  dividing  in 
its  course  into  numerous  branches  called  bayous,  which  diverge  from 
each  other  and  sluggishly  wind  their  way  to  the  Gulf,  forming  the  delta 
of  that  great  river.  So  low  is  the  general  surface,  that  a  sixth  part  of 
the  state  is  annually  inundated  by  floods  and  high  tides,  and  it  has  be- 
come necessary  to  build  levees  to  protect  the  settlements.  In  this  low 
alluvial  region  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  northern  part  of  the  state 
has  an  undulating  surface,  and  is  covered  with  a  heavy  natural  growth 
of  white,  red,  and  yellow  oak,  hickory,  black-walnut,  sassafras,  mag- 
nolia, and  poplar.  The  uplands,  which  are  sandy  and  less  fertile,  are 
overgrown  with  extensive  pine  forests.  The  climate  is  almost  tropical, 
and  the  heat  of  summer  very  oppressive.  In  the  winter  season,  how- 
ever, the  cold  is  frequently  intense,  owing  to  the  "northers"  which 
sweep  over  the 'country  from  the  pole.  The  summers  and  falls  are  very 
unhealthy,  and  frequently  the  yellow  fever  causes  great  destruction  of 
life  iu  the  swampy  region  of  the  south. 

The  staple  productions  of  Louisiana  are  sugar,  cotton,  and  rice.  Sugar 
grows  chiefly  on  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  and  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi : 
little  is  grown  north  of  31°  N.  lat.  Cotton  is  .grown  almost  everywhere, 
but  the  best  cotton-lands  are  found  on  the  lower  courses  of  the  Red 
river,  which  has  not  inaptly  been  termed  the  u  cotton-planter's  para- 
dise." Rice  is  grown  in  the  swamps  and  other  places  convenient  for 
irrigation.  The  quantity  of  land  adapted  to  sugar  has  been  computed  at 
250,000  acres,  and  a  like  quantity  suitable  for  rice,  exclusive  of  sub- 
merged lands  which  might  be  recovered.  The  cotton  lands  have  an 
estimated  area  of  2,400,000  acres.  Some  tobacco  is  also  grown,  but 
with  the  exception  of  Indian  corn,  the  cereals  are  little  attended  to. 
Manufactures  can  scarcely  be  said  to  form  an  item  of  industry  in  this 
state,  being  confined  to  a  few  of  the  minor  branches.  Some  tanneries, 
soap-boiling  establishments,  brick-yards,  &c.,  exist,  but  the  value  of 
their  products  is  insignificant.  The  commerce  of  Louisiana  is  that  of 
the  wholo  Mississippi  Valley.  The  exports  are  not  confined  to  its  own 
products,  but  much  of  that  of  all  the  western  states  goes  down  the  great 
rivers  and  is  cleared  at  New  Orleans.  The  receipts  of  produce  at  that 


132  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

port  during  the  year  ending  31st  Aug.  1849,  were  valued  at  $81,989,691, 
and  in  some  years  the  value  has  reached  as  high  as  90  millions.  Of  this 
amount  about  one-third  is  exported  to  foreign  countries,  and  the  re- 
mainder is  either  consumed  in  the  state,  or  goes  coastwise  to  other  ports. 
The  foreign  imports  average  about  $7,000.000  annually.  There  are  sev- 
eral short  railroads  in  the  state. 

Education  in  Louisiana  is  lamentably  backward,  but  suitable  provision 
has  been  made  in  the  new  constitution  for  its  support.  A  university 
has  been  lately  established  at  New  Orleans ;  and  within  the  last  10  or  12 
years  colleges  have  been  founded  at  Jackson,  Grand  Coteau,  Baton 
Rouge,  and  Opelousas.  There  is  also  a  medical  college  at  New  Orleans. 
Academies  and  common  schools  are  found  in  almost  every  district,  but 
hitherto  less  than  an  average  of  23,000  scholars  have  taken  advantage  of 
these  institutions. 

The  state  is  divided  into  two  districts  and  47  parishes.  The  principal 
cities  and  towns  are — Baton  Rouge,  New  Orleans,  &c. 

BATON  ROUOE,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, 140  miles  above  New  Orleans.  The  city  lies  chiefly  on  one  street, 
and  on  a  bluff  from  30  to  40  feet  above  high-water  mark.  The  United 
States'  barracks  at  this  place  are  among  the  most  commodious  buildings 
of  the  kind  in  the  Union.  Population  3,600.  The  view  from  the  espla- 
nade is  magnificent. 

NEW  ORLEANS,  the  former  capital,  and  one  of  the  great  commercial 
marts  of  the  Union,  stands  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  105  miles  from 
the  Gulf,  and  four  from  Lake  Pontchartrain.  The  city  is  built  on  a  plain 
inclined  from  the  river  to  the  swamp  in  its  rear,  so  that  when  the  Mis- 
sissippi is  full,  the  streets  are  frequently  inundated ;  the  levee,  however, 
prevents  the  great  body  of  water  from  overwhelming  the  place,  and  at 
the  same  time  affords  to  the  citizens  a  pleasant  promenade.  The  public 
buildings  of  New  Orleans  are  conspicuous  objects.  The  Cathedral,  or 
Church  of  St.  Louis,  strikes  the  stranger  forcibly  by  its  venerable  and 
antique  appearance.  Many  of  the  other  churches  are  worthy  of  notice. 
The  Charity  Hospital  and  Franklin  Infirmary  are  noble  institutions,  and 
the  markets,  theatres,  cotton-presses,  &c.,  command  attention.  The  St. 
diaries'  Hotel  is  world-renowned  for  its  magnificence ;  and  the  Custom. 
House,  United  States'  Branch  Mint,  the  banks,  &c.,  are  worthy  the  opu- 
lence of  the  city.  There  are  in  New  Orleans,  besides  the  new  uni- 
versity, two  colleges,  several  academies,  and  forty,  or  upwards,  of  prima- 
ry and  common  schools.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  harbor  is  one  of  the  most  capacious  in  the  world,  and  the 
local  conveniences  for  the  shipping,  and  the  transaction  of  an  immense 
business,  unsurpassed.  It  is  the  great  receiving  and  distributing  depot 
of  the  whole  West,  and  the  greatest  cotton  mart  in  the  world.  During 
the  business  season,  or  from  November  to  July,  the  port  is  crowded  with 


THE  STATE  OF  LOUISIANA.  133 

Teasels  of  all  sizes  and  of  every  nation,  together  with  hundreds  of  large 
and  elegant  steamers,  and  a  multiplicity  of  river-craft.  Nothing  can 
present  a  more  busy  scene  than  the  levee  at  this  time  :  the  loading  and 
unloading  of  steamers  and  ships,  and  the  throng  of  drays  transporting 
the  varied  products  of  the  Great  West,  is  truly  exhilarating,  and  im- 
presses the  beholder  with  an  idea  of  the  vastness  of  the  commerce  that 
requires  all  this  commotion  in  its  prosecution.  Besides  the  immense 
number  of  steamers  and  other  craft  coming  down  the  Mississippi,  the 
arrivals  from  foreign  parts  in  1849  were  1,013  vessels,  of  a  burden  of 
408,079  tons,  and  manned  by  14,741  seamen ;  and  the  arrivals  coastwise 
in  the  same  year  were  1,491  vessels,  of  a  burden  of  448,374  tons,  and 
manned  by  17,741  seamen.  The  city  is  divided  into  three  municipalities, 
each  having  a  distinct  council :  the/rsi  includes  the  city  proper,  extend- 
ing from  the  river  back  to  Lake  Pontchartrain,  and  occupying  the  center ; 
the  second  adjoins  it  above,  and  the  third  below,  both  extending  from  the 
river  to  the  lake.  The  inhabitants  are  composed  of  Americans,  French, 
Spaniards,  Creoles,  and  the  colored  races  in  every  shade;  and  every 
other  nation  is  well  represented  in  this  modern  Babylon.  The  French 
and  Spaniards  occupy  chiefly  the  central  and  lower  parts  of  the  city, 
where  the  buildings  are  of  an  ancient  and  foreign  construction,  and 
where  the  manners,  customs,  and  languages  v  of  those  nations  are  pre- 
served in  all  their  purity.  On  entering  this  portion  the  stranger  could 
scarcely  realize  that  he  was  in  an  American  city.  Population  119,401. 
New  Orleans  was  founded  in  1718  by  Bienville,  the  then  governor  of 
Louisiana, 

MADISONVILLE,  on  Lake  Pontchartrain,  is  a  healthy  and  pleasant  re- 
sort for  the  inhabitants  of  New  Orleans  during  the  hot  season  ;  DONALD- 
SOXVILLE,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Mississippi  above  New  Orleans, 
was  once  the  capital  of  the  state.  ALEXANDRIA,  on  the  Red  Eiver,  150 
miles  from  its  mouth,  is  the  center  of  a  fine  cotton  region :  it  is  well  laid 
out,  and  contains  about  2,00*  inhabitants.  NATCHITOCHES,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Red  River,  80  miles  above  Alexandria,  is  the  largest  town 
W.  of  the  Mississippi,  and  was  formerly  a  military  post  of  great  strength. 
It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  and  has  a  very  mixed  pop- 
ulation of  French,  Spaniards,  Americans,  and  Indians.  WALLACE  and 
SHREVEPORT  are  towns  further  west ;  and  ST.  FRANCISVILLE,  OPELOU- 
SAP,  and  ST.  MARTINSVILLE,  are  also  considerable  towns,  and  enjoy 
trade  with  their  immediate  neighborhoods. 

Louisiana  comprises  the  southern  part  of  the  purchase  made  by  the 
United  States  in  1803.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Iberville,  in 
1699.  In  1804  the  present  state  was  erected  into  a  separate  government, 
under  the  name  of  the  Territory  of  Orleans  ;  and  in  1812  it  became  a 
state  of  the  Union  under  its  present  title.  It  is  now  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  of  the  United  States. 

12 


134  SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 


THE  STATE  OF  TEXAS. 

Area.  237,321  square  miles —Population  212,592. 

TEXAS,  the  largest  of  the  United  States,  lies  between  26°  and  34°  N. 
iat.,  and  between  91°  2G'  and  102°  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  New  Mexico  and  the  Indian  Territory;  E.  by  Louisiana;  S.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  which  separates 
it  from  the  Republic  of  Mexico. 

Along  the  coast  and  far  inland,  the  surface  is  a  low  level,  free  from 
swamps,  however,  and  composed  of  excellent  soil.  The  bottoms  along 
the  rivers  which  flow  through  this  section  are  well  wooded,  and  very 
fertile.  Over  this  vast  plain  immense  droves  of  wild  horses  and  cattle 
roam  at  large.  In  the  north  the  land  is  elevated  and  undulating,  and 
clothed  with  thick  forests.  The  northwest  is  mountainous,  and  spanned 
crosswise  by  several  ranges,  which  form  the  natural  border  of  New  Mex- 
ico. The  flanks  of  these  mountains  are  covered  with  oak,  pine,  cedar, 
and  a  great  variety  of  trees  and  shrubs,  and  their  alluvial  intervales  af- 
ford some  of  the  finest  of  lands.  Few  countries,  indeed,  have  so  small 
a  portion  of  land  unfit  for  agriculture.  The  surface  is  everywhere  cov- 
ered with  a  fine  growth  of  grasses,  and  affords  excellent  pasture.  Among 
the  remarkable  features  of  the  country,  the  w'  cross-timbers"  of  northern 
Texas  are  conspicuous.  These  are  a  continuous  series  of  forests,  varying 
in  width  from  5  to  50  miles,  and  extending  in  a  direct  line  about  97°  W. 
long,  from  the  woody  region,  at  the  sources  of  the  Trinidad,  northward 
to  the  Arkansas  river.  They  appear  from  a  distance  as  an  immense  wall 
of  wood,  and  from  the  west,  such  is  the  lineal  regularity,  that  they  ap 
pear  to  be  rather  the  handwork  of  man,  than  a  natural  growth.  Here 
the  prairies  terminate.  The  country  between  the  Nueces  and  Rio  Grande 
is  comparatively  barren,  and  it  is  only  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  rivers 
and  lakes  that  cultivation  could  be  profitable. 

The  whole  coast  is  lined  with  long,  low  islands,  which  enclose  a  great 
number  of  shallow  bays,  into  wkich  the  rivers  empty.  But  few  go  di- 
rectly to  the  sea.  The  largest  are  the  Sabine,  the  Neches,  Trinidad,  Bra- 
zos, Colorado,  Guadalupe,  San  Antonio,  Nueces,  and  Rio  Grande.  These 
are  all  navigable  for  steamboats,  and  are  so  many  avenues  of  commerce 
from  the  interior  to  the  sea.  The  Red  River  and  Arkansas  wind  along 
the  northern  frontier,  and  are  partially  navigable  for  boats.  Galveston 
Bay,  into  which  the  Trinidad,  San  Jacinto,  &c.,  fall,  is  by  far  the  finest 
on  the  coast,  but  its  entrance  is  obstructed  by  a  sand-bar. 

The  climate  of  the  low  region  is  essentially  tropical.  A  wet  and  dry 
•eaaou  divide  the  year.  From  December  to  March  the  rains  are  inces- 


THE  STATE  OF  TEXAS.  135 

sant,  and  the  rivers  swell  and  inundate  the  country,  frequently  rendering 
it  impassable.  Snow,  except  on  the  mountains,  is  seldom  seen,  but  cold 
blasts  from  the  north  render  the  winters  chilly  and  unpleasant.  u  Nine- 
lenths  of  the  country,"  however,  says  Mr.  Kennedy,  "  are  considered 
healthier  than  the  most  healthy  parts  of  the  United  States."  This  may 
be  an  exaggeration;  but  there  is  little  doubt  that  in  the  main  Texas  is  a 
fine  and  healthy  region,  and  well  fitted  for  agricultural  settlement. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Texas  consists  of  coal  and  iron  ore  in  the  low 
countries,  and  the  precious  metals  in  the  mountains.  Saltpetre,  salt, 
bitumen,  &c.,  abound,  and  granite,  limestone,  gypsum,  shale.  &c.,  are 
plentiful  in  the  west,  and  higher  regions  of  the  north.  The  wild  animals 
common  to  Texas  are  bears,  cougars,  panthers,  peccaris,  wolves,  foxes, 
racoons,  &c. ;  birds  of  all  kinds,  and  excellent  fish,  oysters,  &c.,  in 
the  lagoons.  Alligators  inhabit  the  Red  river,  and  turtles  and  tor- 
toises the  estuaries  of  the  rivers  emptying  into  the  Gulf.  Reptiles  and 
insects  are  prolific,  and  alike  dangerous  and  troublesome.  The  vegeta- 
tion is  very  various,  but  consists  of  nothing  peculiar  to  the  state.  The 
principal  grasses  are  the  common  prairie  grass,  the  gama,  musquite, 
wild  clover,  wild  rye,  &c. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people.  The  rearing  of  stock 
is  largely  pursued.  Cotton  is  the  great  staple,  and  it  is  affirmed,  and 
perhaps  truly,  that  it  is  of  superior  quality  and  of  a  fine  staple.  Its  cul- 
tivation is  principally  confined  to  the  rich  alluvial  soils  of  the  Red  river, 
the  Brazos,  the  Trinidad,  and  Colorado  rivers.  In  some  cases  a  bale  and 
a  half  is  yielded  from  an  acre.  Planting  begins  in  February,  and  pick- 
ing in  June.  The  grains  cultivated  are  maize  and  wheat.  Rye,  barley, 
and  oats  are  suited  to  the  upper  country,  and  rice  is  cultivated  near  the 
river  estuaries.  Sugar-cane  grows  well,  and  yields  heavily.  The  plan- 
tations, however,  are  as  yet  very  limited,  and  hitherto  its  culture  has 
been  experimental.  Tobacco  will  probably  become  a  staple.  The  mul- 
berry grows  vigorously,  and  the  climate  is  suitable  for  the  silkworm. 
Texas  has  no  manufactures,  except  those  of  the  ordinary  domestic  kinds, 
which  every  family  makes  for  its  own  use.  The  commerce  of  Texas  ia 
as  yet  limited,  and  must  long  be  retarded,  for  want  of  avenues.  The 
staples  are  brought  down  the  Red  river  to  the  Mississippi,  or  to  Calves- 
ton,  whence  they  are  shipped  to  New  Orleans,  or  the  northern  Atlantic 
ports.  The  building  of  railroads,  and  clearing  the  rivers  from  drift,  which 
now  obstructs  them,  will  soon  be  demanded  by  the  advance  of  the  coun- 
try ;  and  it  is  only  by  such  improvements  as  these  that  Texas  can  ever 
become  that  flourishing  state  which  nature  has  designed  her  to  become. 

The  provisions  made  for  education  are  much  on  the  same  basis  as  in 
the  other  new  states.  Public  schools  are  supported  by  the  revenues  of 
the  school  lands,  and  one-tenth  of  the  taxation  is  devoted  to  the  same 
object.  No  statistics  have  yet  been  published  with  respect  to  learning. 


136  SOTJTH-WESTERIf   STATES. 

Texas  is  divided  into  92  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns  are 
Austin,  Galveston,  Houston,  Zodiac,  &c. 

The  CITY  OF  AUSTIN  (San  Felipe  de  Austin)  the  capital  of  the  state, 
is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Brazos  river,  at  the  northeast  corner 
of  an  extensive  prairie  about  90  miles  from  the  Gulf  coast,  and  contains 
about  2500  inhabitants.  The  country  in  the  neighborhood  is  being 
rapidly  brought  under  cultivation. 

GALVESTON,  the  commercial  capital,  is  located  at  the  eastern  point  of 
the  island  of  the  same  name.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Gulf, 
and  is  about  450  miles  from  New  Orleans.  The  commerce  of  the  port 
is  rapidly  increasing,  and  although  the  city  was  founded  so  lately  as 
1837,  it  now  numbers  at  least  6,000  inhabitants. 

HOUSTON,  the  former  capital,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  of 
Buffalo  Bayou.  MATAGORDA,  GOLIAD,  SAN  ANTONIO  DK  BEXAR,  &c., 
are  ancient  Spanish  presidios,  and  were  formerly  strongly  garrisoned. 
ZODIAC  is  a  new  town  on  the  Pedernales  river,  inhabited  by  Germans 
and  Mormons,  who  from  thrift  and  industry  have  converted  the  neigh- 
borhood into  a  garden ;  and  NEW  BRAUNFELS  is  also  a  new  and  flourish 
ing  settlement  of  Germans,  near  the  junction  of  the  Guadalupe  and  Co- 
mal  rivers.  Eastern  Texas  is  the  most  thickly  settled  part  of  the  country, 
and  there  nevr  villages  are  constantly  springing  up,  some  of  which  may 
ultimately  become  of  sectional  importance  ;  but  as  yet  these  are  small, 
and  mere  temporary  settlements.  Several  villages  are  springing  up  on 
the  Rio  Grande,  of  which  BROWNSVILLE  is  the  largest,  and  has  become 
a  place  of  commerce  and  industry. 

Texas  separated  from  Mexico  in  1836,  and  was  formed  into  an  inde- 
pendent republic.  In  1846,  having  maintained  itself  for  ten  years 
against  Mexico,  it  was  annexed  to  the  United  States,  voluntarily  on  both 
sides,  and  has  since  become  an  integral  portion  of  the  Union.  Its  pro- 
gress has  been  rapid,  and  new  accessions  are  constantly  making  to  the 
populaion  by  emigrants  from-  Europe,  especially  those  from  Germany, 
who  h  ive  settled  in  colonies  under  their  own  chiefs. 


^  THE  INDIAN  TERRITORY.  137 

THE  INDIAJf  TERRITORY. 

Area  181,171  square  miles.— Population  100,000. 

THK  INDIAN  TERRITORY  is  situated  between  33°  50'  and  42°  N.  lat, 
and  between  94°  30'  and  109°  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Nebraska 
river;  E.  by  Missouri  and  Arkansas;  S.  by  Texas,  and  W.  by  Cali- 
fornia. Of  the  whole  area,  only  58,346  square  miles  lie  S.  of  30°  30'  N. 
lat.  Its  geographical  connection,  however,  with  the  South-western 
States,  makes  its  description  in  this  place  convenient. 

The  lands  of  this  region  are  represented  to  bo  generally  fertile,  and  the 
climate  adapted  to  agricultural  success.  It  is  watered  by  numerous  fine 
rivers,  which  rise  in  the  Mexican  mountains  and  traverse  the  country 
from  west  to  east,  falling  ultimately  into  the  Mississippi.  Iron,  lead, 
coal,  and  salt  are  abundant.  This  territory  was  set  apart  by  Congress 
for  the  permanent  residence  of  the  Indian  tribes,  and  here  they  are  se- 
cured a  refuge  from  the  encroachments  of  the  white  races.  They  live 
under  governments  of  their  own,  and  many  of  the  tribes  have  made 
great  advances  in  civilization.  The  number  of  ndians  resident  in  the 
territory  is  about  100,000,  four-fifths  of  which  have  been  transported  from 
the  east  of  the  Mississippi.  The  most  numerous  tribes  are  the  Chero- 
kees,  the  Creeks,  the  Pawnees,  the  Choctaws,  the  Osages,  and  the  Semi- 
iioles.  The  other  tribes  are  numerically  small. 

The  CHOCTAYV  NATION  occupies  a  territory  of  19,500  square  miles  be- 
tween the  Red  River  and  the  Canadian.  The  domain  is  watered  by 
numerous  streams,  has  a  fine  soil,  diversified  in  surface,  and  enjoying  a 
healthy  climate.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  republic.  The 
Choctaws  are  employed  in  wool-growing  and  the  cultivation  of  cotton, 
which  they  manufacture  into  clothing.  The  missionaries  have  taught 
them  several  of  the  mechanical  arts.  Manual  labor  schools  are  support- 
ed by  the  public,  and  education  is  imparted  to  all  the  young  people. 
The  New  Testament,  and  several  useful  works,  have  been  translated  into 
their  language,  and  a  weekly  newspaper  is  published  for  general  in- 
formation. Census  population  12,410. 

The  CREEK  NATION  is  situated  between  the  Canadian  and  the  Red 
Fork  of  the  Arkansas.  Though  inferior  to  the  Choctaws,  the  Creeks  are 
progressing  in  intelligence  and  industry.  Their  fields  produce  the  ce- 
reals, and  cotton  is  also  cultivated ;  while  their  homesteads  are  well- 
built  and  comfortable,  being  generally  surrounded  by  garden-plats.  They 
have  a  written  constitution,  which  recognizes  a  chief  and  a  council  of 
the  nation.  The  laws  are  alao  written.  Census  population  24,594. 

The  CHEROKEE  NATION  lies  upon  both  sides  of  the  Arkansas.  They 
12* 


138  THE  INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

are  good,  agriculturists,  and  have  a  large  trade  in  horses  and  cattle.  Tho 
nation  is  divided  into  8  districts,  each  of  which  sends  two  senators  and 
three  representatives  to  the  Grand  Council.  The  chief  (John  Ross, 
elected  successively  since  1828)  receives  a  salary  of  $500.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  council  are  elected  for  two  years,  and  receive  each  $3  a  day. 
They  have  a  public  debt  of  $100,000,  which  they  are  devising  means  to 
pay.  Tahlcquah,  the  capital,  is  a  pretty  village,  and  contains  a  very 
neat  Court  House,  and  some  very  good  brick  buildings.  The  residence 
of  Ross  is  a  fine  building,  and  having  much  wealth,  he  keeps  his  house 
expensively.  Two  large  edifices,  for  a  male  and  female  seminary,  have 
been  built  at  the  cost  of  $70,000.  One  hundred  pupils  will  be  boarded 
in  each,  at  the  expense  of  the  nation.  For  several  years  the  nation  has 
likewise  supported  22  district-schools ;  the  teachers  receive  $333.33  per 
annum  each,  and  stationary  and  books  are  supplied  from  the  public 
fund.  An  orphan  school,  at  the  expense  of  $18,000,  is  being  built,  to 
which  the  orphan  fund,  now  yielding  $2,500  annually,  will  be  devoted. 
The  Cherokees  are  better  educated  than  other  Indians ;  they  live  in  bet- 
ter style,  and  are  anxious  to  come  up  to  the  whites  in  every  kind  of  im- 
provement. It  is  said  that  in  a  few  years  they  will  ask  for  representation 
in  Congress ;  and  surely  that  nation  which  so  freely  admits  foreigners, 
will  not  reject  the  enlightened  American  Indians.  A  well-conducted 
paper,  the  Cherokee  Advocate,  is  published  in  the  nation.  Census 
population  29,911. 

The  other  transported  tribes  are  also  improving  under  the  efforts  of 
the  missionaries.  They  occupy  various  determined  sections  of  the 
territory,  and  are  not  allowed  to  interfere  with  each  other's  governments. 
They  have  each  their  own  laws,  and  are  considered  as  so  many  distinct 
nations.  The  indigenous  tribes  have  not,  as  a  general  thing,  advanced 
in  the  same  degree  as  their  brethren  from  the  east.  Some  tribes,  how- 
ever, are  settling  into  habits  of  industry.  The  barbarism  of  the  Indian, 
indeed,  is  passing  away,  and  the  symbols  of  civilization  becoming  every 
day  more  apparent.  '  f  late  years,  considerable,  quantities  of  cotton, 
peltry,  and  other  staples  of  the  territory,  have  been  brought  down  to 
New  Orleans,  and  there  is  every  prospect  of  this  branch  of  commerce 
becoming  very  extensive. 

A  proposition  is  on  foot,  advocated  by  the  Indians  themselves,  to  pe- 
tition Congress  for  the  removal  of  all  the  Indian  tribes  within  the  United 
States  to  the  lands  at  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  there  secure 
to  them  a  permanent  residence ;  and  also  to  constitute  them  into  a  state, 
with  senators  and  representatives  in  Congress.  Numerous  petitions  to 
this  effect  will  also  be  presented  by  the  white  population,  and  it  is  ex- 
/>ected  by  many  that  such  will  be  granted. 


139 

ROUTES   IN   THE 

SOUTH-WESTERN  STATES. 


TENNESSEE. 

(424)  NASHVILLE  to  MEMPHIS. 
Via  Huntingdon, 
To  Chesnut  Grove  -18 

...  5  186 

11  197 

..  .45  242 

(426)    NASHVILLE    to 
SPRINGS,  ALA. 
To  Bolivar  (see  424^) 

HOLLY 
1RR 

Charlotte  ••'•'• 

22    40 

10    50 

12    62 
.  9    71 

10  176 

LR  Grange  •  . 

13  189 

.10    81 

10  199 

.  8    89 

,.    ,     '  ....    ' 

6  205 

.12  101 

HOLI  Y  SPR 

a  OIQ 

.16  117 

(427)  NASHVILLE  to  JACKSON. 
To  Good  Spring  13 

.  8  125 

J-  -k  ° 

13  138 

AT  >  i 

1°  150  J 

...  5    18 

BoliA'ir 

16  100 

...  10    28 

Middleburg  

.  7  173 
5  178 

Lick  Creek  

...25    53 
..     9    62 

SOMERVILLE  

WhHe  fall       ... 

.11  189 
5  194 

Beaver  Dam  Spring  

...7    69 

.  .    12    81 

(>'ikl"rid 

5  199 

.  .  -°6  107 

Hickory  \Vithe  ....           « 

4  4>03 

...  g  115 

Morning  Sun  

.  8  211 
6  217 
7  2^4 

Lexington  

...14  129 
..  .12  141 

"R-  1   '  >-h 

.  •     8  149 

M'  ' 

in  oo/i 

.  .    «    1  ^7 

(425)  NASHVILLE  to  MEMPHIS. 
Via  Purdy. 
To  Good  Sprin0"  13 

(428)  NASHVILLE  to  HICKMAN,  KY. 
To  Reynoldsburg,  (see  424)  71 
Sandy  Hill                            1Q    Qa 

White  House  
Spr  in  o-  Hill  

.  6    24 
.   7    31 
.12    43 
.11    54 

Mount  Holyoke  

...  8  109 

91  10 

COLOMBIA  

Dresden  
Old  Hickorv 

...  7  125 
12  137 

.18    72 

Totteu's  Wells 

R  ^A•> 

NorUi  Bend  

.  5    77 
17    94 

HICKMAN  18  161 
(429)  NASHVILLE  to  COLUMBUS,  KY. 

To  Piris,  (see  428)               """ 

.15  109 

16  125 
8  133 

.  9  110 

.   9  14<> 

Boydsville  

9  119 

•R   op  frpok 

10  152 

10  129 

fira'        "tt 

.   7  159 

FT'           TC 

.«  •   6  135 

.15  174 

fT               ' 

...16  151 

Middieburor  ... 

.  7  181 

...12  163 

140 


ROUTES  IN  TENNESSEE. 


(430)  NASHVILLE  to  TUSCUMBIA, 

ALA. 
To  COLUMBIA,  (see  425)  —  43 

Mount  Pleasant 11    54 

Lawrenceburg 33    77 

Cherry  Grove,  Ala. 23  100 

Florence 15  115 

TUSCUMBIA 5  120 

(431)  NASHVILLE  to  HUNTSVILLE, 

ALA. 

Via  Columbia. 
To  Columbia,  (see  425)  ... .43 

Poplar  Ridge 12    55 

Lynnville   6    61 

PULASKI 14    75 

Elkton 16    91 

White  Hill 10  101 

Madison  Cross  Roads 6  107 

HUNTSVILLE 15  122 

(432)  NASHVILLE  to  HUNTSVILLK, 

ALA. 
Via  Murfreesboro* . 

To  Mount  View 12 

Steward sboro' 8    20 

MURFREESBORO' 14      34 

Fosterville 12    46 

•   Shelbyville 13    59 

RichViilley 5    64 

Fayetteville   20    84 

Hafcel  Green.  Ala 16  100 

Meridian ville 6  106 

HUNTSVILLE 8  114 

(433)  NASHVILLE    to    McMiNNS- 

VILLE. 

To  Mount  View 12 

Stewardsboro1 8    20 

MURFREK3B(5RO'    14      34 

Readyville    13    47 

Woodbury... 7    54 

Clermont 10    64 

McMlNNSVILLE    11      75 

(434)  NASHVILLE  to  SPARTA. 
Via  Oallatin. 

To  Pleasant  Hill 7 

Hendersonville  9    16 

GALLATIN 10 

Hartsville   20    46 

Dixon's  Spring 6    52 

Carthage---  •' 10    62 

Pekin 16    78 

Double  Springs 8    86 


Newark 12    98 

SPARTA 10108 

(435)  NASHVILLE  to  KNOXVILLK. 

To  Green  Hill 12 

CedarGrove 7    19 

Lebanon 11    30 

Three  Forks 13    43 

Alexandria 5    48 

Liberty   9    57 

Sligo 16    73 

SPARTA 16    89 

Bon  Air  Springs 13  102 

Crossville 20  122 

Belleville 12  134 

Post  Oak  Springs 5  139 

Kingston 7  146 

Wood's  Hill 18  164 

Campbell's  Station 8  172 

KNOXVILLK 15  187 

(436)   KNOXVILLE  to   SULPHUR 
SPRINGS,  VA. 

To  Acudemia 10 

Blain's  Cross  Roads 9    19 

Spring  House 7    26 

Rutledge 7    33 

Bean's  Station 10    43 

Rocky  Spring 4    47 

Red  Bridge 7    54 

Rogersville 10    64 

Lyons'  Store 12    76 

New  Canton 6    82 

Kingsport 9    91 

Eden's  Ridge 6    97 

BLOUNTSVILLE 9106 

Sapling  Grove 9  115 

ABINGDON 13  128 

Glade  Spring 11  139 

Seven  Mile  Ford 11  150 

Marion 6  156 

Pleasant  Hill 11  167 

Rural  Retreat 7  174 

Wytheville 9183 

Draper's  Valley 18  201 

NEVVBERN 10  211 

Poplar  Hill 12  223 

Giles  Court  House 10  233 

Peterstown 9242 

Red  Sulphur  Springs 9  251 

Indian  Creek. 8  25S 

Salt  Sulphur  Springs 9  268 

Union-. : 3  271 

Second  Creek 9280 


ROUTES  IN  TENNESSEE. 


141 


LEWISBURO.-  .............  10  200 

WHITE  SULPHUR.  SPRINGS  .  9  299 


25 


(437)    KNOXVILLE    to    BLOUNTS- 
VILLE. 
Via  Russcllville. 

To  Strawberry  Plains  • 16 

New  M  arket  " 9 

Mossy  Creek 4 

Panther  Springs 8 

Morristown 6 

RUSSELLVILLE 5 

Bay  Mount 14 

Greenville 13 

Henderson's  Mills 6 

Rheatown 4 


(4384)  D ALTON  to  KNOXVILLE. 
East  Tennessee  &  Georgia  R.  R. 
Varnell's 9 


Red  Clay 

Blue  Spring 9 

Cleveland 4 

Charleston 12 

Riceville .- 7 

(  Athens 8 

37  i  Mouse  Creek 6 


Leesburg  .................  10    95 

JONESUORO'   ..............  5  100 

Hilton  ....................  10  110 

BLOUNTSVILLE  ............   7117 

(438)  NASHVILLE  to  SAVANNAH, 

NaskrUle  and  Chattanooga  R.  R. 
To  Antioch  ...............  10 

Smyrna  ..................  11    21 

Murfreesboro  ..............  11    32 

Christiana  ................  9 

FoBterville  ................  4 

Bell  Buckle  ..........  .....  5 

Wai-trace  .................  5 

Normandy  ................  8 

Tullahoma  ......  ..........   7 

Allisonia  ..................  7 

Deeherd  ..................  7 

Cowan  ....................   5 

Tantalion  .................   7 

Anderson  .................   9 

Stevenson  ---- 

Shell  Mound  ..............  15  130 

Station  .  ..................  10  140 

CHATTANOOGA  ............  11  151 

Western  and  Atlantic  R.  R. 
Tennessee  Line  ......  .....  .16  167 

Dalton  .....  ...............  21  188 

Kingston  .................  39  227 

ATLANTA  .................  60  2S7 

Ma  con  and  Western  R.  R. 
East  Point  Junction.  .....  6  293 

Griffin  ................  .....  37  330 

Forsyth  ...................  34  364 

MACON  ...................  24  888 

Central  R.  R. 
Gordon  ...................  1  5  403 

Millen  ..........  .  .........  96  499 

SAVANNAH  ................  80  579 


41 
45 
50 
55 
63 
70 
77 
84 
59, 
96 
105 
10  115 


Sweet  Water 8 

Philadelphia 7 

Loudon 6 


15 

24 
28 
40 
47 
55 
61 
69 
76 
82 


(439)  NASHVILLE  to  CHARLESTON, 

S.  C. 

To  Atlanta,  (see  438) 274 

Georgia  R,  R. 

Decatur 6  280 

Stone  Mountain 10  290 

Lithonia 8298 

Conyer's 6  304 

Covington    11  315 

Social  Circle 10  325 

Rutledge 8  333 

Madison    8  341 

Buckhead 8  349 

Greensboro'  13362 

Union  Point A ....  7  369 

Jefferson  Hall   5  374 

Crawfordsville 6  380 

Cumming  8388 

Double  Wells 5  393 

Camac 5  398 

Thompson 9  407 

Lombardy 9416 

Berzelia , 8424 

Belair 11  435 

AUGUSTA   10  445 

CHARLESTON,  (see  397)  . .  .137  582 

(440)  KNOXVILLE  to  CUMBERLAND* 

GAP. 

To  Wilson's 10 

Clinton 6    16 


142 


ROUTES  IN  TENNESSEE ALABAMA. 


Jacksonboro'  13    30 
Finrustle  12    48 

DALTON  9  132 

-Miunta,  (see  438)  99  231 

Speedwell                0    54 

M.icon,  (see  389)    101  332 

Gidtown    12    GO 

SAVANNAH,  (see  388)  .......  191  523 

(444)  SPARTA  to  HUNTSVILLE,  ALA. 
To  Rock  Island  13 

(441)  KNOXVILLE  to  RALEIGH,  N.C. 
To  Joriesborough,  (see  437)100 
Eliz  ibethtown  18  118 

.VcMinnville  13    28 

Hickory  Creek                       13    39 

Buyer's  Ferry  9  127 
Moore's  Iron  Works  13  140 

Hillsboro     ..              9    48 

Eik  River                                 9    57 

T-tviur^ville  9  149 

NoVt.i  Fork,  N.C  14  163 

S'ilem                                    10    76 

Jefferson  ,  12  175 
Reliv's  River  17  19-2 

New  Market,  Ala  -  .  18    94 

IlUNTSVILLE  19    113 

Wi'ki-sboro'  13  205 
Denny  ville  ...  ....  16  2°1 

(445)  SPARTA  to  MONTICELLO,  KY. 

To  Falling  Water  10 
White  Plains  10    20 
Oak  Hill  14    34 
Livingston  5    39 
-  Monroe  6    45 

Ch:t[>oll'8  Cross  Roads  5  226 
Hamptonvtlte  6  232 
Hunujville  18  250 
Panther  Creek  10  260 
SALBM   11  271 

Kiii.|i.j>ravil1tt                                       11    939 

Friendship  7289 
GRKENSBORO'  9298 
Allernance  13  311 
Albright's  6  317 
Haw  River  6  323 

Olympus  8    53 
Albany,  Ky.  11    64 
Newberry  11    75 
MONTICELLO  9    84 

ALABAMA. 

(446)  MOBILE  to  MONTGOMERY. 
Steamboat. 

Mason's  Hull  11  334 

Hillsboro'  9  343 

Chapel  Hill  12355 

Morin^s  ville  8  303 

(442)KNOXVILLEtoWARM  SPRINGS 

and  ASHVILLE,  N.  C. 
To  Mecklenburg    5 

Tait's  Landing         ....        30    74 

French's  Landing       «     ...  6    90 

Dandridge  30    35 

Newport  ....                    10    53 

Cl  air  borne     7  114 

Lnpl'ind    17    97 

Black  Bluff  Land  in"  c>0  155 

ASHVLLLK  20  117 

Upper  Peach  Tree  Landing  13  168 
Prairie  Bluff  12  180 

(443;  KNOXVILLE  to  SAVANNAH. 
To  MarysviJJe                   .     16 

Portland-  •«         ««••            21  211 

Madison  ville   8    46 

Benton  28  278 

Calhonn  5    76 

Cleveland  1°    88 

Btate  Line                       «...  20  108 

Washington       10  320 

Cohuttah  SDrinza.  Ga  3111 

MONTGOMERY...                  ..12332 

ROUTES  IN  ALABAMA. 


143 


(447)  MOBILE  to  MONTGOMERY. 
Stage. 
To  Blakely.  •  •  •  •                    14 

St.  Stephen's  8    96 

Wood's  Bluff  <>o  140 

Stockton  >  >  -  •                 ....  16    30 

Nanafalia  Bluff  31   171 

Mt  Pleasant         ...            35    65 

Moscow  35  '>OG 

Clairborne    18    83 

Demopolis   .         .           •  •  •  •  14  °°0 

Mouth  of  Black  Warrior  or 
Tuscaloosa  River         «  •      °  °C)2 

Burntcom          »•»               12  108 

Activity  18  120 

Jones's  Bluff  42  °G4 

Greenville                               °7  i"i3 

Kirkville  11  104 
Sandy  Ridge  5  169 

Jamestown  1-2  294 
Vienna  12  306 

Fail-field  ...           15  3°1 

Pint  Lala                  ....         10  184 

Pickensville  18  339 

MONTGOMERY  —  13  197 
(448)  MOBILE  to  TUSCALOOSA. 
To  Mount  Vernon   33 

Nashville   9348 
COLUMBUS   C)')  37C 

(451)  MOBILE  to  CITRONELLK. 
Mob  He  and  Ohio  11.  R. 
M'-iu  vila      1-3 

New  Wakefield  20    53 

St  Stephen's  15    G8 

Citron^lle  -20    33 

Coffeeville          ..J7    85 

(452)  MONTGOMERY  to  ATLANTA. 

Montgomery  and  West  Point  R.  R. 
To  Franklin          33 

gprino-  fli  11  9  14G 

Macon                       8  1(51 

Oarth  it?e  9  c>0  1 

(449)  MOBILE  to  SELMA. 
To  Blakely  14 

Chehaw  7    40 

Stockton  1G    30 

1          •]      ^  t                                              r      ^Q 

Tensaw  15    45 

\    1                                        *  '  ~     Kn 

Opelica        7    67 

Clairborne         18    84 

Bell's  Landiri<*  21   105 

Black's  Bluff  8  113 

Hogansville  13  116 

Cam^en  9  122 
Canton  G  128 

Newnan  19  135 
Palmetto                                   15  150 

Prairie  Bluff  G  134 

Cambridge  10  144 

i  dirourn                                       i^ 

CAIIA.BA  ••««          ••«•         >  -14  1)8 

(453)  MONTGOMERY  to  ATLANTA. 
Via.  Origin. 
To  West  Point,  (see  452).  .  .97 

(450)  MOBILE  to  COLUMBUS,  Miss. 
Steamboat. 
To  Fort  St  Philip  21 

La  Grange  10  112 

Month  of  Tombigbee  River  23    44 

Mountville   c)  121 

Greenville  Jo  131 

Jackson  20    88 

Texas  14  145 

144 


ROUTES  IN  ALABAMA. 


Erin  

.  4  149 
11  160 

.  8  168 

Sylucauga  
\Veewok<wille 

6    62 
...     .    10    72 

8    80 

Jlfacon  and  Western  R. 
Fosterville   .... 

R. 
15  183 
7  190 
7  197 
3  200 
.11  211 

5    85 

6    91 

File 

6    97 

Blue  Eye 

....   9  106 

9  115 

ATT 

T-   -k          Ml 

9  124 

(454)  MONTGOMERY  to  COLUMBUS, 

Miss. 

Griffin's  Creek 

6  130 

7  137 

cj     ..  ^  r-r,rfifln 

9  J46 

St-»t  >~T  "       r 

7  153 

Church  Hill  

.  9    32 

4    36 

Cave  Spring,  

5  158 

.  .  6  164 

16    52 

19    71 

T,                   •> 

....  I9  176 

(458)  MONTGOMERY 
GA. 

to  COLUMBUS, 

1  A 

7    78 

18    96 

.13  109 

Eutaw  

13  122 
.  7  129 

Son 

Clinton  

10    3^ 

8  137 
.14  151 

10    4° 

anf.;(,tv  trjii 

17    59 

8  159 
.12  171 

16    75 

Pickensville  

C  irard 

11    86 

.  9  180 

1     ft? 

.14  194 

(459)  SELMA  to  I 
To  Pleasant  Valley 

tUNTSVILLK. 

5 

(455)    MONTGOMERY    to 

LOOSA. 

Via  Selma. 
To  Greensboro',  (see  454)  . 
Havarma  
Carthage  

TUSCA- 

.96 
.15  111 

.  9  120 

8    13 

Planters  ville 

7    20 

15    35 

Montevallo  

23    58 

H7Q 

TUSCALOOSA  

(456)    MONTGOMERY    to 

LOOSA. 

Via  Maplesville. 

.17  137 
TUSCA- 

15 

10    25 
17    42 
18    60 

ELYTON  

15    87 

7    94 

Mount  Pinson  

7  ]Q1 

8  109 

Blountsville  .... 

..  28  137 

Oleinder       • 

°5  162 

Mount  Hill 

6  168 

Chesnut  Creek  

Lacy's  Springs  — 

5  173 

4  177 

10    70 
14    84 
8    92 
.  6    98 

vvm          r0. 

10  187 

(460)  TUSCALOOSA 

Miss 

to  COLUMBUS, 
1 

11  109 
.13  122 

ip  rsoitiiport 

-jo    13 

(457)  MONTGOMERY  to  Roi 
To  \Veturnpkci  •  »       

AE,  GA. 

15 
24    39 
.17    56 

13    26 

Reform    

6    32 

6    38 

Rockford     - 

p        1*1 

g    44 

Hanover  

...17    61 

ROUTES  IX  ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI. 


145 


(461)  TUSCALOOSA  to  HUNTSVILLE. 

To  MoMath's 32 

Jonesboro'    11     43 

ELYTO.V 13    56 

HrvisviLLE,  (see  450)- ...  100  156 

(462)  TUSCALOOSA  to  COURTLAND. 

To  North  port 1 

North  River 10  11 

New  J  .exington 14  25 

Sheffield 6  31 

Eldridw 25  56 

Thorn  Hill   22  78 

lynlock 7  85 

Camp  Spring 14  99 

Moullon 10  109 

Cot  RTLAND 13    122 

(463)  TUSCALOOSA  to  FLORENCE. 

To  North  port 1 

North  River 10    11 

New  Lexington 14    25 

Fayette  Court  House 16    41 

Palo 7    48 

Hughes'  Mill 14    62 

Pikeville 6    68 

Toll  Gate 10    78 

Russellville 35  113 

Tuscumbia 18  131 

FLORENCE 5  136 

(464)  FLORENCE  to  ROME,  GA. 

To  Masonville 10 

Rogersville 12  22 

Athena 23  45 

Shoalford 12  57 

HUNTSVILLE 13  70 

Berkley 12  82 

New  Hope 10  92 

Cottonville 7  99 

Claysville 6  105 

Gunter's  Landing 2  107 

Fall  River 6  113 

Van  Buren 18  131 

Blue  Pond 18  149 

Cedar  Bluff 11  160 

Missionary  Station,  Ga.  ....16  176 

Coosa 7  183 

ROME 6  189 

(465)  GUNTER'S  LANDING  to  JAS- 
PER, TENN. 

To  Claysville , 2 

Dodsonville   15    17 

Bellefoute 18    35 


Bolivar 16  51 

Rocky  Spring 6  57 

Battle  Creek,  Tenn 5  62 

JASPER 6  68 

(466)  TUSCUMBIA  to  HUNTSVILLE 

Tuscumbia,  and  Decatur  R.  R. 

To  Leighton 11 

Courtland  13  24 

Hillsboro' 9  33 

Trinity  ...-•••• 5  38 

Decatur 5  43 

Mooresville,  (stage) 7  50 

Saimdt-rs 10  60 

HUNTSVILLE 14  74 

(467)  TUSCUMBIA    to    COLUMBUS, 

Miss. 

To  Russellville 18 

Toll  Gate 35    53 

Millville 12    65 

Quincy,  Miss. 17    82 

Athena 7    89 

Aberdeen 7    96 

Barton 15  111 

COLUMBUS   ...12123 

MISSISSIPPI. 

(468)  JACKSON  to  VICKSBURO. 

Vicksburg  and  Jackson  R.  R. 

To  Clinton 10 

Bolton's  Depot 9  19 

Midway 4  23 

Edwards'  Depot  5  28 

Bit?  Black  River 6  34 

Bovina 2  36 

Montalban... 4  40 

VICKSBURG   ....6  46 

(469)  JACKSON  to  GRAND  GULF. 

To  Clinton 10 

Raymond  8  13 

Auburn 13  31 

Cayuga 5  36 

Rocky  Swings 8  44 

Willow  Springs   8  52 

GRAND  GULF 11  63 

(470)  JACKSON  to  NATCHEZ. 

ToNewtown  10 

Line  Store 12  22 

Gallatin 18  40 

Margrave 15  55 

Union  Church  9  64 

13 


146 


ROUTES  IN  MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. 


Malcomb  14    78 

(475)  COLUMBUS  to  MEMPHIS,T«NN. 
To  Barton  12 

Hamburg  10    88 
Washington  10    98 

NATCHEZ  6  104 

(471)  JACKSON  to  DE  KALB. 
To  Brandon,  (via  R.  R.)  .  .  .13 

Prairie  Mount  30    57 

Holly  Springs  5(5  1^8 

MEMPHIS,  (see  474)  56  184 

ARKANSAS. 

(476)  LITTLE  ROCK  to  NEW  OR- 
LEANS. 

Steamboat. 
To  Pine  Bluffs  90 

Hillsboro'  18    48 

Union         ....         15    75 

DE  KAI.B     20  106 

^        (472)  JACKSON,  to  COLUMBUS. 
To  Midway  12 

Richland                      «            6  121 

Sharon  10    35 

Ark'tns'ts  Post                        55  101 

Pleasant  Grove  9    44 

Wellington                             30  2-^1 

Thomastown  13    57 

NEW  ORLEANS,  (see  491)..  620  871 

(477)    LITTLE    ROCK    to    MONT- 
GOMERY'S POINT. 

Louisville  36  108 

Ya&aley  ....     14  I'** 

COLUMBUS  24  158 

(473)  JACKSON  to  YA/OO  CITY. 

Reagan's  Bluff                 •  .     33    68 

Steamboat. 
MONTGOMERY'S  POINT....  140  208 

(478)  LITTLE  ROCK  to  FORT  GIB- 
SON. 
Steamboat. 
To  Lewisburg  ...  60 

Canton  13    25 

YAZOO  CITY  »  10    59 

(474)    VICKSBURO    to    MEMPHIS, 
TENN. 

Dardanelle   42  102 

Scotia  13115 

Milldale           5    15 

Morrison's  Bluff  6  138 

Satartia  ...         ....                5    33 

Ozark  °5  163 

Van  Buren  58  221 

FORT  SMITH  ...              8  "**9 

•'    o-t                                            27     «f> 

Fort  Coffee  IT   17  ^46 

Black  Hawk    15    97 

Canadian  River  45  ^91 

Carrollton  16  113 

FORT  GIBSON  40  331 

(479)  LITTLE  ROCK  to  FORT  GIB- 
SON. 
Stage. 

Oakachickama                      13  149 

Coffeeville  5  154 

Sevier       •                      •         15  169 

Oxford  16  185 

Aberville  14  199 
1    ,    Waterford  10  209 
HOLLY  SPRINGS  9218 
North  Mount  Pleasant  15  233 
Noncomier,  Tenn.  15  248 

Hurricane  14    69 
Galley  Creek  8    77 
Norristown  7    84 
Dvvight  9    93 
Scotia  6    99 

MEMPHIS..                          ...15274 

Clarksville   ..                      ..   7  115 

ROUTES  IN  ARKANSAS. 


Horsehead  11126 

Ozark 17  143 

Pleasant  Hill 12  155 

Van  Buren 24  179 

FORT  SMITH 7186 

Kidron 25  211 

FORT  GIBSON 36  247 

(480)  LITTLE  ROCK  to  BOSTON, 

TEX. 

To  Collegeville 15 

Benton 10    25 

FairPlay 12    37 

Rockport 8    45 

Raymond 30    75 

Antoine 20    95 

Washington 29  124 

Fulton   14  138 

BOSTON 50  188 

(481)  LITTLE  ROCK  to  FORT  TOW- 

SON,  IND.  TER. 
To  Washington,  (see  480).  124 

Columbus 9  133 

Saline 10  143 

Brownstown 5  148 

Paraclit'ta 12  160 

Ultima  Thule 25  185 

Eagletown 10  195 

FORT  TOWSON 45  240 

(482)  LITTLE   ROCK  to  SHREVE- 

PORT,  LA. 
To  Washington,  (see  480)  .124 

Spring  Hill 15  139 

Lewisville 16  155 

Walnut  Hill 26  181 

SHREVEPORT 89  270 

(483)   LITTLE   ROCK  to  HOT 
SPRINGS. 

To  Collegeville 15 

Benton 10(  25 

FairPlay 12  37 

HOT  SPRINGS 18  55 

(484)  LITTLE  ROCK  to  MEMPHIS, 
TENN. 

To  Grand  Prairie 35 

Reagan's  Bluff 33    68 

Clarendon 5    73 

Oakland 35  108 

St.  Francis 25  133 

Green  Plains 19  152 

Marion ]G  168 

MEMPHIS,  TENN 10  178 


(485)  LITTLE  ROCK  to  ST.  Louis, 
Mo. 

To  Oakland  Grove 30 

Searcy  Court  House 25    55 

Rock  Point .32    87 

Batesville  n    93 

Reed's  Creek 24  122 

Smith  viile 12  134 

Jackson 14  148 

Pocahontas 15  163 

Fourche  Dumas 8  171 

Hick's  Ferry 15  186 

Cane  Creek,  Mo 32  218 

Greenville 18  236 

Fredericktown  . .' 35  271 

Mine  La  Motte 12  283 

Farmington  5  288 

Iron  Mountain 14  302 

Caledonia lo  312 

Potosi   12  304 

Old  Mines 7331 

Glenfiulay lo  341 

Hillsboro'   10  351 

Herculaneum 1 1  303. 

Sulphur  Springs 9  371 

Oakville   8  379 

Jefferson  Barracks 5  384 

Carondelet  4  3^3 

ST.  Louis 5  393 

(486)  BATESVILLE  to  MEMPHIS. 

To  Sulphur  Rock 10 

Elizabeth 18    28 

St.  Francis  55    83 

Green  Plains 19  102 

Marion 16  118 

MEMPHIS,  TENN 10  128 

(487)  BATESVILLE  to  MEMPHIS. 

Steamboat. 

To  Pleasant  Island 35 

Elizabeth    13    43 

Clarendon 210  258 

Reagan's  Bluff 8  266 

White  River 140  406 

Delta,  Miss 66  472 

Helena,  Ark..  •  •  • 10  482 

Sterling,  Ark 1()  492 

Commerce,  Miss 45  537 

MEMPHIS,  TENN 27  564 

(488)  ARKADELPHIA  to  NEW  OR- 
LEANS. 
Steamboat. 

Manchester 11 

Dallasport 18    i!9 


148 


ROUTES  IN  LOUISIANA. 


Homochitta  River,  Miss.  .  .  10    257 
Ellis  Cliffs  Miss                   26    283 

ChumpHguoie  32  12fi 

NATCHEZ,  Miss  18    301 
Rodney,  Miss  31     332 

B;irk's  I    ad  n<r             12  146 

M->n»"j-'    la     °            l°r>  271 

Bruhisbur0',  Miss  10    342 

Trinity                     165  43(5 

fiRAND  GULF,  Miss.  10    352 

Mouth  Rtvl  River  120  556 
NEW  ORLEANS  236  792 

LOUISIANA. 

(480)  NEW  ORLEANS  to  MOBILE. 
To  Lakeport,  '(on  Lake  Pont- 

C>»rthK.£je,  La  .27    379 
Warrenton,  Miss..  19    398 
VICKSBURG,  Miss  10    408 

Yazoo  River,  Miss.  12    420 
Providence  La  ...            61    481 

Columbia,  Ark   45    555 

Bolivar  Court  House,  Mi.ss.53    608 
Napoleon,(mouth  of  Arkan- 
sas River,)  Ark.  12    620 
Montgomery's  Point,  Ark.  20    640 
Victor!  i   Miss                         1    641 

Steamboat. 

Fort  Coquilles  7    27 

Lake  Bonjne  10    37 

Gr'nd  IsHnd     ..9    46 

HELENA,  ARK  ...10    716 
Sterling,   Ark.,  (mouth  of 
St.  Francis  River)  10    726 
Pevton  Miss                         I**    738 

West  M'lri'inne        •  •  •    •  ••  •   9    55 

East  Miri'inne                          5    60 

Cut  Island  11    71 

Mississippi  City  11    82 

Deer  Islaryl  .  .  *  •  5    87 

MEMPHIS   TENN                    °7    798 

Pasca.^oula,  Miss.  23  110 
Cedar  Poi'it,  Ala  26  136 

(;  reenock,  Ark.  34    832 

Randolph,  Tenn.,(mouth  of 

MOBILE  30  166 

(490)  NEW  ORLEANS  to  CALVES- 
TON,  TEXAS. 
To  Rattle  C  round  6 

Fulton  Tenn       *  •       •         11     876 

O^ceola  Ark  10    886 

English  Turn  6    12 

Fort  St    I  eon  5     17 

New  M'idrid    Mo                   30     965 

Poverty  Point    18    3,* 
Fort  Si   Philip    37    72 

Hickman  Ky  42  1007 

Furt  Jackson,  (opposite)  ... 
South  East  Pa<s     •             ..23    95 

CAIRO,  ILL.,  (mouth  of  the 

B  tlixe       10  105 

GALVESTON    345  450 

(491)  NEW  ORLEANS  to  ST.  Louis, 
Mo. 
St-'fi.mbo'it. 
To  La  Favette,  La.   2 

Cape  Cirardeau,  Mo.  12  1080 
B  iinbrid"-e,  Mo  12  1092 

Chester  111   45  1137 

St.  Genevieve,  Mo  10  1153 
Selma,  Mo  25  1178 

Carn-oUton,  La  4      6 
R<jd  Ch  urch,  La    20    26 

Herculaneum,  Mo  4  1182 
H-irrisonville,  111  2  1184 
Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.  ...  19  1203 
ST  Louis  Mo  9  '1212 

Jefferson  College,  La.  38    64 

Ponaldsonville,La.  19    83 
PI-MI-  loiniiHsLii  34  117 
BATON  lloroa,  La.  23  140 
Port  Hi'dson    La    °5  165 

(492)  N.  ORLEANS  to  CINCINNATI,  O. 

Steamboat. 
To  Cairo,  at  the  mouth  of 
Ohio  River,  (see  491)  .1040 
Trinity   111  5  1045 

R.  Fraucssville,  La  -.11  J76 
Point  Con  pee,  (opposite).  •  . 
R  id  River  Island,  La.  60  236 
Fort  Adams.  Miss.  .  11  247 

Caledonia,  111  9  1054 

ROUTES  IN  LOUISIANA. 


149 


Fort  Massac,  111 24  1078 

Belgrade,  111. 3  1081 

Paducah,  Ky.,   (mouth  of 

Tennessee  River) 6  1087 

Smithland,  Ky.,  (mouth  of 

Cumberland  River) 15  1102 

Golconda,  111. 18  1120 

^lizabethtown,  111 12  1132 

Cave  in  Rock,  111 7  1139 

Caseyville,  Ky. 13  1152 

Shawneetown,  111 9  1161 

Raleigh,Ky 5  1166 

Wabash  River 6  1172 

Uniontown,  Ky 5  1177 

Mount  Vernon,  la 15  1192 

Hendersonville,  Ky. 26  1218 

EVANSVILLE,  IA. 10  1228 

Green  River,  Ky. 8  1236 

Newburg,  la 6  1242 

Enterprise,  la 15  1 257 

Owensburg,  Ky 6  1263 

Rockport,  la 9  1272 

Lewisport,  Ky 12  1284 

Troy,  la 6  1290 

Carmelton,  la. 6  1296 

Cloversport,  Ky 13  1309 

Rome,  la.  )  in  mo 

Stevensport,  Ky.  \ 1U 

Concordia,  Ky 11  1330 

Alton,  la 10  1340 

Fredonia,  la.  f 13  1353 

Leavensworth,  la 4  1357 

Amsterdam,  la. »  8  1365 

Northampton,  la.   3  1368 

Mauckport,  la 7  1375 

Brandenburg,  Ky 1  1376 

West  Point,  Ky. 17  1393 

Portland,  Ky.       ) 

New  Albany,  la.  |    20  14 

Shippingsport,  Ky. 1  1414 

LOUISVILLE,  Ky. 2  1416 

Jeffersonville,  Ky 1  141 7 

Utica,  la 8  1425 

Westport,  Ky 16  1441 

New  London,  la. 15  1456 

MADISON,  IA. 9  1465 

Mouth  of  Kentucky  River  12  1477 

Vevay,  la. 10  1487 

Warsaw,  Ky. 10  1497 

Patriot,  la 10  1507 

Hamilton,  Ky 2  1509 

Rising  Sun,  la. 11  1520 

Belleview,  Ky 3  1523 

Aurora,  la. 6  1529 

Lawrenceburg,  la 5  1534 


Great  Miami  River,  O. —  2  1536 

North  Bend,  O. 4  1540 

CINCINNATI,  O 16  1556 

Newport  and  Covington  opposite. 

(493)  N.  ORLEANS  to  PITTSBURG. 
To  Cincinnati,  (see  492).  1556 
PITTSBURG,  (see  513) ....  497  2053 

(494)  NEW  ORLEANS  to  SHREVE- 

PORT. 
Steamboat. 
To    Mouth    of  Red  River, 

(see  491) 236 

Washita  River 35  271 

Alexandria 70  340 

Natchitoches 80  420 

SHREVEPORT 85  505 

(495)  NEW  ORLEANS  to  FORT  GIB- 

SON, IND.TER. 

Steamboat. 

To  Napoleon,  at  mouth  of 
Arkansas  Riv.,  (see  491)620 

Montgomery's  Point 20    640 

Arkansas 40    680 

New  Gascony 76    756 

Pine  Bluffs 25    781 

LITTLE  ROCK 90    871 

Lewisburg  60    931 

Dfirdanelle 42    973 

Scotia 13    986 

Spadra  Bluff 17  1003 

Morrison's  Bluff 6  1009 

Ozark 25  1034 

Van  Buren 58  1092 

FORT  SMITH 8  1100 

Fort  Coffee,  I.  T. 17  1117 

Canadian  River 45  1 162 

FORT  GIBSON 40  1202 

(496)  ST.  FRANCISVILLE  to  NAT- 

CHEZ, Miss. 

West  Feliciana  R.  R. 

To  Laurel  Hill 13 

Woodville 11    24 

Stage. 

Cold  Spring 16    40 

NATCHEZ 20    60 

13* 


150 


ROUTES  IN  TEXAS. 


TEXAS. 

(497)    GALVESTON    to    NEW    OR- 
LEANS. 
To  NEW  ORLEANS,  (see  490)       450 

(498)  GALVESTON  to  HUNTSVILLE. 

Steamboat. 

(504)  AUSTIN  to  NATcniTOCHKfl, 
LA. 
To  Webber's  Prairie  15 

Bastrop  •  •  •  •                             17    32 

Cunningham's  P  O   13    45 

La  Grange  CK>    67 

Moutville                                  9    93 

Davis  Point         5    20 

New  Washington  14    34 

i*r    •      ,   ,                   i  o  i  oi 

Anderson      •                        -17  141 

Huntsville  ••«.                       Sj  176 

Stage. 

Crockett  •  .  .  •                         30  ^0 

Sprint  Crefjk  13  1  1C 

Lockranzy  —   38  258 
Dowlass                          .       lf>  ^70 

Morii  i'omei'v  22  138 

HUNTSVILLB  28  1(36 
(499  1  GALVESTON  to  WASHINGTON. 
To  Houston,  (see  498)  .81 
Eden    'M  105 

•  ACOGDOCHES  15  285 
Melrose  11  296 

San  Augustine  ...»               I®  319 

Rock  Island  29  134 

Mil'im                                       8  337 

(500)  GALVKSTON  to  MATAGORDA. 

NATCIIITOCHES  25  404 

Columbia.   ....                 •     .25    61 

(505)  AUSTIN  to  MATAGORDA. 
To  La  Grange,  (see  504)  .  .  .67 
Columbus  30    97 

Bra/oria    9    70 

Ccdur  Lake  10    80 
Caney  9    89 

MATAGORDA  -.22  111 
(501)  GALVESTON  to  MATAGORDA. 
To  San  Louis  28 

Egypt  16  128 
Wharton               14  14<> 

Preston        ....          8  150 

Velasco  14    42 

L/aney         zs  17  A 

(506)  AUSTIN  to  MATAMORAS. 
To  Lockhart       28 

(502)    GALVESTON    to'  PORT   LA- 

VACCA. 

Steamboat. 
To  mouth  of  Brazos  River.  .58 
Saluri'i                                    80  138 

Gonzales        36    64 

Refugio  30  159 

Jndiatiola       15  153 

San  Patrico  50  209 

Brownsville,  (on  the  ) 
Rio  Grande,)  and    V  ....  160  369 
MATAMORAS                ) 

(507)    AUSTIN   to   PRESIDIO  DEL 
Rio  GRANDE. 
San  Marcos    ...         28 

(503)  GALVESTON  to  AUSTIN. 
To  Houston  (see  498)        ..81 

Richmond  •  28  109 

Coiutnbus  ....         50  159 

La  Grange  30  189 
Cunningham's  P.  0  22  211 

New  Braumfels  20    48 

Webber's  Prairie  17  °41 

AUSTIN  CITY  ...            ...'..  15  256 

Rio  Frio...                 40  163 

ROUTES  IN  TEXAS. 


151 


RlO  CtRANDK  

.70  258 

(508)  AUSTIN  to  CORPUS  CHRISTI. 
To  S;in  Patrice,  (see  506).  .209 

To  Henderson  

.  .43 
..45    83 

.  ,i(j  104 

Daingerfield  

«  •  35  1  >J9 

(509)  HOUSTON  to  GOLIAD. 
To  Richmond  28 

(512)  BOSTON  to  Au 
To  De  Kalb  .. 

3TIN. 

..14 

£ovnl 

.  30    60 

Texiiiia  
Victoria  

.45  105 
.30  135 

GOLIAD    

(510)   MATAGORDA    to  W 

TON. 

.27  162 

ASHING- 
41 

Clarksville  

...12    43 
,  .  OQ    63 

Tarrant    •  

28    91 

Kaufman  Court  House   • 
Buffalo      •  • 

...64  155 
36  191 

9    50 

.20    70 

.  ]5    85 

8  129 

S-      '<    i'l  e 

35  120 
°0  140 

Tework   nv  *•»    •'  °<y 

20  149 

Springfield  

JC>    1QJ 

.   7  147 

45  206 

Chapel  Hill  

11  1>8 

WASHINGTON  

.12  170 

..42  316 

152 


THE  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES  AND 
TERRITORIES. 


THE  North-western  States,  comprising  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan, 
and  Wisconsin,  on  the  N.,  and  Kentucky  on  the  S.  of  the  Ohio  and  E.  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  and  Missouri  and  Iowa  on  the  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, occupy  an  area  of  395,319  square  miles.  The  immense  terri- 
tory west  of  these  (with  the  exception  of  Minesota)  is  still  a  wilderness, 
and  occupied  only  by  roving  bands  of  Indians.  The  whole  region  lies 
N.  of  the  parallel  of  36°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  E.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
is  comprised  in  the  great  basins  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  Ohio,  the  Up- 
per Mississippi,  and  the  Missouri  rivers.  The  aggregate  superficies  of 
the  N.  W.  states  and  territories  is  1,202,583  square  miles. 

If  we  except  a  few  isolated  elevations,  and  the  range  called  the  Black 
Hills  between  the  upper  waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Platte  rivers,  tht, 
whole  extent  of  these  states  and  territories  presents  a  series  of  undula- 
ting plains,  inclining  only  in  the  direction  of  the  great  rivers  and  lakes, 
which  form  so  distinguishing  a  feature  of  this  prolific  country.  From 
81°  to  105°  VV.  long.,  no  continuous  chain,  or  any  hill  approaching  to  the 
semblance  of  a  mountain,  interrupts  the  vision,  and  the  far  horizon  alone 
arrests  the  powers  of  sight.  Along  the  rivers  indeed  a  few  ragged  bluffs 
occur  ;  but  so  limited  is  their  extent,  and  so  small  their  occupancy,  that 
they  are  almost  lost  in  the  pervading  characteristics  of  the  whole,  and 
,  can  only  claim  a  notice  in  the  minute  topography  of  regions.  The  soil 
is  everywhere  excellent—  infinite  in  variety,  of  great  depth,  and  fertile 
beyond  description.  Naturally  it  is  clothed  with  a  strong  sward,  bearing 
a  tall,  coarse  grass  ;  and  in  many  places  extensive  tracts  are  covered  with 
an  abundant  growth  of  timber  —  forests  of  oak,  pine,  maple,  walnut,  and 
other  valuable  trees.  The  most  lively  landscape  prevails,  and  for  miles 
and  miles  a  varied  scenery  of  natural  growth,  with  all  the  diversity  of 
gentle  swell  and  plain  —  here  trees  grouped  together,  or  standing  singly 
and  alone,  and  there  arranged  in  long  avenues  as  though  planted  by 
human  hands,  with  strips  of  open  prairie  intervening.  Sometimes  the 
44  openings"  are  dotted  with  numerous  clear  lakes,  and  form  scenes  of 
enchanting  beauty.  In  these  regions  the  bison  roams,  and  here  the  red 
hunter  formerly  delighted  to  pursue  his  game  amid  the  primeval  devel- 
opments of  nature. 


THE  STATE  OF  OHIO.  153 

The  great  rivers  which,  with  a  thousand  branches,  penetrate  to  almost 
every  portion  of  the  country,  and  lead  off  the  surplus  waters  to  the  vast 
central  trunk  that  traverses  it  from  N.  to  S.,  are  perhaps,  no  less  than  the 
extended  plains,  a  distinguishing,  as  they  are  an  important  feature  of  the 
west.  Without  these,  and  those  great  lakes  which  lie  ou  the  N.,  the 
whole  region  must  forever  have  remained  ah  impenetrable  wilderness. 
These  are  now  the  avenues  of  a  commerce  unsurpassed  in  extent,  and 
have  contributed  more  than  all  the  artificial  constructions  of  man  to  de- 
velop the  teeming  wealth  of  the  regions  watered  by  their  courses.  Craft 
of  every  description,  from  the  primitive  flat-bottom  boat  to  the  magnif- 
icent steamer,  the  acm6  of  mechanical  skill,  bear  upon  their  bosoms  the 
staples  and  productions  of  every  land,  endowing  with  riches  the  whole 
country,  and  adding  daily  to  the  necessaries  and  luxuries  of  the  thriving 
people,  who,  by  their  .presence  and  perseverance,  have  made  the  wil- 
derness to  smile,  and  the  nakedness  of  the  earth  to  be  clothed  in  peren- 
nial harvests. 

The  "  Great  West"  is  perhaps  the  only  region  in  the  world  that  sup- 
plies so  universally  the  wants  of  man,  or  unites  so  much  and  varied 
treasure  and  such  accommodations.  The  earth  produces  spontaneously 
an  aggregate  of  almost  every  useful  species  of  vegetation,  and  supports 
animals  suitable  alike  for  food  and  clothing;  and  if  we  penetrate  the 
dark  womb  of  the  earth,  even  there  we  find  every  valued  mineral. 
Lead,  copper,  iron,  and  coal  are  found  in  exhaustless  mines,  and  salt  is 
everywhere  abundant.  Nothing,  indeed,  is  wanting  to  man's  happiness. 
The  earth,  the  air,  and  the  waters  are  replete  with  blessings,  and  in- 
voke only  his  industry  to  reap  their  teeming  wealth.  Is  it  wonderful, 
then,  that  such  a  country  should  attract  the  eyes  of  mankind,  or  that  it 
has  so  rapidly  filled  up  by  immigration  ?  Untrod  by  white  man  within 
a  century,  it  now  maintains  its  millions.  The  destiny  of  such  a  country, 
how  grand !  The  great  empires  of  the  ancient  world  will  sink  to  insig- 
nificance before  the  vastness  and  brilliancy  of  this  rising  power. 


THE  STATE  OP  OHIO. 

drea  39,964  square  miles.— Population  1,980,408. 

Tins  flourishing  and  populous  state  is  situated  between  38°  34'  and 
420  N.  lat.,  and  between  80°  35'  and  84°  57'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded 
'  N.  by  Michigan  and  Lake  Erie  ;  E.  by  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia ;  S.  by 
Kentucky,  and  W.  by  Indiana.  The  Ohio  river  runs  along  its  southern 
and  the  greater  pa-t  of  its  eastern  boundary  for  402  miles,  separating  the 
Btate  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 


154  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

The  northern  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  Lake  Erie,  and  the  interior, 
are  generally  level,  and  in  some  places  marshy.  In  the  E.  and  S.  E.  th& 
Country  is  much  broken,  often  rising  into  rugged  and  abrupt  elevations, 
but  nowhere  becoming  mountainous.  The^  whole  state  may  be  said  to 
be  susceptible  of  cultivation,  and  certainly  it  is  one  of  the  most  product- 
ive and  fertile  in  the  Union.  In  the  valleys  of  the  Sciota  and  the  Great 
and  Little  Miami,  are  found  the  finest  portions  of  the  country.  In  a 
state  of  nature,  Ohio,  with  the  exception  of  the  centra!  pr.';iries,  was 
covered  with  dense  forests,  to  which  the  fertility  of  the  soil  gave  stupen- 
dous development.  The  most  extensive  prairies  are  those  of  the  central 
table-laud.  The  principal  riverS,  besides  the  great  and  beautiful  river 
which  gives  its  name  to  the  state,  are  the  Mahoning,  Beaver,  Muskin- 
gum,  Hockhocking,  Sciota,  and  the  Little  and  Great  Miami,  which  flow 
south  into  the  Ohio  river  ;  and  the  Maumee,  Sandusky.  Hu-on,  Grand, 
and  Ashtabula,  which  fall  into  Lake  Erie,  which  forms  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  state  for  160  miles.  The  climate  is  one  of  the  most 
healthy.  -  Free  from  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  it  is  peculiarly 
adapted  to  agricultural  and  other  out-door  employments,  and  to  this  fact 
is  no  doubt  owing  the  general  prosperity  of  the  inhabitants. 

Numerous  remains  of  former  and  extinct  races  are  found  in  various' 
parts.  These  consist  of  tumuli  or  mounds,  and  ancient  fortifications  of 
earth,  articles  of  earthenware,  &c.  To  what  people  or  time  these  are  to 
be  referred,  is  questionable ;  but  it  is  evident  that  the  race  of  Indians 
found  in  these  territories  by  the  first  explorers,  have  had  no  connection 
with  them :  indeed,  they  were  entirely  ignorant  of  their  origin,  nor  were 
they  acquainted  with  their  use  or  economy. 

Ohio  is  extensively  engaged  in  all  the  great  branches  of  industry ;  but 
agriculture  is  the  chief  employment  of  the  inhabitants.  All  the  cereals, 
fruits,  and  other  products  of  moderate  climates,  are  cultivated;  and  in 
the  rearing  of  live-stock,  the  state  is  pre-eminent,  and  for  this  no  state 
has  better  facilities.  Of  hogs  alone,  about  600,000  are  annually  slaugh- 
tered, and  the  yearly  production  of  wool  amounts  to  nearly  4,000,000  Ibs. 
The  mineral  wealth  of  Ohio,  consisting  of  iron,  coal,  salt,  &c.,  is  im- 
mense, but  as  yet  only  partially  developed,  and  building  material  is 
abundant.  Gold,  is  said  to  have  been  found  near  Lisbon.  Manufactures 
are  carried  on  with  success,  and  are  daily  increasiixg  in  importance. 
The  exports  consist  of  wheat,  pork,  wool,  and  other  agricultural  staples. 
These  find  outlets  at  the  lake  ports  and  the  ports  on  the  Ohio.  Internal 
communication  is  provided  for  by  a  splendid  system  of  railroads  and 
canals.  Every  element  of  prosperity  indeed  is  here  in  active  operation. 
The  length  of  railroad  now  completed  is  1,622  miles,  and  the  length  of  * 
canal  nearly  900  miles. 

Education  is  munificently  provided  for.  There  are  in  the  state  12,279 
common  schools,  with  an  average  attendance  of  340,000  children.  Th« 


THE  STATE  OF  OHIO.  155 

school  fund  owned  by  the  state  amounts  to  $1,566,931.  There  are  also 
about  130  academies,  twelve  colleges,  six  theological  seminaries,  one 
law  school,  and  two  medical  schools.  The  number  of  private  schools 
is  also  very  large.  The  state  also  supports  an  Asylum  for  the  Insane, 
and  a  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum. 

The  state  is  divided  into  87  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are — Columbus,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Springfield,  Ports- 
mouth, Marietta,  &c. 

COLUMBUS,  the  capital,  is  situated  about  the  middle  of  the  state,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Sciota,  immediately  below  the  junction  of  the  Whet- 
stone river.  The  streets  are  laid  out  'rectangularly ;  and  in  the  center 
of  the  city  is  a  fine  public  square.  The  great  national  road  intersects 
here,  and  is  carried  over  the  river  by  a  bridge,  which  also  unites  the  city 
with  Franklinton.  Population  17,883.  CHILICOTHE,  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  river,  60  miles  south,  and  PORTSMOUTH,  at  its  mouth,  are  places  of 
considerable,  importance  and  population.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Ports- 
mouth is  a  large  number  of  furnaces.  Pop.  of  P.  4.228. 

CINCINNATI,  the  u  Queen  city  of  the  West,"  is  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Ohio,  near  the  western  border  of  the  state.  It  is  the  largest  city 
in  Ohio,  and  in  point  of  population  the  fifth  in  the  United  States.  Its 
public  bu'tJ dings  are  numerous,  and  equal  to  those  of  any  city  of  like 
population.  In  manufactures,  trade,  and  commerce,  it  is  pre-eminent. 
Population  in  1810,  2,540 ;  in  1849, 115,438.  It  is  connected  both  by 
canal  and  railroad  with  Lake  Erie,  and  with  the  whole  east  mid  west 
by  the  noble  Ohio.  SPRINGFIELD,  on  the  E.  fork  of  Mad  river,  84  miles 
north  by  railroad,  is  a  rapidly  increasing  town,  engaged  in  nianu'aclures, 
and  has  considerable  commercial  connection.  Population  5,109. 

The  other  towns  on  the  Ohio  deserving  of  notice  are  GALMPOLIS,  an 
improving  place,  and  capital  of  Gallia  county — population  1,680 ;  COAL- 
PORT,  the  chief  depot  of  mining  operations;  POMKROY,  a  place  of  exten- 
sive traffic — population  1,637;  MARIETTA,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  M.us- 
kingum,  at  its  mouth,  noted  for  its  mills— population  3,133  ;  STEUBEN- 
VILLE,  the  center  of  a  rich  and  populous  country — population  6,140, 
&c.,  &  c. 

ZANESVILLK,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Muskingum,  80  miles  N.  of  Marietta, 
is  a  manufacturing  town  of  about  7,791  inhabitants.  Anthracite  coal 
and  a  clay  suitable  for  earthenware  are  found  in  the  neighborhood.  The 
national  road  passing  through  the  town,  makes  it  a  great  thoroughfare, 
and,  by  the  improvements  in  the  river,  navigation  is  opened  to  the  Ohio, 
while  the  Ohio  Canal  unites  it  with  Lake  Erie  and  the  Sciota  river. 
COSHOCTON,  NKVV  PHILADELPHIA,  BOLIVAR,  MASSILLON,  and  FULTON, 
are  also  on  the  Muskingum,  N.  of  Zanesville.  AKRON,  34  miles  S.  of 
Cleveland,  and  about  10  miles  N.  of  Fulton,  is  an  important  canal  center. 

CLEVELAND,  at  the  mouth  ot  the  Cuyahoga  river,  and  the  northern  ter- 


156  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

minus  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  is  the  most  important  of  the  lake  ports.  It 
is  excellently  situated  for  commerce,  and  has  now  a  population  of  17,074. 
SANDUSKY  CITY,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Sandusky  Bay,  about  three 
miles  from  Lake  Erie,  is  a  point  of  importance.  It  is  united  with  Cin- 
cinnati by  railroad,  and  also  with  Mansfield  and  Newark.  The  port  is 
continually  thronged  with  vessels  during  the  open  season.  Population 
5,088.  TOLEDO,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee,  and  on  the  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal,  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  railroad  to  Adrian  in  Mi- 
chigan, and  possesses  superior  advantages  as  a  commercial  depot.  It  is 
constantly  progressing,  and  must  eventually,  with  the  natural  and  artifi- 
cial means  at  its  disposal,  at  no  distant  period  become  one  of  the  most 
important  places  on  the  lake  coast.  The  present  population  is  only 
about  3,819.  PORT  CLINTON,  PAINE SVILLE,  ASHTABULA,  &c.,  are  also 
places  of  great  commercial  importance,  and  are  rapidly  increasing  in 
population. 

Previous  to  1788  the  whole  of  Ohio  was  a  wilderness.  In  that  year  a 
settlement  was  made  at  Marietta,  and  in  1789  the  country  was  placed 
under  a  territorial  government,  and  called  the  "  Western  Territory." 
This  designation  was  applied  not  only  to  Ohio,  but  to  all  the  district 
north-west  of  the  Ohio  to  the  Mississippi  river,  and  included  the  states 
of  Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  part  of  the  territory  of 
Minesota.  At  a  subsequent  period  it  was  known  as  the  "Territory 
north-west  of  the  Ohio."  The  ordinance  by  which  this  territory  was 
established  forbade  slavery  in  any  future  state  that  might  be  formed  with- 
in the  district.  The  Indian  wars  in  Ohio  were  terminated  by  Wayne's 
expedition  in  1794.  In  1802  this  state  was  received  into  the  Union. 
Since  then  no  state  has  increased  so  rapidly,  and  it  now  ranks  as  third 
in  population  and  wealth. 


THE  STATE  OF  MICHIGAN 

Area  56,243  square  miles— Population  397,654. 

MICHIGAN  lies  between  41°  48'  and  47°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between  82° 
20'  and  90°  10'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Lake  Superior ;  E.  by  St. 
Mary's  river,  Lake  Huron,  St.  Glair  river,  Lake  St.  Clair,  Detroit  river, 
and  Lake  Erie ;  S.  by  the  states  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  W.  by  Lake 
Michigan  and  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  rivers.  The  state  consists 
of  two  distinct  peninsulas. 

The  "  Southern  Peninsula,"  or  Michigan  proper,  contains  an  area  of 


THE  STATE  OF  MICHIGAN.  157 

39,850  square  miles.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  but  has  a  gradual 
ascent  Iroiu  the  shores  to  the  center  of  the  country,  where  it  attains  an 
elevation  oi'  tiOO  or  700  feet.  The  coasts  of  Lakes  Michigan  mid  Huron 
have  high  and  steep  banks,  arid  along  the  former  are  bl lifts  and  sand 
hills  from  100  to  300  feet  elevation.  The  interior  is  mostly  covered  with 
fine  forests,  interspersed  with  prairie  and  openings.  The  country  is 
,  drained  by  several  large  rivers  and  numerous  smaller  streams,  which 
rise  near  the  center,  and  pass  off  in  an  E.  and  W.  direction.  The  Che. 
boygan  and  some  small  streams,  however,  flow  N.  into  Mackinaw 
Strait.  The  large*  rivers  are  navigable  almost  to  their  sources.  RaisiD 
and  Huron  rivers  flow  E.  into  Lake  Erie ;  Rouge  into  Detroit  river ; 
Clinton  and  Black  into  the  St.  Clair;.andSaginaw,  formed  by  the  union 
of  several  streams,  into  Saginaw  Bay.  But  the  largest  rivers  flow  into 
Lake  Michigan.  St.  Joseph's,  Kalamazoo,  Grand,  and  Maskegon  rivers 
are  all  navigable  by  steam.  Several  lakes  are  found  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  peninsula.  The  quality  of  soil  is  very  various  :  in  the  north  there 
are  considerable  sandy  tracts  and  marshes ;  but  on  the  whole  the  coun, 
try  is  not  unfertile,  and  not  much  inferior  to  the  fine  lands  of  the  South 
for  agricultural  purposes.  No  part  of  the  Union  is  better  supplied  with 
fish,  game,  and  wild  fowl,  and  the  climate  is  remarkably  mild,  being 
tempered  by  the  large  bodies  of  water  by  which  it  is  almost  sur- 
rounded. 

The  "Northern  Peninsula,"  between  lakes  Michigan  and  Superior, 
occupies  16,387  square  miles.  Portions  of  it  are  the  mere  development 
of  sublime  scenery.  Mountains  and  plains, -lakes,  rivers,  and  ibrests 
spread  over  it  with  a  boldness  of  outline  which  may  be  said  to  consti- 
tute almost  a  peculiar  type  in  North  American  geography.  This  divi- 
sion embraces  the  wt mineral  district"  of  Michigan.  Much  of  it  falls 
under  the  influence  of  causes  which  render  it  of  little  value  in  an  agri- 
cultural point  of  view.  The  northern  shores  of  lakes  Michigan  and 
Huron  are  exclusively  limestone,  and  abound  in  gypsum  and  saline 
springs.  The  interior  abounds  in  small  lakes,  and  enjoys  a  singular  ad- 
vantage of  intercommunication  by  its  streams  and  portr-gf:s.  The  length 
of  coast  navigation  is  about  750  miles,  and  in  this  distance  are  embraced 
several  large  bays  and  excellent  harbors.  About  40  large,  and  some  GO 
small  streams,  discharge  their  waters  into  the  lakes  constituting  portions 
of  its  boundary.  The  whole  peninsula  is  eminently  distinguished  for 
the  value  and  diversity  of  its  minerals.  Copper  exists  'in  vast  beds  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Superior,  and  is  frequently  Ibund  in  its 
native  state.  In  some  of  the  river  beds  large  boulders  of  this  mineral 
are  frequently  met  with.  Iron  of  a  very  superior  quality  is  also  tbund; 
and  recent  surveys  have  developed  the  fact  that  it  exists  in  an  almost 
pure  state,  and  in  larger  bodies  than  even  in  the  state  of  Missouri.  The 
copper  mines  are  now  being  worked  by  a  number  of  Eastern  capital- 
14 


158  HORTH- WESTERN   STATES. 

lets,  and  large  amounts  of  ore  and  reduced  metal  are  finding  their  way 
into  the  markets. 

The  favorable  situation  of  Michigan,  having  immediate  access  to  four 
of  the  great  American  lakes;  its  fine  soil  and  climate;  its  mineral  re- 
sources and  other  advantages,  must  eventually  make  it  one  of  the  moat 
prosperous  of  the  Western  states.  Its  industry  is  as  yet  only  in  its  in- 
fancy, and  its  capabilities  only  partially  known.  The  farmers  raise 
almost  every  staple  of  temperate  climates,  and  are  rich  in  live-stock. 
The  chief  cereal  crops  consist  of  wheat,  oats,  and  Indian  corn.  Barley, 
rye,  and  buckwheat,  are  raised  in  small  quantities.  Maple  sugar  is  a 
never-failing  crop.  The  products  of  both  wild  and  domestic  animals  are 
large.  Manufactures  are  progressing,  but  as  yet  are  confined  chiefly  to 
articles  of  immediate  necessity.  Michigan  is  perhaps  better  situated  for 
commerce  than  any  other  inland  state.  It  is  now  accessible  from  New 
York  and  New  Orleans  wholly  by  water,  and  with  those  places  main- 
tains considerable  traffic.  Canada  overlooks  its  eastern  shores,  and  in 
several  places  is  only  separated  by  narrow  straits.  With  regard  to  its 
inland  trade,  every  facility  is  enjoyed  that  navigable  rivers  and  excellent 
roads  can  afford.  Already  the  exports  amount  to  an  important  sum. 
Flour,  wheat,  corn,  pork,  beef,  fish,  wool,  leather,  &c.,  constitute  its 
chief  exports.  Taxable  property  in  the  state,  real  and  personal,  amounts 
to  $29,008,769.  The  railroads  in  Michigan  have  a  total  length  of  474 
miles,  tl\e  main  lines  running  across  the  southern  part  of  the  lower 
peninsula. 

The  University,  founded  in  1837,  is  located  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  has 
three  departments :  viz.,  for  literature  and  the  sciences,  law,  and  medi- 
cine. It  is  supported  by  a  fund  arising  from  lands  appropriated  to  its 
use  by  Congress,  and  is  governed  by  a  Board  of  Regents.  No  charge  is 
made  for  tuition.  Provision  is  made  by  law  for  26  professorships,  and 
also  for  the  establishment  of  departments  for  female  education,  for  the 
education  of  teachers,  and  for  agricultural  science ;  but  the  institution 
as  now  organized  consists  only  of  seven -professors,  and  the  three  de- 
partments as  above  named.  Primary  schools  are  established  through- 
out the  state,  and  governed  by  local  boards,  supported  by  taxes  and  a 
general  school-fund.  There  are  435  townships  in  the  state,  in  270  of 
which  school  libraries  are  supported,  and  provision  is  also  made  for  dis- 
trict libraries.  The  number  of  school  districts  in  the  state  is  2,809,  and 
the  number  of  scholars  97,658.  The  amount  expended  annually  is 
about  $140,000.  Instruction  is  under  the  general  supervision  of  a  super- 
intendent. The  CatholJc  college  of  St.  Philip's,  near  Detroit,  was  found- 
ed in  1839,  and  in  1849  had  four  professors  and  about.  37  students.  A 
state  normal  school  was  established  at  Ypsilanti  in  1849. 

Michigan  is  divided  into  64  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Lansing,  Detroit,  Pontiac,  Monroe,  Ann  Arbor,  Ypsilanti,  Teeumseh, 


THE  STATE  OF  MICHIGAN.  159 

Adrian,  Marshall,  Kalamazoo,  Nilos,  New  Buffalo,  all  in  the  southern 
portion  of  the  state ;  Grand  Rapids  and  Maskegon,  on  the  rivers  of  the 
same  name;  Saginaw,  on  Saginaw  river;  Port  Huron,  at  the  N.  entrance 
of  St.  Clair  river,  &c. 

LANSING,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  Inghara  county,  on  Grand  river, 
117  miles  from  Detroit,  and  has  been  the  seat  of  government  since  Dec. 
1847.  It  is  centrally  situated  in  reference  to  the  settlements.  Though 
but  a  few  years  have  elapsed  since  the  place  was  a  wilderness,  it  now 
contains  upwards  of  400  houses  and  several  large  hotels.  The  State 
House  is  a  spacious  and  handsome  building,  in  the  center  of  an  enclo- 
sure overlooking  the  town,  and  on  an  elevation  of  about  50  feet  above 
the  river.  Several  saw  and  flouring  mills,  propelled  both  by  steam  and 
water  power,  have  been  erected,  and  there  seems  to  be  every  prospect 
of  its  becoming  a  flourishing  place.  Pop.  1,229.  A  stage  communication 
is  maintained  to  Jackson,  on  the  Central  Railroad. 

DETROIT,  the  former  capital,  and  the  largest  and  most  flourishing 
town  in  Michigan,  is  well  situated  for  trade  on  the  VV.  side  of  Detroit 
river,  seven  miles  S.  of  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  18  N.  of  Lake  Erie.  It 
stands  on  an  elevated  site,  about  30  feet  above  the  water.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out,  and  has  many  excellent  public  buildings  and  private  residence!. 
It  enjoys  great  facilities  for  an  extensive  commerce,  and  few  cities  have 
better  prospects  for  future  eminence.  Pop.  21,057.  The  Central  Rail- 
road extends  hence  to  New  Buffalo,  221  miles,  and  another  to  Pontiac, 
25  miles.  Detroit  was  formerly  a  military  post  of  the  French,  and  a 
great  depot  of  the  fur-traders. 

PONTIAC,  25  miles  N.  W.  from  Detroit,  on  the  N.bank  of  Clinton  river, 
contains  the  county  buildings  of  Oakland,  and  is  a  flourishing  inland 
town,  containing  several  manufactures.  Population  2,819.  It  is  con- 
nected with  Detroit  by  railroad.  SHELBY  and  MT.  CLEMENS,  on  the 
same  river,  to  the  E  of  Pontiac,  are  considerable  villages.  ST.  CLAIR 
and  PORT  HURON,  on  St.  Clair  river,  occupy  excellent  commercial  sites, 
and  with  the  progress  of  settlement  must  become  important.  MONROE, 
39  miles  S.  of  Detroit,  is  well  situated,  both  for  manufactures  and  com- 
merce, at  the  lower  falls  of  Raisin  river,  and  is  accessible  for  the  largest 
vessels  from  Lake  Erie.  Population  2,809.  Here  commences  the  South- 
ern Railroad.  ADRIAN  and  TKCUMSEH,  also  on  the  Raisin,  are  populous 
villages,  the  former  of  which  is  a  station  on  the  Southern  Railroad. 
HILLSDALE  is  the  present  terminus  of  that  road.  YPSILANTI,  the  seat  of 
the  State  Normal  School,  and  ANN  ARBOR,  the  seat  of  Michigan  Uni- 
versity, are  towns  on  the  S.  bank  of  Huron  river,  and  on  the  line  of  the 
Central  Railroad.  The  population  of  each  is  about  4,8TO.  DEXTER, 
JACKSON,  and  MARSHALL  are  towns  on  the  same  railroad.  Marshall, 
which  is  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  Kalamazoo  river,  is  aja  important 
place,  with  a  population  of  about  2,823.  KALAMAZOO,  on  the  S,  bank, 


160 


NORTH- WE  STERN  STATES. 


has  great  commercial  advantages,  the  river  being  navigable  to  tho  lake. 
It  has  long  been  an  important  point  of  travel,  and  has  especially  in- 
creased in  prosperity  since  the  completion  of  the  Central  Railroad.  A 
large  trade  centers  here  from  the  neighboring  country.  Population 
2,507.  NILES,  on  the  E.  side  of  St.  Joseph's  river,  at  the  head  of  steam 
navigation,  is  an  important  place  on  the  Central  Railroad.  Population 
3,400.  NEW  BUFFALO,  opposite  Chicago,  on  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  W. 
term'.nus  of  the  Central  Railroad,  and  distant  from  Detroit  221  miles.  It 
has  much  of  the  busy  aspect  of  its. great  prototype  of  the  east.  ST. 
JOSEPH'S,  at  the  mouth  of  Ihe  river  of  the  same  name,  has  a  good  loca- 
tion for  commerce,  but  hitherto  has  not  realized  the  expectations  of  its 
founders. 

CiiRANi)  RAPIDS  is  situated  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  Grand  river,  at  the  rap- 
ids, which  have  a  fall  of  15  feet  in  a  mile,  and  afford  immense  water- 
power.  A  large  number  of  splendid  saw  and  flouring  mills  have  been 
erected  here.  The  village  contains  the  public  offices  of  Kent  county,  and 
has  a  .population  of  about  2.040.  A  canal  round  the  rapids  would  se- 
cure navigation  to  steamboats  many  miles  further  up  the  river.  It  was 
founded  in  1833,  and  promises  to  become  one  of  the  most  important 
places  in  the  state.  MASKEGON,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  is  also  a  large  village,  and  well  located  for  commerce.  It  is  the 
natural  outlet  of  an  extensive  back-country.  Pop  404. 

SAGINAW,  on  the  VV.  bank  of  ^aginaw  river,  23  miles  from  its  mouth, 
stands  on  an  elevated  site,  and  contains  several  substantial  public  build- 
ings. It  has  long  been  an  important  village,  and  has  considerable  com- 
merce. It  is  the  chief  outlet  for  the  extensive  country  watered  by  the 
numerous  tributaries  of  the  Saginaw.  Pop  917. 

MACKINAW,  on  Mackinaw  Island,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  N.  E.  bank 
of  the  strait  of  Mackinaw,  is  a  village  of  some  800  inhabitants.  It  is  an 
important  military  station,  occupied  by  the  U.  S.  forces.  The  fortifica- 
tions are  built  on  an  eminence,  1(30  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake. 
The  Indians  resort  to  this  station  to  receive  from  government  their  an- 
nuities, and  are  here  met  by  the  traders.  Steamboats  call  here  on  their 
passages  through  the  strait.  ~ 

Few  villages  exist  in  the  northern  peninsula.  Those  occupied  by  the 
miners  are  only  of  a  temporary  nature.  SAULT  ST.  MARIE,  however,  is 
an  exception.  This  village,  90  miles  N.  W.  from  Mackinaw,  is  situated 
near  the  rapids  of  St.  Mary's  river,  between  lakes  Superior  and  Huron, 
and  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation.  It  is  proposed  to  connect  the  two 
lakes  by  a  canal  round  the  falls,  and  thus  secure  a  continuous  naviga- 
tion between  the  lakes,  and  form  an  outlet  for  the  vast  resources  of  the 
upper  lake  country. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  within  the  bounds  of  Michigan  was 
made  by  the  French  at  Detroit  in  1670 ;  but  at  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1763, 


THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA.  161 

the  country  was  transferred  to  England,  and  at  the  close  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  reverted  to  the  United  States.  In  1805  it  was  erected  by 
Congress  into  a  separate  territorial  government.  During  the  last  war 
with  England  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  through  the  cowardice 
of  Gen.  Hull,  but  was  retaken  by  Gen.  Harrison  in  the  following  year. 
On  13th  of  June,  1836,  it  was  admitted  as  a  state  of  the  Union.  Arkan- 
sas was  admitted  on  the  same  day  as  a  slave  state. 


THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA. 

Jl  rea  33,809  square  miles.— Population  988,416. 

INDIANA  lies  between  3?o  45'  and  410  52'  N.  lat.,  and  between  84°  42> 
and  88°  is'  \y.  iOBg. :  an(j  is  bounded  N.  by  Lake  Michigan  and  the  state 
of  the  same  name  ;  E.  by  Ohio ;  S.  E.  and  S.  by  the  Ohio  river,  and  W. 
by  the  Wabash  river  and  Illinois. 

The  physical  aspect  of  this  state  is  generally  similar  to  that  of  Ohio. 
In  no  part  is  it  mountainous;  but  that  portion  bordering  on  the  Ohio 
river  contains  much  broken  and  hilly  land.  The  interior  is  undulating, 
and  in  many  parts  clothed  with  timber.  The  river  bottoms  are  always 
rich  and  fertile.  On  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  are  extensive  sand- 
hills, and  along  the  course  of  the  Kankakee  river  swamps  and  marshes. 
The  Ohio  meanders  along  the  entire  southern  boundary.  The  E.  and 
W.  forks  of  the  White  river  and  the  Wabash  drain  the  whole  western 
and  central  portion  of  the  state.  The  Wabash  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats to  Logansport,  and  the  head  waters  of  this  river  interlace  with 
those  of  the  St.  Joseph's  and  Maumee.  It  falls  into  the  Ohio  in  the  S.  W. 
corner  of  the  state,  and  forms  the  western  border  for  100  miles.  The 
climate  is  comparatively  mild,  and  highly  favorable  for  agriculture  ;  and 
with  few  local  exceptions,  the  whole  country  is  remarkably  healthy. 

Iron  ore  and  bituminous  coal  are  abundant,  and  salt  is  manufactured 
hi  several  counties.  Few  persons,  however,  are  emj/Ioyed  in  mining. 
Agriculture  engrosses  almost  universal  attention.  Wheat,  oats,  and  In- 
dian corn  are  the  great  cereal  staples,  and  are  largely  exported,  as  are 
also  wool  and  pork.  Tobacco  is  also  produced.  Indiana  is  progressing 
in  manufactures,  and  in  this  branch  a  large  capital  is  already  employed. 
The  commerce  of  the  state  is  chiefly  carried  on  through  the  Ohio ;  and 
to  ttie  ports  on  that  river  most  of  the  exports  are  brought  by  the  Wa- 
bash, and  the  several  internal  improvements.  Michigan  City  is  the  only 
port  of  consequence  on  Lake  Erie.  The  length  of  completed  railroad  in 
IhV  state  is  902  miles,  and  of  canal  420  miles. 
14* 


162  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

The  school  fund  amounts  to  $2,195,149,  but  in  this  are  included 
$1,500,000,  the  estimated  value  of  school  lands  unsold.  The  number 
of  academies  is  about  80,  and  of  common  schools  2,000.  There  are  also 
six  colleges  in  the  state,  one  theological  seminary,  one  law  school,  and 
one  medical  school.  About  90,000  students  and  scholars  attend  these 
institxitions. 

Indiana  is  divided  into  91  counties.  The  chief  cities  and  towns  are — 
Indianapolis,  Evansville,  Jeffersonville,  Madison,  Lawrenceburg,  Coving- 
ton,  Logansport,  Michigan  City,  &c. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  West  Fork 
of  White  river,  and  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation.  An  elegant  bridge 
is  thrown  over  the  river,  over  which  passes  the  great  national  road. 
The  State  House  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  buildings  in  the  West,  and 
is  modelled  after  the  Parthenon  at  Athens.  The  city  contains  also  sev- 
eral handsome  churches  arid  school-houses.  It  was  laid  ont  in  18-21,  and 
now  has  a  population  of  8034.  Indianapolis  is  the  principal  railroad 
center  in  the  state. 

LAWRENGKBURG,  on  the  Ohio,  is  a  place  of  importance,  at  the  south 
terminus  of  the  Whitewater  Canal,  but  is  liable  to  inundation.  It  is  a 
great  depot  for  the  rich  produce  of  the  Miami  and  Whitewater  valleys, 
and  will  ultimately  become  a  large  city.  Population  4.500.  VEVAY  was 
settled  by  a  Swiss  colony  in  1804,  and  is  the  seat  of  Switzerland  county. 
It  has  a  tine  location,  and  is  prettily  laid  out,  being  surrounded  by  vine- 
yards. The  lands  in  the  neighborhood  indeed  were  granted  by  Con- 
gress, with  the  stipulation  to  make  vine  culture  a  prominent  part  of  the 
agriculture  of  the  colonists.  Population  2,000.  MADISON  derives  im- 
portance from  being  the  southern  terminus  of  the  railroad,  86  miles  long, 
to  the  capital.  It  has  great  facilities  for  both  manufactures  and  com- 
merce. Population  8,039.  JKFFKRSONVILLE,  opposite  Louisville,  is  the 
site  of  the  State  Prison.  Population  2,800.  NEW  ALBANY  is  a  large  and 
flourishing  place,  and  carries  on  some  manufactures.  Ship-building  is 
one  of  its  chief  businesses.  A  railroad  connects  it  with  Salem ;  and 
eventually  the  line  will  be  extended  to  Crawfordsville,  in  Montgomery 
County,  and  Lafayette,  on  the  Wabash.  Population  9,785.  ROME  and 
ROCKPORT  are  lower  down  the  Ohio.  EVANSVILLE  has  an  extensive 
trade  with  the  interior.  It  is  connected  by  a  canal  with  Lake  Erie, 
458  miles  N.  N.  E.  Several  manufactures  are  carried  on  in  the  town. 
Population  5,400.  MT.  VKRNON,  22  miles  W.,  is  the  capital  of  Posey 
county,  and  a  flourishing  village. 

VINCENNKS,  on  the  Wabash,  150  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  the  oldest  city 
in  tiie  state,  having  been  settled  by  the  French  in  1702.  The  inhabitants 
are  chiefly  descendants  ol  the  old  colonists,  and  still  retain  much  of  their 
national  vivacity  and  politeness.  It  was  formerly  the  state  capital. 
Population  2,800.  NEW  HARMONY,  50  miles  S.  of  Vincennes,  was  set- 


THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS.  163 

tied  in  1816  by  a  colony  of  German  enthusiasts,  styled  "  Harmonists,* 
under  the"  spiritual  charge  of  George  Rapp.  These  religionists  ultimate- 
ly settled  on  Beaver  Creek,  Pa.,  and  their  lands  were  purchased  by  Rob- 
ert Owen,  the  Scottish  Socialist,  who  here  attempted  to  test  the  opera- 
tion of  his  "  new-light"  principles  on  a  large  scale.  About  1,000 persons 
congregated  here  under  his  system,  but  the  experiment  was  soon  aban- 
doned, and  the  place  is  now  a  mere  village.  TERRK  HAUTK,  on  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  Canal,  about  100  miles  N.  of  Vincennes,  and  LOGANSPORT,  at 
the  head  of  steam  navigation  on  the  Wabash,  are  important  places. 
LAFAYETTE,  WILLIAMSPORT,  COVINGTON,  and  NEWPORT,  are  also  flour- 
ishing towns  on  the  Wabash.  Opposite  Lafayette  was  fought  the  fa- 
mous battle  of  Tippecanoe. 

MirmoAN  CITY  is  the  only  port  in  Indiana  on  the  lake.  There  are 
some  considerable  towns  and  villages  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state, 
but  none  of  large  population,  or  of  much  consequence  to  the  traveller. 

The  early  history  of  Indiana  is  obscure.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
at  Vincennes  by  French  soldiers  from  Canada  in  1702.  In  17G3  the  ter- 
ritory was  ceded  to  the  British,  and  afterwards  formed  a  part  of  the 
Western  Territory.  Indian  wars  desolated  the  country  until  1797,  and 
in  1811-12,  the  Indians,  incited  by  the  British,  again  commenced  hostil- 
ities. The  battle  of  Tippecanoe  compelled  them  to  sue  for  peace.  In 
1816,  Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union;  and  since  that  period  has 
been  rapidly  filling  up  with  a  hardy  and  vigorous  immigration,  and  now 
ranks  fifth  in  point  of  population. 


THE  STATE  OF   ILLINOIS. 

Area  5t*>,405  square  miles. — Population  851,470. 

ILLINOIS,  so  noted  for  the  extent  of  its  prairies,  is  situated  between  3T° 
and  420  30'  N.  lat,,  and  between  87°  49'  and  91°  30'  W.  long. :  and  is 
bounded  N.  by  Wisconsin;  E.  by  Lake  Michigan  and  Indiana;  S.  E. 
and  P.  by  the  Ohio  river,  which  separates  it  from  Kentucky,  and  W.  by 
the  Mississippi,  which  flows  from  the  N.  southward,  between  it  and  Iowa 
and  Missouri. 

The  surface  is  generally  level :  the  southern  and  northern  parts  of  the 
state  are  somewhat  hilly  and  broken,  but  nowhere  mountainous.  That 
portion  S.  of  a  line  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wabaah  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Kaskaskia  river,  is  mostly  covered  with  timber :  thence  N.  prairie  pre- 
dominates. A  range  of  bluffs  commences  on  the  margin  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, (a  short  distance  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,)  and  extend  N.  of 
the  Des  Moines  rapids,  sometimes  rising  abruptly  from  the  water's  edge» 
9* 


164  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

I 

but  most  generally  at  a  few  miles  distant,  having  between  the  bluffs  and 
river  a  strip  of  alluvial  formation  of  the  most  exhaustless  fertility. 
Probably  two-thirds  of  the  state  is  prairie  land.  The  soil  throughout  is 
excellent, — rich,  deep,  and  productive,  being  watered  by  an  abundance 
of  pure  springs,  and  well  adapted  for  all  kinds  of  grain,  and  other  agri- 
cultural staples  of  temperate  climes.  The  great  lead  region  in  this  state 
is  in  the  N.  W.  portion,  and  the  mines  in  the  neighborhood  of  Galena 
are  perhaps  the  richest  in  the  world.  Copper  and  iron  ores  also  exist, 
and  coal  is  found  in  almost  every  county,  while  salt-springs  abound  in 
the  southern  counties.  The  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and  Wabash  rivers  form 
more  than  two-thirds  of  the  boundary  of  the  state.  The  Big-Muddy, 
Kaskaskia,  Illinois,  and  Rock  rivers,  and  many  smaller  streams,  empty 
themselves  into  the  Mississippi.  Chicago  river  empties  into  Lake  Mi- 
chigan ;  the  Vermillion,  Embarras,  and  Little  Wabash  into  the  Wabash 
river,  which,  and  some  few  others,  empty  into  the  Ohio.  The  state  is 
everywhere  well  watered.  The  climate  is  excellent,  and  in  the  south  is 
sufficiently  mild  for  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  while  peaches  come  to  ma- 
turity everywhere.  Except  on  the  river  bottoms,  and  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  swamps,  the  country  is  healthy,  and  free  from  endemic  diseases. 

The  productive  industry  of  Illinois  is  chiefly  employed  in  agriculture. 
The  cereal  staples  are  wheat,  oats,  and  Indian  corn.  Tobacco,  hemp, 
and  flax  are  also  raised.  The  manufactures  are  comparatively  of  small 
importance.  Mining,  however,  is  briskly  carried  on,  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  lead,  copper,  iron,  and  bituminous  coal  are  annually  produced. 
The  lead  region  extends  from  Galena  beyond  the  limits  of  the  state  north 
and  west,  and  is  supposed  to  occupy  a  district  200  miles  long  and  GO 
broad.  Mining  operations  have  been  carried  on  for  30  years.  Illinois 
has  but  little  direct  foreign  commerce,  but  supplies  no  inconsiderable 
amount  of  that  carried  on  with  other  states ;  and  since  the  completion 
of  the  Illinois  Canal  a  large  export  business  has  been  done  via  the  lakes. 
The  Mississippi  river,  however,  will  ever  be  the  great  outlet  for  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  interior.  Many  of  the  rivers  are  navigable,  and  with  the 
already  completed  internal  improvements,  afford  great  facilities  for  the 
transportation  of  goods  and  merchandise.  Illinois  has  projected  a  splen- 
did system  of  railroads,  but  only  400  miles  are  completed.  The  canal 
from  the  lake  to  the  Illinois  river,  however,  is  finished,  and  answers  per- 
fectly every  anticipation  of  its  projectors. 

Illinois  has  four  colleges,  a  theological  seminary,  and  a  medical  school. 
There  are  also  about  60  academies  and  grammar  schools  in  the  state, 
which  educate  about  3,500  students;  and  2,317  common  schools,  at 
which  51,447  children  are  taught  for  various  terms  during  the  year.  The 
whole  number  of  persons  under  20  years  of  age  was  in  1848,  209,639. 
The  school  fund  amounts  to  $1,404,752.  There  is  a  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Asylum  at  Springfield,  which,  in  Jan.  1850,  had  60  pupils. 


THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS.  165 

The  state  is  divided  into  99  counties.  The  following  are  among  the 
principal  cities  and  towns — Springfield,  Chicago,  Galena,  Rock  Isl.,Nau- 
TOO,  Quincy,  Kaskaskia,  Alton,  Cairo,  Shawneeiown,  &c. 

SPRINGFIELD,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  border  of  a  beautiful  plain, 
4  miles  S.  of  the  Sangamon  river,  and  very  near  the  center  of  the  state. 
In  1823  it  contained  about  30  families,  living  in  small  log  cabins.  It  now 
has  several  fine  public  buildings,  including  the  capitol,  an  elegant  edi- 
fice of  hewn  stone,  and  a  population  of  5,000.  The  surrounding  country 
is  one  of  the  richest  prairie  districts  in  the  state. 

CHICAGO  is  situated  on  the  S.  W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  the 
most  commercial  city  of  Illinois.  It  is  built  on  a  level  prairie,  elevated 
somewhat  above  the  lake  surface,  and  lies  on  both  sides  of  Chicago 
river,  about  a  mile  above  its  entrance  in  the  lake.  By  the  construction 
of  piers,  an  artificial  harbor  has  been  made  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
The  city  has  sprung  up  rapidly.  In  1830 it  was  a  mere  trading  post;  it 
now  contains  about  29,963  inhabitants,  and  is  one  of  the  largest  grain 
depots  in  the  Union.  Its  commerce  is  immense,  and  in  the  aggregate 
employs  about  60,000  tons  of  shipping,  one  half  steamers  and  propellers. 
Tke  lumber  trade  is  also  becoming  very  profitable.  This  trade  is 
chiefly  carried  on  with  Buffalo.  Chicago  is  connected  with  the  western 
rivers  by  a  sloop  canal,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  works  ever  under- 
taken. It  is  connected  w4th  Galena  by  railroad. 

GALENA,  in  the  heart  of  the  lead  regions,  is  situated  on  Fever  river,  7 
miles  from  the  Mississippi,  and  derives  all  its  importance  from  the  mi- 
ning carried  on  in  the  vicinity.  Population  7,000.  A  railroad  connects 
it  with  Chicago. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  near  the  mouth  of  Rock  river,  is  an  island  about  4  miles 
long  and  2  broad.  It  is  the  site  of  Fort  Armstrong,  the  foundation  of 
which  is  laid  upon  rocks  rising  some  20  feet  out  of  the  river.  ROCK 
ISL.,  N.  of  the  junction  of  the  Rock  river  with  the  Mississippi,  is  a 
flourishing  village  of  2,300  inhabitants.  NAUVOO,  the  site  of  the  Mor- 
mon city,  which  contained  in  its  palmy  days  about  24,000  inhabitants, 
is  located  on  a  bluff,  with  an  easy  ascent.  The  Mormons  have  been 
driven  out,  and  their  magnificent  temple  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1848. 
The  city,  or  rather  its  ruins  have  been  purchased  by  M.  Cabet,  the  chief 
of  the  "Icarians,"  large  bodies  of  which  sect  are  now  emigrating  from 
France.  WARSAW,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines  river,  is  a 
small,  but  thriving  village.  QUINCY  is  situated  on  a  bluff,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country.  It  has  a  large 
river  trade,  being  the  depot  of  a  fertile  back-country.  Pop.  7,000.  AL- 
TON, situated  a  little  north  of  and  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri, 
is  a  very  thriving  town,  in  a  region  rich  in  timber  and  bituminous  coal. 
Population  3,500.  KASKASKIA,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  11  miles 
from  its  mouth,  stands  on  an  extensive  plain.  It  was  originally  set- 


106  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

tied  by  the  French  from  Canada,  and  was  a  place  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance. Population  1,800. 

CAIRO,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  occupies  a  site  most  appropriate 
for  a  large  commercial  city,  but  in  consequence  of  the  lowness  of  the 
ground,  and  unhealthiness  of  the  situation,  it  can  never  rise  to  that  im- 
portance its  projectors  anticipated.  A  levee  has  been  built  to  keep  back 
the  waters,  at  a  cost  of  a  million  of  dollars.  Population  from  200  to  300. 

SHAWNEETOWN,  on  the  Ohio,  9  miles  S.  of  the  Wabash,  was  origin- 
ally a  village  occupied  by  Indians  of  the  Shawnee  tribe.  It  has  consid- 
erable trade,  and  a  population  of  1,500. 

Among  the  interior  towns  the  most  notable  are — OTTAWA,  on  Fox 
river,  an  important  canal  station;  PERU,  the  western  terminus  of  the 
Illiaois  and  Michigan  Canal;  PKORIA,  on  the  Illinois  river,  S.  of  Peoria 
Lake ;  PONTIAC,  on  Vermillion  river ;  BLOOMINGTON,  the  county  seat  of 
McLean ;  BEARDSTOWN,  on  the  Illinois :  MEREDOSIA,  on  the  same  river ; 
JACKSONVILLE,  the  seat  of  Illinois  College  ;  VANDALIA,  on  the  National 
Road,  &c.  &c. 

Early  in  the  17th  century,  Illinois  was  explored  by  La  Salle,  the  en- 
terprising traveller  ;  and  French  settlements  were  formed  at  Kaskaskia, 
Cahokia,  and  other  places  soon  afterwards.  In  1763  the  whole  country 
was  ceded  to  England.  Until  1809,  Illinois  was  a  part  of  the  territory 
N.  W.  of  the  Ohio.  In  that  year  it  was  placed  under  a  separate  terri- 
torial government,  and  in  1818  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state. 
The  present  population  has  resulted  from  immigration  during  the  cur- 
rent century. 


THE  STATE  OF  KENTUCKY. 

Jlrea  37,680  square  miles.— Population  982,405. 

KENTUCKY,  formerly  a  part  of  Virginia,  lies  between  36°  47'  and  39° 
10'  N  lat.,  and  between  82°  11'  and  89°  35'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded 
N.  by  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Ohio  river;  W.  by  the  Mississippi  river,  which  separates  it  from  Mis- 
souri ;  S.  by  Tennessee,  and  E.  by  the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  Big 
Sandy  river,  which  seoarates  it  from  Virginia. 

The  outline  of  Kentucky,  except  on  its  southern  boundary,  is  very  ir- 
regular, being  drawn  chiefly  by  the  meanderings  of  the  Ohio.  The  only 
portion  of  this  state  that  can  be  called  mountainous  is  that  on  the  east- 
ern border,  which  is  traversed  by  several  transverse  ridges  of  the  Cum- 
berland range.  Much  hilly  and  broken  land,  however,  is  found  near  the 
Ohio,  extending  along  its  whole  length  at  various  distances.  The  soil  of 


THE  STATE  OF  KENTUCKY.  167 

these  regions  is  good ;  and  a  part  of  this  tract,  lying  immediately  on  the 
river,  averaging  a  mile  in  width,  consists  of  bottom  lands,  which  from 
frequent  inundation  are  exceedingly  rich  and  fertile.  Between  this  tract, 
the  eastern  counties,  and  Green  river,  is  the  "garden  of  the  state."  ^ 
This  fertile  tract  is  about  150  miles  long,  and  from  50  to  100  miles  broad,  ™ 
with  an  undulating  surface  and  rich  black  friable  soil.  The  country  be- 
tween Green  and  Cumberland  rivers  is  called  the  "  barrens ;"  a  term, 
however,  which  does  not  apply  literally,  for  the  soil  is  good  and  fertile, 
though  in  relation  to  the  rich  prairie  land  certainly  inferior.  The  natu- 
ral growths  are  black  walnut,  black  cherry,  locust,  buckeye,  pawpaw, 
sugar-maple,  elm,  ash,  cotton-wood,  white  thorn,  &c.  The  whole  state 
below  the  mountains  rests  on  a  limestone  bed,  usually  about  eight  feet 
below  the  surface.  There  are  everywhere  apertures  in  this  formation 
called  "sink  holes,"  through  which  the  waters  of  the  rivers  disappear; 
and  as  a  consequence,  during  the  dry  season  the  rivers  are  lower  than 
in  any  other  portion  of  the  Union,  and  the  small  streams  are  entirely 
dried  up.  In  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  state,  between  Green  and  Cumber- 
land rivers,  there  are  several  extensive  caves:  one  called  the  "Mam- 
moth Cave"  is  8  or  9  miles  long.  Kentucky  is  almost  isolated  by  navi- 
gable rivers.  The  Big  Sandy,  which  rises  in  the  Cumberland  Moun- 
tains, near  the  sources  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers,  forms 
the  eastern  boundary  for  nearly  200  miles,  while  the  Ohio  winds  along 
the  north  for  more  than  600  miles,  and  the  Mississippi  along  the  west 
for  about  80  miles.  The  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  both  have  their 
sources  in  the  eastern  mountains,  and  after  circuitous  windings  for  600 
or  700  miles  through  the  states  south  of  Kentucky,  bend  to  the  north, 
and  finally  disembogue  into  the  Ohio,  within  12  miles  of  each  other. 
The  Licking,  Kentucky,  Salt,  and  Green  rivers,  are  wholly  within  the 
state,  and  fall  into  the  Ohio.  All  these  are  navigable  for  various  dis- 
tances, and  have  been  much  improved,  so  as  to  admit  of  navigation 
almost  to  their  sources.  The  banks  of  these  rivers  are  peculiarly 
striking  in  formation,  and  the  streams  seem  to  have  worn  deep  channels 
in  the  calcareous  rock  through  which  they  flow.  The  precipices  formed 
by  the  Kentucky  are  in  many  places  awful  in  appearance,  presenting 
perpendicular  banks  of  300  feet,  of  solid  limestone. 

Situated  in  the  center  of  the  United  States,  on  the  table  land  of  the 
w  Great  West,"  with  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  the  eastward,  and  the 
high  lands  of  Tennessee  on  the  south,  Kentucky  enjoys  a  climate  pro- 
tected from  all  extremes,  and  is  not  excelled  in  salubrity  by  any  other 
portion  of  North  America.  The  heat  seldom  exceeds  80°  Fahr.  or  re- 
cedes below  25°.  Such  a  climate  is  suitable  to  the  perfection  of  every 
production  of  temperate  regions. 

The  minerals  produced  in  this  state  are  iron,  bituminous  coal,  and 
•alt.  All  these  are  abundant.  Its  agricultural  resources  are  equal  to 


168  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

any  other  of  the  western  states.  Wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  Indian  corn  are 
the  cereal  staples,  and  flax,  tobacco,  and  hemp  are  extensively  grown. 
Kentucky  is  amply  provided  wjth  live-stock,  and  produces  wool  in  large 
quantities.  The  pork  trade  is  a  large  item  in  its  resources.  The  manu- 
j  factures  of  the  state  are  hardware,  coarse  cottons,  and  cotton  bagging, 
cordage,  woollens,  tobacco,  spirits,  &c.  The  cotton  business  has  been 
developing  itself  largely  during  the  past  few  years.  The  exports  are 
considerable,  and  the  quantity  of  produce  shipped  to  New  Orleans  for 
a  foreign  market  is  immense.  Louisville  is  the  chief  port.  A  large 
trade  is  also  maintained  with  the  southern  states.  Works  of  internal 
improvement  undertaken  in  this  state  are  important :  of  railroads  93 
miles  are  in  operation,  and  upwards  of  800  miles  are  in  progress  or 
proposed,  and  there  are  some  improvements  to  overcome  river  obstruc- 
tions. The  state  has  also  great  facilities  in  its  fine  rivers  and  dry  high- 
ways. 

Kentucky  has  several  old  and  well-conducted  colleges.  Transylvania 
University,  at  Lexington,  was  founded  in  1798,  and  is  the  best  literary 
establishment  in  the  state.  The  Catholic  College  of  St.  Joseph,  at 
~  Bardstown,  and  Centre  College,  at  Danville,  are  perhaps  the  most  flour- 
ishing. The  Baptists  have  a  Theological  Seminary  at  Covington,  and 
there  are  schools  of  law  and  medicine  attached  to  the  University  at  Lex- 
ington, and  a  separate  medical  school  at  Louisville.  There  are  also 
about  140  academies,  1,200  common  schools,  and  a  large  number  of 
private  schools.  The  state  institutions  for  the  relief  of  the  unfortunate 
are  the  Lunatic  Asylums  at  Lexington  and  Hopkinsville,  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  Asylum  at  Danville,  the  School  for  the  Blind  at  Louisville,  and 
the  MariueVlospitals  at  TSrnithland  and  Louisville. 

The  state  contaiuslOO counties.  Among  the  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Frankfort,  Louisville,  Lexington,  &c. 

FRANKFORT,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Kentucky  river, 
60  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  in  a  deep  valley  surrounded  by  lofty  and 
precipitous  hills.  The  State  House  is  built  of  white  marble,  and  is  a 
handsome  edifice  ;  and  the  State  Penitentiary,  conducted  on  the  Auburn 
plan,  is  a  strong  and  durable  structure.  Many  of  the  public  and  private 
buildings  are  built  of  the  fine  limestone  with  which  the  country  abounds. 
Steamboats  come  up  to  the  city,  and  keel-boats  navigate  the  river  for 
many  miles  further.  Population  4,372.  Railroads  connect  it  with  Lex- 
ington and  Louisville. 

LEXINGTON  is  situated  in  a  rich  district,  and  is  the  oldest  city  in  Ken- 
tucky. The  surrounding  country  is  beautiful  and  exceedingly  fertile. 
The  main  street  is  spacious  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  and  con- 
tains many  elegant  houses.  Some  manufactures  are  carried  on,  but  the 
city  is  quiet,  and  none  of  the  bustle  of  commercial  towns  is  observed. 
The  University,  Lunatic  Asylum,  &c.,  situated  here,  are  important 
adornments  to  the  city.  A  railroad  connects  it  with  the  capital.  Popu- 


THE  STATE   OF  KENTUCKY.  109 

lation  9,500.  The  Hon.  Henry  Clay,  the  illustrious  statesman,  resides  at 
Ashland,  near  this  place. 

LOUISVILLE,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  immediately  above  the  Falls, 
is  the  chief  commercial  city.  The  canal  from  Portland  enables  steam- 
boats to  come  up  to  the  wharves.  An  immense  and  valuable  trade 
centers  here,  and  manufactures  of  various  descriptions  are  carried  on 
with  great  spirit.  Foundries,  steam  bagging  factories,  cotton  and 
woollen  mills,  flouring  mills,  &c.,  are  numerous.  Pork  packing  is  a  large 
business.  The  city  is  laid  out  in  rectangular  form,  the  principal  streets 
running  parallel  with  the  river.  Among  the  public  buildings  are  the 
City  Hall,  Court  House,  a  college,  two  hospitals,  a  medical  school,  seve- 
ral asylums,  and  about  30  churches.  Several  daily  and  weekly  papers 
and  other  periodicals  are  published  here.  The  value  of  property  in  1846 
was  assessed  at  $13,047,514— number  of  houses  7,000— population 
43,1%.  COVINGTON,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Licking  river,  near  its 
mouth,  is  built  on  an  elevated  plain.  The  streets  are  so  laid  out  as  to 
appear  to  be  a  continuation  of  those  of  Cincinnati,  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Ohio.  It  contains  several  handsome  public  buildings 
and  a  number  of  manufacturing  establishments.  A  steam-ferry  con- 
nects it  with  Cincinnati,  and  a  suspension  bridge  is  about  to  be  built 
over  the  Licking,  to  connect  it  with  Newport.  Population  0,637. 
NEWPORT,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Licking,  and  also  facing  Cincin- 
nati, is  connected  with  that  city  by  a  steam-ferry.  It  is  a  thriving  town, 
and  has  some  manufactures.  It  is  a  station  of  the  U.  S.  army.  Popula- 
tion 6,<>2i>.  MAYSVILLIO  is  the  commercial  dep-t  of  the  eastern  counties. 
It  is  situated  on  the  alluvial  tract  of  the  Ohio,  and  is  a  well-built  and 
handsome  city,  and  contains  a  City  Hall,  a  bank,  several  churches,  &c. 
It  has  also  some  manufactures.  Population  4,256.  CLARKSBURG  and 
GREKNUPSBURG  are  thriving  towns  E.  of  Maysville.  The  cities  and 
towns  west  of  Louisville  on  the  Ohio,  are  Portland,  Henderson,  Smith- 
land,  Paducah,  &.c.  PORTLAND,  3  miles  'below  Louisville,  is  a  flourish- 
ing and  business-like  place,  and  holds  communication  with  New  Albany 
by  a  steam-ferry.  Population  J,200.  HENDERSON  is  a  shipping  port  of 
some  consideration,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  tobacco-trade.  Popu- 
lation 1,800.  SMITIILAND,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland,  has  some 
trade  with  the  interior,  and  a  population  of  about  1,200.  PADUCAH,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee,  is  a  place  of  rapidly-increasing  importance, 
and  as  a  depot  of  the  river-trade,  is  already  possessed  of  an  extensive 
commerce.  Population  2,400.  The  interior  towns  are  in  general  small. 

Latonian  Springs,  four  miles  from  Covington,  is  a  fashionable  resort 
during  the  hot  season ;  and  Drennon  Springs,  in  Henry  county,  20  miles 
up  Kentucky  river,  supplies  every  variety  of  sulphur  and  chalybeate  wa- 
ters, and  is  much  frequented  by  the  citizens  of  Louisville  and  Cincinnati. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Kentucky  was  made  by  the  celebra- 
15 


170  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

ted  Daniel  Boone,  in  1775.  Until  1790  it  was  an  integral  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, but  in  that  year  it  became  detached,  and  formed  for  itself  a  consti- 
tution. In  1792  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state. 


THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 

Area,  67,380  square  miles.— Population  682,043. 

MISSOURI,  the  largest  of  the  western  states,  is  situated  between  36° 
30'  and  4QQ  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between  89°  and  96°  45'  W.  long. :  and  is 
bounded  N.  by  Iowa;  E.  by  Illinois  and  Kentucky,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Mississippi  river  ;  S.  by  Arkansas,  and  W.  by  Nebras- 
ka Territory  and  the  Missouri  river. 

Missouri  has,  generally,  a  rolling  or  hilly  surface,  and  is  about  equally 
divided  between  prairie  and  timber  land.  The  S.  E.  corner  is  almost 
entirely  alluvial.  No  part  of  the  state  can  be  called  mountainous.  A 
range  of  low  hills,  however,  commences  in  St.  Francois  county,  and  ex- 
tends in  a  S.  W.  direction  to  the  southern  boundary;  and  another  range, 
of  a  larger  class,  extends  from  the  Missouri  river,  between  the  Gascon- 
ade and  Osage,  increasing  in  magnitude  until  far  within  the -state  of 
Arkansas.  These  are  sometimes  called  the  Ozark  Mountains.  The 
celebmted  Iron  mountain  is  situated  in  St.  Francois  county.  Five 
miles  S.  of  this  is  "  Pilot  Knob,"  also  composed  almost  wholly  of  oxide 
of  iron.  These,  with  the  exception  of  the  recently  discovered  iron  beds 
in  northern  Michigan,  are  the  richest  known  deposits  of  iron  in  the 
world.  Copper  is  found  in  several  districts,  and  lead  mines  of  great  ex- 
tent are  known  to  exist.  Washington  county  is  a  perfect  bed  of  metallic 
wealth — lead,  copper,  copperas,  black-lead,  and  brimstone ;  carnelian 
and  other  precious  stones ;  free-stone,  grind-stone,  and  burr-stone,  and 
chalk,  are  the  prevailing  formations.  St.  Genevieve  county  has  quar- 
ries of  fine  marble,  and  vast  caverns  full  of  beautiful  white  sand  resem- 
bling snow,  much  prized  for  the  manufacture  of  flint-glass.  Throughout 
the  mineral  district  beds  of  rich  red  marls  are  found,  which  prove  to  be 
the  very  best  kind  of  manure,  and  such  deposits  being  found  in  this 
comparatively  sterile  region  are  doubly  valuable.  The  best  portion  of 
the  state  south  of  the  Missouri  river,  is  between  the  Osage  and  that 
river.  It  is  agreeably  diversified  and  fertile  beyond  conception,  and 
abounds  in  coal,  salt,  &c.  The  country  north  of  the  Missouri  is  scarcely 
inferior.  There  is  no  part  of  the  globe  win-re  greater  extent  of  country 
can  be  traversed  more  easily  when  in  its  natural  state.  It  has,  for  the 
most  part,  a  surface  delightfully  rolling  and  variegated,  sometimes  rising 
into  picturesque  hills,  and  then  stretch  ing  far  away  into  the  sea  of  prairie, 
occasionally  interspersed  with  shady  groves  and  sparkling  streamlets. 


THE  STATE  OF  MISSOURI.  171, 

The  Mississippi  meanders  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  state  for 
400  miles,  receiving  in  its  course  the  turbid  waters  of  the  Missouri, 
which  river  traverses  the  state  in  a  south-western  direction.  The  La  Mine, 
Osage,  and  Gasconade,  from  the  S.,  and  the  Little  Platte,  Grand,  and 
Chariton,  from  the  N.,  are  the  navigable  tributaries  of  the  Missouri. 
Salt  river,  a  navigable  stream,  falls  into  the  Mississippi  86  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Missouri ;  and  Maramee  river,  also  navigable,  disem 
bogues  18  miles  below  St.  Louis.  The  White  Water  and  St.  Francoia 
drain  the  S.  E.  portion,  and  the  tributaries  of  the  Neosho  the  S.  W. 
part  of  the  state.  The  Missouri  river,  during  a  part  of  the  year,  is 
navigable  for  1,800  miles. 

Almost  every  acre  of  this  fine  country  is  susceptible  of  agricultural 
improvement.  The  climate  is  remarkably  serene  and  temperate,  being 
well  suited  to  out-door  employment  and  the  raising  of  live-stock.  The 
chief  products  consist  of  tobacco,  hemp,  wheat,  oats,  and  Indian  corn. 
Wool-growing  is  becoming  a  favorite  employment ;  and  of  late  years 
the  improvement  of  breed  has  been  attended  to.  The  trade  in  hogs  is 
very  extensive,  and  large  numbers  of  cattle  are  reared  for  the  market. 
About  five-sixths  of  the  people  are  farmers.  Mining  occupies  at  least 
4,000  persons,  and  perhaps  two-thirds  of  these  are  employed  at  the  lead 
mines :  the  remainder  are  employed  at  the  iron,  copper,  and  bitumin- 
ous coal  mines.  As  a  manufacturing  stole  Missouri  is  not  of  much  im- 
portance. The  exports  from  this  state  consist  chiefly  of  agricultural 
produce  and  its  minerals.  Cattle  arid  horses  are  also  largely  exported 
to  the  East  and  South.  St.  Louis  is  the  chief  commercial  city,  and  the 
great  receiving  and  distributing  depot.  Internal  trade  is  carried  on 
mainly  by  steamboats  on  the  Missouri  and  its  tributaries. 

The  University  of  St.  Louis,  Kemper  College,  at  the,  same  place,  and 
Missouri  University,  at  Columbia,  to  each  of  which  is  attached  a  medi- 
cal school,  are  the  principal  scholastic  institutions.  There  are  also  col- 
leges at  Cape  Girardeau,  in  Marion  county,  at  St.  Charles,  and  Fayette, 
and  a  medical  college  at  Willoughby.  Academies  and  common  schools 
arc  supported  on  a  liberal  footing. 

Missouri  is  divided  into  101  counties.  The  principal  cities  and  towns 
are  Jefferson  City,  St.  Louis,  St.  Charles,  &c. 

JEFFERSON  CITY,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Mis- 
souri, 130  miles  from  its  rnouth,  and  near  the  center  of  the  state.  The 
State  House  and  the  Penitentiary  are  the  principal  public  buildings. 
Population  4,000.  The  most  important  places  on  the  river,  W.  of  the 
capital,  are  Marion,  Nashville,  llocheport,  Booneville,  Chariton,  Lexing- 
ton, Blayton,  Liberty,  Independence,  Western,  St.  Joseph's,  &c.  INDE- 
PENDENCE, on  the  S.  bank  o£  the  river,  352  miles  from  its  junction  with 
the  Mississippi,  is  the  starting-point  or  rendezvous  for  traders  to  northern 
Mexico,  and  for  emigrants  to  Oregon  and  California.  The  distance  from 


172  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

St.  Louis  by  land  is  266  miles.  Portland,  Pinkney,  Newport,  and  St. 
Charles,  lie  eastward  of  Jefferson  City.  ST.  CHARLES,  formerly  the  state 
capital,  22  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  on  its  N.  bank,  is  a  thriving 
place,  and  contains  about  5,000  inhabitants,  many  of  whom  are  of  French 
origin.  Warsaw  and  Osceola  are  the  principal  towns  on  Osage  river. 

ST.  Louis,  the  commercial  capital  of  the  state,  and  one  of  the  most 
important  places  in  the  West,  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  18  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  863  miles  from  Fort  Sneliing,  and  1,212 
from  New  Orleans.  No  city  could  be  better  located  for  an  extensive 
commerce.  The  whole  Union  is  its  tributary,  and  already  its  trade 
amounts  to  nearly  one  half  the  whole  foreign  commerce  of  the  U.  S. 
in  value.  About  1,000  flat-boats  arrive  here  annually,  and  steamboats 
with  an  aggregate  of  500,000  tons.  The  Illinois,  Missouri,  Ohio,  and 
Mississippi  are  navigated  by  its  fleets,  and  even  the  northern  lakes  con- 
tribute to  its  commerce.  Year  by  year  its  importance  is  increasing. 
The  city  consists  of  two  parts,  built  at  different  elevations.  The  lower 
part,  or  that  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  is  laid  out  in  narrow  streets,  and 
is  chiefly  occupied  by  those  engaged  in  business.  The  more  elevated 
portion  is  different  in  appearance,  and  is  laid  out  regularly  in  broad  hand- 
some streets,  lined  with  the  splendid  mansions  of  the  rich.  A  variety 
of  public  buildings  beautify  this  locality.  The  population,  about  77,360, 
is  composed  of  men  of  all  nations,  but  the  most  numerous  are  Ameri- 
cans, French,  and  Germans.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  from  the 
river,  which  is  raised  into  a  reservoir  by  steam-power,  and  thence  dis- 
tributed through  iron  pipes.  The  streets  are  lighted  with  gas.  St.  Louis 
is  the  principal  depot  of  the  American  Fur  Company.  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks, the  most  extensive  military  station  in  the  West,  is  situated  on  11  • 
range  of  bluffs,  about  9  miles  below  the  city.  The  principal  places  N. 
of  St.  Louis  are  Westport,  Clarkesville,  Louisiana,  Hannibal,  Marion 
City,  La  Grange  and  Tally,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  St.  Francisville,  on 
the  Des  Moines  river.  To  the  S.  of  St.  Louis  are  Hereulaneum  and  St. 
Genevieve,  the  chief  ports  of  the  mineral  district ;  Cape  Girardeau,  which 
has  a  finehiubor  for  keel-boats;  Ohio  City,  opposite  Cairo,  and  New  Ma- 
drid, formerly  a  noted  place,  but  containing  now  less  than  500  inhabitants. 

Missouri  was  originally  a  portion  of  Louisiana,  as  purchased  by  the 
United  States  in  1803.  Settlements  were  made  at  St.  Louis,  St.  Gene- 
vieve, find  elsewhere,  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  In  1821, 
Missouri  became  a  state.  Previous  to  its  admission,  however,  great  debate 
was  had  on  the  subject  of  slavery,  nor  was  it  until  a  distinctive  line  had 
been  drawn  between  stave  soil  and  free  soil  that  the  state  was  recognised 
by  Congress.  This  line  (36°  30'  N.  lat.)  is  usually  called  the  "  Missouri 
Compromise  line,"  N.  of  which  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  except  so  far 
as  regards  this  state,  slavery  is  never  to  be  tolerated. 


THE  STATE  0^  IOWA.  173 

THE  STATE  OF  IOWA. 

Area.  50,914  square  miles.— Population  192,214. 

IOWA  is  situated  between  40°  30'  and  43°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between  90° 
20'  and  97°  40'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Minesota  Territory ;  E. 
by  the  Mississippi  river,  which  separates  it  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois ; 
S.  by  Missouri,  and  W.  by  the  territory  of  Nebraska. 

Prairie  predominates  in  this  state.  Scarcely  a  hill  interrupts  the  sea- 
like  expanse  of  its  wavy  surface.  An  elevated  table-land  or  plateau, 
however,  extends  through  a  considerable  portion  of  the  country,  and 
forms  the  watershed  between  the  streams  flowing  into  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi  rivers  respectively.  The  margins  of  the  streams  are  thickly 
timbered.  The  prairie  lands  are  variously  covered :  some  are  clothed 
in  thick  grass,  suitable  for  grazing  farms,  while  hazel  thickets  and  sas- 
safras shrubs  invest  others  with  perennial  verdure.  In  spring  and  sum- 
mer the  surface  is  enamelled  by  wild  flowers  in  endless  variety.  The 
soil  is  universally  good,  being  a  rich  black  mould,  mixed  sometimes  with 
sandy  loam,  and  sometimes  with  red  clay  and  gravel.  Lead,  zinc,  iron, 
&c.,  are  very  plentiful.  The  "  mineral  region"  is  principally  confined  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Dubuque.  The  lead  mines  of  this  region  are  per- 
haps the  most  productive  and  valuable  in  the  world.  Ten  thousand  mi- 
ners could  here  find  profitable  employment.  Zinc  occurs  in  fissures  ;ilong 
with  the  lead,  chiefly  in  the  form  of  electric  calamine.  In  some  u  dig- 
gings" this  mineral  is  found  in  a  state  of  carbonate,  and  in  others  as  a 
sulphuret.  Iron  ore  is  abundant  in  several  districts  ;  but  as  yet  the  mines 
have  not  been  worked  to  any  great  extent.  The  state  is  well  watered  by 
numerous  navigable  rivers  and  streamlets  flowing  into  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  rivers,  which  bound  the  state — the  first  on  the  E.  and  the  latter 
on  the  W.  The  principal  of  these  are  the  Red  Cedar  arid  Iowa,  and  the 
Des  Moines,  which  empty  into  the  Mississippi.  The  rivers  falling  into 
the  Missouri  are  comparatively  unimportant.  The  climate  is  excellent, 
especially  on  the  prairies,  and  the  country  is  as  free  from  endemic  dis- 
eases as  the  most  favored  portion  of  the  Union.  Periodic  breezes  blow 
over  the  prairies  as  regularly  and  as  refreshing  as  on  the  ocean  between 
the  tropics.  The  only  unhealthy  portions  of  Iowa  are  the  low  margins 
of  the  rivers,  which  are  frequently  inundated.  Though  the  buffalo, 
once  the  denizen  of  this  beautiful  country,  is  now  almost  extinct,  and 
though  the  elk  is  only  found  in  the  wild  recesses  not  yet  occupied  by 
civilization,  a  great  variety  of  wild  animals  remain,  and  afford  pleasure 
to  the  sportsman  and  profit  to  the  hunter.  The  wolf,  panther,  and  wild- 
cat are  still  numerous,  and  in  the  wooded  districts  the  black  bear  is 
found.  Foxes,  racoons,  opossums,  gophars,  porcupines,  squirrels,  and 
15* 


174  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

the  otter,  inhabit  almost  the  whole  unsettled  country.  Deer  are  also 
quite  numerous,  and  the  musk-rat  and  common  rabbit  are  incredibly 
prolific.  Among  the  bird  tribes  are  wild-turkeys,  prairie-hens,  grouse, 
partridges,  woodcocks,  &c.  Geese,  ducks,  loons,  pelicans,  plovers,  snipes, 
&c.,  are  among  the  aquatic  birds  that  visit  the  rivers,  lakes,  and  sluices. 
Bees  swarm  in  the  forests ;  the  rivers  and  creeks  abound  with  excellent 
fish,  and  the  insect  tribes,  varied  and  beautiful,  add  gaudiness  to  the 
scene. 

Iowa  mainly  owes  its  prosperity  to  its  agricultural  resources.  Its  fine 
prairies  are  easily  converted  to  cultivation,  and  its  natural  pastures  afford 
peculiar  facilities  for  the  rearing  of  cattle,  and  sheep  farming.  Wool- 
growing,  indeed,  has  become  one  of  the  staple  employments  of  the 
farmers ;  and  the  raising  of  hogs  for  market,  is  no  less  profitable  in  its 
results.  The  sheep  and  hog  are  here  raised  with  little  or  no  trouble,  the 
natural  productions  of  the  forest  and  prairie  affording  a  plentiful  sub- 
sistence. The  cereal  and  root  crops  grow  luxuriantly,  and  all  the  fruits 
of  temperate  climates  find  here  a  congenial  soil.  Tobacco  is  grown  ex- 
tensively on  the  alluvial  margins  of  the  Des  Moines,  and  the  castor-oil 
plant,  which  has  been  lately  introduced,  succeeds  well.  No  country  in 
the  world,  in  every  point  of  view,  is  more  promising  to  the  agriculturist. 
Fertile  and  productive,  yielding  minerals  of  the  greatest  value,  pene- 
trated by  numerous  navigable  rivers,  and  bordered  by  the  noble  Mis- 
sissippi, easily  accessible,  and  free  from  many  of  the  dangers  incident  to 
newly-settled  countries,  it  offers  the  greatest  inducements  to  immigrants 
and  others  to  make  it  their  homes.  Its  commercial  advantages  are  per- 
haps second  to  those  of  none  other  of  the  Western  States,  while  every 
portion  of  the  country  is  open  to  easy  navigation  and  land  travel.  It 
already  contributes  largely  to  the  valuable  cargoes  that  annually  arrive 
at  New  Orleans.  The  settled  portion  of  the  state  is  well  provided  with 
good  roads ;  but  as  yet  no  canals  or  railroads,  though  several  are  pro- 
jected, have  been  built.  The  manufactures  of  Iowa  consist  principally 
of  such  heavy  articles  as  are  of  immediate  necessity  to  the  settler,  or  of 
such  goods  as  are  usually  made  in  families,  as  coarse  woollen  and  cotton 
articles,  &c.  The  aggregate  value  of  property  assessed  for  taxes  in  this 
state  in  1848  was  $14,449,200. 

Education  is  well  provided  for.  A  respectable  university  has  been 
established,  and  the  constitution  makes  it  imperative  that  a  school  shall 
be  established  in  each  district.  Instruction  is  placed  under  the  direction 
of  a  superintendent,  chosen  by  the  people  for  three  years.  The  perma- 
nent school  fund  amounted,  Nov.  1st,  1848,  to  $132,908,  and  all  lands 
granted  by  Congress,  all  escheated  estates,  and  all  rents  accruing  from 
unsold  lands  of  the  state,  are  applied  to  this  fund,  the  interest  of  which 
is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  support  of  schools.  Military  exemption 
fines,  and  all  fines  imposed  by  courts,  aie  appropriated  to  the  same 


THE  STATE  OF  IOWA.  175 

purpose.  The  University  is  supported  by  the  interest  of  moneys  arising 
from  the  lease  or  sale  of  public  lands  granted  by  Congress  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  institution. 

The  settled  portion  of  Iowa  is  divided  into  99  counties.  Among  the 
principal  cities  and  towns  are  Iowa  City,  Dubuque,  Muscatine,  Bur- 
lington, Keokuck,  &c. 

IOWA  CITY,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Iowa  river, 
about  60  miles  N.  of  its  junction  with  Red  Cedar  river.  The  river  is 
navigable  to  this  point  for  keel-boats.  The  location  is  beautiful,  rising 
in  a  succession  of  plateaux  or  elevated  terraces,  overlooking  a  splendid 
country.  Previous  to  1839  the  site  was  in  the  wilderness.  The  state 
capitol  is  a  handsome  building  in  the  Doric  style  of  architecture.  It  is 
120  feet  long  and  60  feet  wide,  and  is  two  stories  high  above  the  base- 
ment, and  surmounted  by  a  dome  supported  by  16  Corinthian  columns. 
The  churches  and  many  of  the  private  residences  are  substantially  built, 
and  in  some  cases  elegantly.  Population  about  2,000. 

DUBUQUE,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  1712  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
4(58  from  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  is  situated  in  the  very  center  of  the 
lead  region,  and  is  the  chief  outlet  for  the  commerce  of  the  district.  It 
was  originally  settled  by  a  French  half-breed  of  the  name  of  Dubuque. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  has  a  city  charter.  It  contains  six  or  seven 
churches,  one  of  which  is  an  elegant  Roman  Catholic  cathedral  of  stone. 
Considerable  commerce  is  attracted  to  this  place,  and  the  trade  of  the 
city  has  long  been  in  a  flourishing  condition.  The  Land  Office  for  the 
District,  and  the  Surveyor-General's  Office  for  the  states  of  Iowa  and 
Wisconsin,  are  located  here.  The  interior  of  the  state  contributes  large- 
ly of  its  agricultural  wealth  to  swell  its  otherwise  commercial  prosperity. 
Population  4,000.  DAVENPORT,  74  miles  S.  of  Dubuque,  is  finely  located 
on  an  elevated  plain,  and  surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  country.  It  is 
becoming  an  important  place  of  trade.  Pop.  1,600.  MUSCATINE,  formerly 
Bloomington,  22  miles  further  south,  is  one  of  the  most  thr'ving  towns  in 
the  state,  and  contains  a  court  house,  jail,  several  churches,  and  a  number 
of  mercantile  houses  and  stores.  Population  2,200.  In  1840,  the  popu- 
lation was  less  than  600.  BURLINGTON,  248  miles  above  St.  Louis,  for- 
merly the  territorial  capital,  is  finely  situated  for  an  extended  trade.  It 
was  originally  laid  out  in  1833.  The  ground  rises  gradually  from  the 
river  to  the  hills  which  form  its  background.  It  contains  many  fine 
public  buildings.  A  steam-ferry  here  crosses  the  Mississippi.  The  site 
was  formerly  known  as  the  Flint  Hills,  an  old  Indian  trading-post,  and 
was  once  the  residence  of  Black  Hawk,  whose  remains  are  buried  here. 
Population  4.500.  FORT  MADISON,  10  miles  below  Burlington,  has  a 
population  of  about  2,000.  KEOKUCK,  a  few  miles  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Missouri,  is  becoming  rapidly  an  important  place,  and  has,  of  late  years, 
increased  in  population  and  wealth,  perhaps  more  than  any  other  town 


176  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

in  the  state.  It  has  a  large  commerce,  and  many  advantages  in  situation 
and  topography,  which  must  ultimately  make  it  a  most  nourishing  mart. 
The  present  population  is  about  3,600. 

The  ulterior  towns  are  in  general  small,  consisting  chiefly  of  agricul- 
tural settlements.  SALEM,  in  Henry  county,  is  a  thriving  settlement,  and 
chiefly  inhabited  by  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  A  considera- 
ble colony  of  Mormons  is  settled  in  Pottawatamie  county. 

Iowa  was  a  portion  of  Louisiana  as  purchased  in  1803.  It  was  erected 
into  a  separate  territorial'  government  in  1838,  and  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  state  in  1846. 


THE  STATE  OE  WISCONSIN. 

Area,  53,924  square  miles. —Population  305,191. 

WISCONSIN  lies  between  42°  30'  and  47°  N.  lat.,  and  between  87°  and 
92°  30'  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Lake  Superior  and  the  northern 
peninsula  of  Michigan  ;  E.  by  Lake  Michigan ;  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.by 
Iowa  and  Minesota  Territory. 

Wisconsin  is  one  vast  plain,  varied  only  by  river  hills  and  the  gentle 
swells  and  undulations  of.  the  country.  This  plain  is  elevated  from  600 
to  1,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  highest  lands  are  the 
watershed  between  the  waters  flowing  respectively  to  the  Mississippi 
and  Lake  Michigan.  The  slope  towards  Lake  Superior  is  very  abrupt, 
and  the  rivers  short,  rapid,  and  broken  by  falls.  The  Wisconsin  and 
Mississippi  bluffs  rise  from  100  to  300  feet  above  the  rivers.  The  soil  is 
excellent,  black  marl  predominating  in  the  lowest  timber  and  prairie 
lands,  and  is  often  six  feet  deep.  The  dark  loam  is  the  most  common 
in  the  openings  and  on  the  rolling  prairie,  and  is  cultivated  with  the 
best  success.  The  country  is  naturally  divided  into  timbered,  opening, 
and  prairie.  South-east  of  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  it  is  in  general  heavi- 
ly wooded.  In  the  mineral  region  S.  of  the  Wisconsin,  the  rolling 
prairie,  interspersed  with  openings,  prevails.  North  of  these  rivers  the 
country  is  pretty  equally  divided  between  openings  and  prairie.  The 
climate  is  mild  and  salubrious,  and  perhaps  more  congenial  to  the  Eu- 
ropean constitution  than  that  of  anyother  of  the  United  States. 

Geologically,  Wisconsin, presents  interesting  phenomena.  The  north- 
ern portion  is  .entirely  primitive,  and  exhibits  granite  and  old  red  sand- 
stone as  its  bases.  The  Wisconsin  flows  through  the  sandstone  district, 
and  the  hills  on  this  river  are  soft  and  crumbling,  and  when  carried 
into  the  stream  by  a  rise  of  water,  frequently  change  its  current.  The 


THE  STATE  OF  WISCONSIN.  177 

mineral  district  occupies  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state.  Wisconsin  has 
great  advantages  in  the  availability  and  easy  transport  of  its  mineral 
wealth.  Tiie  production  of  galena  has  become  very  considerable,  and 
the  copper  mines  of  the  north  and  west  are  prospectively  of  immense 
value.  Many  other  metals  are  found,  and  good  marble  and  building 
stone  are  abundant  in  almost  every  part. 

Besides  the  great  lakes  on  the  N.  and  W.,  a  number  of  smaller  lakes, 
varying  from  one  to  twenty  miles  in  extent,  are  scattered  over  the  state. 
These  are  often  surrounded  by  the  most  beautiful  scenery,  and  abound 
in  fish  of  various  kinds,  while  on  their  shores  are  found  fine  specimens 
of  agate,  carnelian,  and  other  precious  stones.  In  the  shoal  waters  of 
the  bays  the  zigania  aquatica,  a  species  of  wild  rice,  is  abundant,  and 
attracts  immense  flocks  of  water-fowl  to  these  localities.  Green  Bay,  in 
the  N.  E.,  is  a  large  arm  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  receives  the  Fox  and 
other  rivers.  The  Mississippi  forms  a  large  part  of  the  W.  bound- 
ary. It  is  augmented  from  this  state  by  the  Chippewa  and  Wisconsin 
rivers,  the  latter  of  which,  with  the  Fox  river,  divides  the  state  into  two 
nearly  equal  portions.  Innumerable  smaller  streams  and  branches  run 
through  the  whole  extent  of  the  state,  so  that  no  portion  of  it  is  without 
a  plentiful  supply  of  good,  and  generally,  pure  water.  The  Wisconsin 
and  Chippewa  are  navigable  for  steamboats. 

All  kinds  of  crops  that  are  raised  in  temperate  ch'mates  may  be  culti- 
vated with  success  in  Wisconsin;  and  owing  to  the  great  range  of  pas- 
turage on  the  prairies,  it  is  an  uncommonly  fine  grazing  country. 
Already  it  exports  largely  of  grain.  Manufactures  are  still  in  their  in- 
fancy. But  few  countries  have  the  same  natural  facilities  for  extensive 
operations,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt,  that  as.  the  wants  of  the  people 
enlarge,  these  will  be  made  substervient  to  their  interests.  The  ports  on 
Lake  Michigan  are  already  distinguished  for  their  busy  commerce,  and 
their  rapid  increase  in  prosperity  and  wealth.  The  river  trade  is  great, 
and  the  busy  strife  of  commercial  activity  has  penetrated  to  the  very 
centre  of  the  state.  Steamboats  ply  on  its  waters,  and  a  system  of  good 
roads  greatly  facilitates  the  development  of  its  natural  capacities.  The 
union  of  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  with  those  of  the  Mississippi,  by 
canaling  the  portage  between  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  is  now  al- 
most realized,  and  will,  when  completed,  create  a  navigable  channel  6f 
the  greatest  importance.  Wisconsin  has  also  several  railroads,  which 
together  will  extend  over  a  line  of  800  miles,  about  60  of  which- are  now 
in  operation. 

Wisconsin  has  made  provision  for  an  extensive  system  of  education 
The  Wisconsin  University,  at  Madison,  was  established  in  1840.  The 
number  of  school  sections  is  2,200,  and  the  number  of  children  in  the 
state  between  4  and  2X)  years  of  age  about  40,000.  The  school  fund  con- 
sists of  the  proceeds  of  the  16th  sections  of  land,  500,000  acres  ceded  to 
the  state  by  Congress ;  all  forfeitures  and  escheats  to  the  state ;  all  inili- 


178  NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 

tary  exemption  fines ;  all  the  net  proceeds  of  penal  fines ;  5  pei  cent,  of 
the  proceeds  of  all  sales  of  U.  S.  lands  in  the  state,  and  all  moneys  ari- 
sing from,  any  grant  to  the  state,  where  the  purposes  of  such  grant  are 
not  specified.  The  value  of  these  various  items  is  not  ascertained,  but 
must  be  great  and  ever  increasing. 

The  state  is  divided  into  31  counties,  18  of  which  are  S.  of  the  Fox 
and  Wisconsin  rivers.  N.  of  these  the  settlements  are  very  sparse.  The 
most  important  cities  and  towns  are  Madison,  Milwaukee,  Sheboygan, 
Munitouwoc,  Green  Bay,  Mineral  Point,  &c. 

MADISON,  the  capital,  90  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee,  is  pleasantly  situated 
between  the  3d  and  4th  of  the  chain  called  "'  Four  Lakes,"  on  a  gently 
rising  ground,  from  which  there  is  a  regular  descent  each  way  to  the 
water,  it  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  a  central  square,  in  the  middle  of 
which  stands  the  State  House.  This  is  a  spacious  stone  edifice,  two 
stories  high  above  the  basement,  and  surmounted  with  a  handsome 
dome,  and  can  be  seen  for  a  distance  of  10  miles  from  every  direction. 
The  city  also  pontains  the  county  prison  and  several  churches,  with  a 
number  of  stores.  Two  newspapers  are  issued  weekly.  Population 
1,871.  It  was  laid  out  in  1836. 

MILWAUKEE,  the  largest  and  most  important  town  of  the  state,  is  situa- 
ted on  both  sides  of  Milwaukee  river,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Michi- 
gan, 90  miles  N.  of  Chicago,  111.  It  is  the  natural  outlet  of  one  of  the 
finest  grain  regions  in  the  Union.  The  progress  of  the  city  has  been 
most  remarkable.  In  1834  it  was  surrounded  by  a  wilderness,  and 
contained  only  two  log-houses.  It  has  now  20,061  inhabitants,  and  for 
the  last  few  years  has  increased  at  the  rate  of  2,000  or  3,000  annually. 
Regular  lines  of  steamboats  ply  between  Milwaukee  and  Buffalo,  the 
trade  between  which  is  immense,  and  constantly  increasing.  SIIKBOY- 
GAN,  at  the  entrance  of  Sheboygan  river  into  Lake  Michigan,  56  milea 
N.  of  Milwaukee,  has  a  deep  and  capacious  harbor,  and  is  a  place  of 
rising  importance.  MANITOUWOC,  30  miles  further  N.,  is  also  a  rapidly 
progressing  village.  Population  766.  In  1849  it  imported  goods  to  the 
amount  of  $127,000,  and  exported  agricultural  produce  to  the  value  of 
$72,000.  RACINE  and  WASHINGTON  are  also  towns  well  situated,  and 
have  a  prospect  of  attaining  commercial  prosperity.  GREEN  BAY,  at  the 
head  of  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Fox  river, 
at  its  mouth,  is  a  most  important  haven ;  and  when  the  improvements  in 
the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers  are  completed,  so  as  to  admit  of  naviga- 
tion through  the  state  to  the  Mississippi,  it  must  rapidly  increase  in 
population  and  wealth.  Fort  Howard,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the 
river,  is  one  of  the  most  important  military  stations  in  the  north-west. 

PRAIRIE  DU  CHIEN,  on  the  Mississippi,  is  the  most  prominent  point 
on  that  river.  It  is  situated  a  few  miles  N.of  the  Wisconsin  river,  and 
has  its  name  from  the  beautiful  prairie  on  which  it  is  located.  It  ia  one 


THE  TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA.  179 

of  the  oldest  settlements  in  the  west,  and  has  been  the  scene  of  many 
battles,  both  of  Indian  and  civilized  warfare.  The  Indian  trade  that 
once  centered  here,  has  almost  ceased  since  the  removal  of  the  Winne- 
bagoes.  Population  about  2,000.  MINERAL  POINT,  50  miles  W.  of 
Madison  ;  FOND  DU  LAC,  at  the  head  of  Winnebago  Lake  :  EMUIORI^ 
22  miles  W.  of  Racine;  and  MONROK,  30  miles  S.  E.  of  Mineral  Pointf 
are  important  interior  towns.  FORT  WINNEBAGO  is  situated  at  the 
portage  between  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  and  on  the  great  route 
between  the  lakes  and  the  Mississippi.  This  portage  will  be  overcome 
by  a  canal  now  in  process  of  completion.  There  are  akso.  in  the  interior 
counties,  a  large  number  of  villages,  with  populations  varying  from  300 
to  700 ;  -and  so  rapidly  are  new  villages  being  settled,  that  it  is  next  to 
an  impossibility  to  take  account  of  them.  In  many  instances  large  colo- 
nies of  Germans,  Norwegians,  and  other  European  emigrants,  have  pur- 
chased tracts  of  land,  and  built  up  their  villages  as  if  by  magic ;  and  the 
immediate  neighbors  are  even  ignorant  of  their  presence,  until  they  be- 
hold with  astonishment  the  smoke  curling  over  the  new  settlement. 

Wisconsin  originally  belonged  to  the  French,  and  formed  part  of  that 
vast  territory  known  as  "  New  France,"  which  was  ceded .  to  Great 
Britain  in  17C3.  Few  settlements  were  made  previous  to  1H3G,  when  it 
was  erected  into  a  separate  territorial  government.  In  1848  it  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  state  into  the  Union.  Never  since  the  formation  of  the 
American  Confederacy  has  a  state  advanced  so  rapidly  in  population: 
the  tide  of  immigration  is  continuous  not  only  from  Europe  but  from, 
the  eastern  United  States,  and  certainly  few  states  have  ever  before  pre- 
sented such  a  combination  of  inducements  to  those  seeking  a  home. 
Its  situation  and  facilities  of  intercourse,  its  agricultural  capacities,  its 
mineral  wealth,  and  other  natural  advantages  are  pre-eminently  inviting, 
and  offer  golden  prospects  to  every  grade  and  condition  of  man. 


THE  TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA. 

Area  83,000  square  miles.— Population  6,077. 

MINESOTA  is  situated  between  43°  30'  and  49°  N.  lat,  and  between 
890  30'  and  102O  10'  W.  long.:  and  is  bounded  N.  by  British  America; 
E.  by  Lake  Superior  and  the  state  of  Wisconsin  ;  S.  by  the  state  of  Iowa, 
and  W.  by  Missouri  Territory.  Of  the  immense  territory  included  with- 
in these  limits,  22,33(3  square  miles  belonged  to  the  late  territory  of  Wis- 
consin, and  the  remainder  to  the  late  territory  of  Iowa. 

Throughout  the  whole  of  this  territory  scarcely  an  elevation  that  could 
be  dignified  with  the  name  of  mountain  occurs.  The  surface  is  in  gen- 


180  THE  TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA. 

eral  level  or  undulating,  but  varies  considerably  in  elevation,  and  in 
the  ascents  and  descents  of  its  plateaux.  In  some  parts,  especially  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Peter's,  tlie  ground  is  much 
broken,  and  their  margins  lined  with  high  bluffs  of  various  formations; 
while  in  others  the  rivers  flow  through  deep  channels,  seemingly  worn 
into  the  earth  by  the  force  of  their  waters.  Every  portion  of  Minesota 
may  be  reached  by  inland  navigation.  The  traveller  will  meet  constant- 
ly with  springs  and  small  lakes,  the  sources  of  mighty  rivers,  whose  wa- 
ters are  discharged  thousands  of  miles  to  the  N.  into  Hudson's  Bay;  as 
many  to  the  E.  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  or  to  the  S.  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  Springs  are  often  seen  within  a  few  feet  of  each  other,  the 
sources  of  rivers,  whose  outlets  in  the  ocean  are  some  six  thousand  miles 
apart.  In  almost  every  direction  canoe  navigation,  with  short  portages, 
is  practicable  by  means  of  the  numerous  rivers,  whose  sources  are  nearly 
interlocked  or  connected  by  chains  of  lakes.  The  Mississippi  has  its 
source  here,  some  3,000  miles  from  its  mouth.  Nine  hundred  miles  of 
the  length  of  this  majestic  river  are  embraced  in  this  territory,  and  its 
numerous  tributaries  course  through  its  fertile  plains.  The  N.  E.  portion 
is  washed  by  the  crystal  waters  of  Lake  Superior,  which  is  of  itself  an 
inland  sea  for  the  prosecution  of  trade  and  commerce,  and  opens  an  ave- 
nue to  tk#  Atlantic.  The  Missouri,  after  having^flowed  nearly  1,000 
miles  from  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  sweeps  along  its  whole  W. 
boundary,  ensuring*  navigation  almost  to  Oregon.  Its  large  tributaries, 
James  and  Big  Sioux  rivers,  water  valleys  of  great  beauty  and  fertility. 
Extensive  prairies,  blooming  with  flowers  and  covered  with  luxuriant 
grasses,  affording  sustenance  to  immense  herds  of  buffalo,  saying  nothing 
of  elk,  deer,  antelopes,  and  other  small  game.  Red  River,  which  dis- 
charges itself  into  Lake  Winnipeg,  has  its  sources  near  those  of  the 
Mississippi.  Beautiful  lakes  of  transparent  water,  well  stocked  with 
fish,  and  varying  in  size  from  ponds  to  inland  seas,  are  profusely  scat- 
tered over  the  territory.  Forests  of  pine  and  other  evergreens,  orchards 
of  sugar-maple,  groves  of  hard  and  soft  woods  of  various  species,  wild 
rice  and  cranberries,  and  various  species  of  wild  fruit,  copious  springs 
of  pure  water,  a  fertile  soil,  and  water-power,  easily  improved  and  abun- 
dantly distributed,  render  this  region  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
man.  Add  to  these  a  salubrious  climate,  and  Minesota  appears  to  enjoy 
eminent  capacities  for  becoming  a  thriving  and  populous  state.  Its  min- 
eral resources  are  unknown,  but  indications  and  discoveries  have  been 
made  that  certify  its  wealth  in  copper  and  lead.  Building  stone  of  every 
description,  limestone,  &c.,  are  found  everywhere  underlying  the  soil, 
while  many  valuable  and  precious  stones  are  found  on  the  shores  of 
the  lakes.  For  a  country  so  overspread  with  lakes,  and  traversed  by 
such  a  number  of  rivers,  it  is  astonishingly  free  from  marsh  and  morass. 
The  land  has  a  great  elevation  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  waters 


THE  TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA.  181 

of  the  N.  and  E.,  and  as  a  consequence  is  easily  and  perfectly  drained ; 
and  moreover,  the  margins  of  the  lakes  and  rivers  themselves  are  gen- 
erally surrounded  by  hills  and  bluffs,  which  protect  their  neighborhoods 
from  iuimdution.  The  whole  country  is  thus  eligible  lor  agriculture. 

The  settlements  as  yet  made  in  the  territory  are  chiefly  confined  to  the 
'  peninsula  between  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Croix  on  the  S.,  and  on  tho 
Red  river  on  the  N.  Otherwise  the  country  is  inhabited  only  by  the 
aboriginal  hunters,  the  Chippewas,  and  Sioux  Indians.  Their  numbers 
are  not  ascertained,  but  may  approximate  to  about  12,000.  With  some  of 
the  tribes  treaties  have  been  made  for  the  purchase  of  their  lands,  and 
for  their  removal,  which,  when  effected,  will  open  to  the  white  settler 
immense  tracts  of  rich  and  fertile  soils,  productive  of  every  species  of 
grain  and  fruits  usually  grown  in  northern  climates.  The  Indians  have 
long  been  in  connection  with  the  whites,  and  have  for  more  than  two 
centuries  carried  on  with  them  a  profitable  trade  in  furs  and  peltries. 
Their  hunting-grounds  are  now  chiefly  confined  to  the  vast  prairies  west 
of  the  Mississippi.  The  white  inhabitants  are  from  almost  every  portion 
of  the  wo/Sd:  the  Canadian,  the  sons  of  New  England  and  the  Middle 
States,  with  English,  French,  and  Germans,  are  all  intermingled  ;  and 
not  a  few  of  the  citizens  consist  of  half-breeds,  who  chiefly  reside 
on  the  Red  River,  and  have  settlements  for  some  distance  on  both  sides 
of  our  N.  boundary.  These  are  descendants  of  the  original  settlers 
at  Lord  Selkirk  colony,  and  Indian  women  <$f  the  Chippewa  family. 
Their  village  is  called  Pembina.  Hardy  and  hard  working,  prudent  as 
the  Now  England  farmer,  religious  and  intelligent,  they  form  no  mean 
class  in  the  general  community.  They  trade  with  the  southern  settlers, 
exchanging  furs  and  pemmican  foVthe  superfluities  of  the  South.  They 
rear  cattle  and  sheep,  weave  their  own  clothing,  and  live  in  a  middle 
state  of  civilization.  They  have  churches  and  schools,  and  many  of  the 
better  class  are  educated  at  a  collegiate  establishment  which  has  long 
been  maintained  among  them.  As  a  consequence,  however,  of  their 
ostracized  -situation,  they  still  retain  many  of  the  peculiarities  of  their  ori- 
ginal nation*,  modified  indeed  by  the  circumstances  that  surround  them, 
and  their  connection  with  savage  life.  In  the  new  settlements,  the  indus- 
try of  the  whites  is  almost  entirely  agricultural.  They  have  mills  on  a 
number  of  the  streams,  and  steamboats  ply  regularly  on  their  waters. 
They  are  building  roads,  and  from  the  energy  they  exhibit  in  overcoming, 
natural  obstacles,  the  real  prosperity  of  the  territory  seems  to  be  ensured. 
A  large  business  has  been  already  dune  by  the  steamboats  that  sail  regu- 
larly between  Galena:  and  St.  Paul  and  Stillwater.  The  products  of  the 
chase,  and  the  fruits  of  the  field  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities. 
With  regard  to  immigration,  the  prospects  are  favorable/  Farmers,  labor- 
ers, and  professional  men,  are  daily  ascending  the  rivers  in  search  of  a. 
new  home.  The  day  indeed  is  not  distant,  when  the  forests  will  be  laid  low, 

16 


182  THE   TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA. 

and  the  flowery  prairies  be  converted  into  fields  and  gardens,  producing 
every  necessary  to  the  use  and  enjoyment  of  man.  Earth,  air,  and  wa- 
ter abound  in  the  prerequisites  of  man's  happiness  and  enjoyment,  and 
are  only  awaiting  his  advent  to  yield  up  their  now  unused  abundance. 

The  organization  of  the  government  of  the  territory  having  been  so 
recent,  it  is  impossible  to  exhibit  by  statistics  the  resources  of  this  new' 
and  almost  untouched  country.  The  first  legislature,  which  adjourned 
after  a  session  of  sixty  days,  on  the  1st  November,  1849,  was  chiefly 
employed  in  organizing  the  government,  and  dividing  the  territory 
into  suitable  civ^l  districts,  and  appointing  officers  to  enforce  the 
laws.  Among  its  most  important  acts  were  those  establishing  the  judi- 
ciary, a  school  system,  and  relative  to  the  improvement  of  roads.  All 
these  will  have  a  paramount  influence  over  the  future  destiny  of  the 
country.  Perhaps  one  of  the  most  humane  and  politi(|  acts  of  the  legiu- 
lature  was  the  admission  to  citizenship  of  "  all  persons  of  a  mixture  of 
white  and  Indian  blood,  who  shall  have  adopted  the  habits  and  customs 
of  civilized  men ;"  and  not  less  politic  is  that  law  which  requires  the  es- 
tablishment of  schools  throughout  the  territory.  The  act  of  the  General 
Government  organizing  the  territory  appropriates  two  sections  of  land 
in  every  township  for  the  support  of  common  schools.  No  other  state 
in  the  Union  has  received  more  than  one  section  in  each  township  for 
such  purpose.  On  the  llth  June,  1849,  the  whole  citizen  population 
numbered  4,780,  of  which  3,067  were  males  and  1,713  females.  The 
present  population  (May,  1850)  is  probably  not  far  from  the  estimate 
exhibited  at  the  head  of  this  article. 

Minesota  was  divided  by  the  Legislature  into  nine  counties  in  lieu  of 
the  counties  of  St.  Croix  and  La  Pointe,  which  constituted  the  remain- 
ing portions  of  the  territories  of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  of  which  Mine- 
seta  was  formed./  The  principal  settlements  are  St.  Paul,  Still  water, 
Mendota,  Fort  Snelling,  Pembina,  &c. 

ST.  PAUL,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
15  miles  by  water,  and  8  miles  by  land,  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
The  town  is  situated  on  a  plateau  terminating  on  the  river  in  a  precipi- 
tous bluff  80  feet  elevation  above  the  river.  The  bluff  recedes  from 
the  river  at  the  upper  and  lower  ends  of  the  town,  forming  two  land- 
ings, from  both  of  which  the  ascent  is  gradual.  The  first  store  or 
trading-house  was  built  in  1842.  In  June,  1849,  the  town  contained  142 
houses,  all  of  which,  with  the  exception  of  perhaps  a  dozen,  had  been 
4built  within  the  year  previous.  This  number  included  the  Government 
House,  three  hotels,  four  warehouses,  ten  stores,  several  groceries,  two 
printing-offices,  (from  which  two  newspapers  are  issued  weekly,)  seve- 
ral mechanics'  shops,  a  school-house,  £.c.  There  was  not  a  brick  or 
stone  house  in  the  town.  Fince  the  period  above  mentioned,  however, 
several  churches  and  many  durable  houses,  built  of  stone  and  brick, 


THE  TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA.  183 

from  materials  in  the  vicinity,  have  been  erected.  The  population  in 
June.  1849,  was  840.  St.  Paul  is  well  located  for  commerce;  and  from 
its  being  at  the  head  of  navigation  below  the  Falls,  must  necessarily  be- 
come not  only  the  political,  but  the  commercial  capital  of  the  territory. 
In  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Paul  there  is  an  extensive  settlement  of 
Canadians,  chiefly  persons  formerly  employed  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany, called  LITTLE  CANADA.  Population  600. 

STILLWATER  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  St.  Croix,  near  ita 
head,  on  ground  having  a  gentle  ascent  from  the  shore  to  a  high  bluff 
in  the  rear,  which  extends  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  and  nearly  enclo- 
ses the  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1843.  It  contains  a 
Court  House,  several  hotels  and  stores,  and  many  neat  dwellings. 
Steamboats  seldom  ascend  higher  than  this  place.  The  environs  con- 
sist of  a  beautiful  prairie  country,  and  are  being  rapidly  brought  under 
cultivation.  Population  in  June,  1849,  609.  MARINE  MILLS  is  a  flour- 
ishing settlement  on  St.  Croix  river,  a  few  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
the  lake.  The  precinct  contains  about  200  inhabitants.  Its  water-power 
and  the  fine  country  which  surrounds  it  must  enforce  its  speedy  increase 
and  prosperity.  Several  villages  on  the  Wisconsin  side  of  the  St.  Croix 
river  have  been  established,  and  are  rapidly  increasing  in  importance. 
Indeed,  the  resources  of  the  vicinity  on  both  sides  are  such  as  to  ensure 
to  the  villages  considerable  commerce. 

FORT  SNELLTNG  is  situated  on  the  high  rocky  promontory,  106  feet 
above  the  water,  at  the  confluence  of  St.  Peter's  river  with  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  military  works  were  commenced  in  1819.  The  fort  is  in 
the  form  of  a  hexagon  and  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall.  From  the  river 
its  appearance  is  imposing  and  seemingly  impregnable.  It  is,  however, 
within  the  reach  of  cannon  from  higher  ground :  but  the  object  for 
which  the  site  was  selected — the  protection  of  the  frontier  from  savage 
incursion — is  well  attained  by  its  situation.  The  garrison  usually  con- 
sists of  three  companies  of  dragoons.  The  view  from  these  fortifica- 
tions is  extensive.  The  military  reservation  of  the  establishment  em- 
braces an  area  of  10  miles  square,  of  which  the  fort  is  near  the  center. 
The  settlement  in  the  neighborhood  contains  only  about  40  inhabitants. 
In  the  fort  there  were  267  males  and  50  females  in  June,  1849.  MEN- 
DOTA,  or  St.  Peter's,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  S.  of  the 
confluence  of  St.  Peter's  river,  has  been  occupied  for  several  years  by 
the  American  Fur  Company  as  a  depot  for  their  trading  establishments 
with  the  Indians  of  the  north-west.  Two  stores  and  two  or  three 
houses  constitute  the  village.  It  is,  however,  a  fine  town  site  ;  and  be- 
ing situated  at  the  junction  of  two  great  rivers,  and  near  the  head  of 
steam  navigation,  its  importance  in  a  commercial  point  of  view  has  not 
been  overlooked.  Whites  are  not  allowed  to  reside  here  without 
special  permission  from  the  U.  S.  government,  the  village  being  in  the 


184  THE  WESTERN  TERRITORY. 

military  reservation.  It  will  ultimately  command  the  trade  of  the  St. 
POUT'S  river.  Population  in  June,  1849,  122. 

Some  other  small  villages  exist  in  this  neighborhood,  but  of  their  im- 
port-nice or  present  state  little  is  known.  KAPOSIA,  from  its  situation 
near  the  point  of  land  opposite  St.  Paul,  though  yet  little  more  than  an 
Indian  town,  may  ultimately  become  of  consequence.  ST.  ANTHONY, 
at  the  Fails,  and  SAITK  RAPIDS,  opposite  the  mouth  ot  Osakis  river,  are 
both  (tw  the  E.  bunk  of  the  Mississippi ;  and  higher  up,  on  both  sides 
of  Nokay  river,  is  FORT  GAINES,  the  most  northerly  military  establish- 
ment in  the  country.  The  supplying  of  these  remote  stations  with  pro- 
visions, 6rc.,  creates  considerable  traffic  and  travelling  both  by  land  and 
water.  The  return  traffic  consists  of  furs  and  peltry,  with  other  Indian 
contributions. 

The  territory  of  Minesota  derives  its  name  from  Jffini-sotah,  the  In- 
dian name  for  St.  Peter's  river ;  minim  their  language  meaning  "water," 
and  xot.ah  "  muddy  or  slightly  turbid."  The  country  originally  belonged 
to  the  French  by  priority  of  discovery.  At  an  early  period  their  tra- 
ders, missionaries,  and  soldiers  had  penetrated  into  the  western  wilder- 
ness. The  United  States  had  little  authority  over  this  region  until  1812. 
In  1810  a  law  of  Congress  excluded  foreigners  from  the  Indian  trade; 
and  for  the  encouragement  of  our  citizens  the  military  post  at  Fort 
Snelling  was  established  in  1819.  Among  the  explorers  of  this  country 
the  niunea  of  Carver,  Pike,  Cass,  Long,  Beltrami,  Schoolcrift,  Nicollet, 
Owen,  &c.,  will  ever  be  intimately  connected  with  its  history.  The 
honor  of  verifying  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  belongs  to  Schoolcraft. 
The  present  territory  w*«.  established  by  act  of  Congress,  3d  iVarch, 
1849,  and  shortly  alter  Alexander  Ramsey  was  appointed  (Governor,  and 
made  £i.  Paul  his  capital,  where  the  government  was  organized.  ''Con- 
gress may  hereafter  divide  said  territory,  or  annex  any  portion  of  it  to 
another  state  or  territory," 


THE  WESTERN  TERRITORY. 

This  territory  comprises  the  remaining  unorganized  portion  of  Lou- 
isiana, as  purchased  by  the  United  States  in  1803.  It  extends  from 
the  Nebraska  or  Pialte  river  northward  to  the  49th  parallel,  and  from 
White  Earth  and  Missouri  rivers  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  territory  has  an  area  of  724,26-4  square  miles. 

The  greater  part  of  this  immense  territory  is  watered  by  the  Missouri 
liver  and  its  numerous  tributaries.  The  Yellow  Stone,  the  largest  trib- 


THE  WESTERN  TERRITORY.  185 

utary,  extends  its  branches  to  the  very  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  to  near  the  sources  of  the  Nebraska.  A  mountain  ridge,  which 
branches  from  the  great  Rocky  Mountains,  in  about  42°  N.  lat.,  traverses 
the  country  in  a  N.  E.  direction  towards  Lake  Winnipeg.  In  the  E. 
portion  of  the  territory  the  country  is  partly  covered  with  forests,  but 
beyond  this  commences  a  vast  ocean  of  prairie,  almost  level,  and  clothed 
AI  grass  and  flowers.  Approaching  the  mountains,  however,  the  coun- 
try gradually  assumes  a  barren  aspect.  Countless  droves  of  buffalo,  elk^ 
and  deer,  range  upon  the  vast  plains,  but  even  these  are  fast  diminish- 
ing before  the  attacks  of  the  hunter. 

In  a  country  of  such  extent,  generally  level,  naked,  and  open,  the 
climate  must  in  a  great  measure  correspond  to  the  latitude.  Immedi- 
ately on  the  borders  of  the  settled  states  it  is  mild  and  temperate  ;  be- 
yond, it  gradually  becomes  more  extreme,  and  towards  the  mountains 
cold,  bleak,  and  polar.  Travellers  speak  of  encountering  storms  of  hail 
and  sleet  in  the  summer.  When  the  winds  blow  from  the  W.  over  the 
mountain  summits,  the  cold  they  occasion  is  intense. 

As  yet  the  whole  territory  is  inhabited  by  Indians,  but  the  time  is  not 
far  distant  when  the  pioneer  will  penetrate  its  forests  and  prairies,  and 
bring  under  cultivation  the  soil  that  from  its  creation  has  not  been  turn- 
ed by  the  labor  of  man.  The  wild  herds  will  be  replaced  by  the  ox,  the 
horse,  and  the  sheep,  and  golden  crops  will  succeed  the  flowers  and 
grasses  that  now  only  bloom  in  useless  luxuriance,  and  wither  with  the 
first  frosts  of  autumn,  without  contributing  to  the  necessity  or  comfort 
of  civilized  man. 

That  portion  of  the  country  lying  in  the  valley  of  the  Platte  is  some- 
times termed  u  Nebraska  Territory,"  and  as  such  it  has  been  proposed 
to  organize  it.  A  bill  for  the  purpose  of  defining  its  boundaries  was  in- 
troduced into  Congress  7th  January,  1845,  but  no  action  was  had  on  the 
subject.  The  country  north  of  this  valley  still  retains  the  name  of 
"  JV.  West  Territory,"  from  the  fact  that  it  formerly  belonged  to  the 
extensive  territory  under  that  name,  from  which  the  present  state  of 
Missouri  was  set  off. 

16* 


186 

ROUTES   IN  THE 

NORTH-WESTERN  STATES. 


OHIO. 

(513)  CINCINNATI  to  PITTS 
Steamboat. 
Columbia,  O.  

BURG. 

5 

2      7 
12     19 
5    24 
4    28 
7     35 
7    42 
4    46 
6    52 
2    54 

8    62 

12    74 
7    81 
5    86 
7    93 
4    97 
f 
16  113 
22  135 
6  141 
14  155 
4  159 

8  167 

13  180 
24  204 

4  208 
12  220 

1  221 
15  236 

22  258 
°1  27() 

37  384 

WHEELING,  VA.   ) 
Bridgeport,  O.      f  '  '  ' 
\Varrenton  O   •       .... 

....13  397 
...     0  406 

8  414 

Little  Miami  River,  O  

.  .  7  4'H 

New  Richmond,  O  

Wellsville  O 

°0  441 

Point  Pleasant,  O.  

4  445 

Moscow,  O.    •  .  . 

t          f  OO  ,  U. 

4  449 

Mecbanicsburg,  Ky  

Beaver,  Pa.  

....14  463 

AUGUSTA,  Ky  

Freedom,  Pa  

5  463 
(j  474 

Ripicv,  O.  

M"  I  11                V> 

10  4gg 

Charleston,  Ky.  

MAVSVILLE,  Ky.  ) 

..11   497 

(514)  CINCINNATI  to  ST.  Louis. 
To  North  Bend  O        1fi 

Aberdeen,  O.       f    " 
M  "•c;ip<Uir  O    

(!t""it  Mirimi  River  O 

.  .   4    20 

.     .    2    22 

Rock  vi  He  O 

A  .,,.,        j       °' 

5    27 

PORTSMOUTH.  O.,  (mouth  o 
Scioto  River)  
G-reenapsburg)  Ky.  

Belle  view,  Ky  

6    33 

Rising  Sun,  la  
Hamilton,  Ky  
Patriot  la                 .... 

....   3    36 
....11     47 
2    49 

Callc  t'sburg,  Va  

Warsaw,  Ky  

10    59 
10    eq 

Proetorsville,  O.   \ 

Mouth  of  Kentucky  Riv 

,Ky.10    79 
jo    Qi 

M^iTa         "f  O  ^ 

1VADISON,   lA.---  • 

.  .  .  .   ()  100 

GaMipHis,  O  

15  115 

Point  Ple.is.int,  Va.,  (mouth 
of  Great  Kanawha  River) 
Coal  port,  O.  ) 

Utica  Ii  

..  .  .]6  131 

8  139 

IJOUISVILLK,  KY.  

1   140 

Sheffield,  O.  J    * 
Pomerov,  O.  

Sliip])ingsport,  Ky.  
New  Albany,  la.  > 

....2  142 
1  143 

Letarlsvilie,  O.  

Portland,  Ky.        j    " 
West  Point,  Ky 

.  ..  ,o()  163 

Hockin(r^nort  O  •  •  • 

...    J7  |80 

Blennerhassett's  Island  
Belpre.  O.             ) 

11  290 

2  292 

f 
13  305 
17  322 
25  347 

iv'  an  lr        -t   T 

1   |81 

Northampton,  la.  

....  7  188 

Parkersburg,  Va.  \ 
MARIETTA,   O.,   (mouth    o 
Muskingum  River)  
Newport,  O.  ....  
SistervUle,  Va  

Amsterdam,  la  

3  191 

8  199 

4  203 

Alton,  la  
Concord  ia,  Kv.  

....13  216 
....  10  226 

ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


187 


Stevensport,  Ky.  \                 ,  .  0<n 

Brookville  8    40 

Romr.  la.              $   " 
CU>ver-i|)O''t   Ky           .     .      10  247 

Metamora  7    47 

CannoUoii,  In    13260 

Troy,  Iji.  6  266 

Low'^oort   Ky  ••••       .           6  '•'72 

New  Salem  4    G2 
Rushvilie*                                7    69 

Rock  port   la     •   .                  12  °84 

Owen^bun?,  Ky  9  203 

Enterprise  la   6  °99 

Newbuvo>  Ii  ......             15  314 

SiicT'u*  Creek    •     5    94 

Green  River,  Ky  6  320 
F,v  •  VSVILLK,  la    8  328 

INDIANAPOLIS  .  .  .  •  15  109 
(517)  CINCINNATI  to  ST.  Louis. 
Stage. 
To  Indianapolis,  (see  510)-  109 
ST.  Louis,  (see  599)  239  348 

(518)  CINCINNATI  to  PITTSBURO. 
Staff  -e  via  Stfubenville. 
To  Columbus,  (see  527)  .  .  .127 
Zanesville,  (see  528)  56  183 
Cambridge,  (see  528)  24  207 

Hrndersonville.  Ky.  10  338 

Mount  Vernon  la       2(5  364 

Unioiuown,  Ky  15  379 
Wubnsh  River  5  384 

Rsici  /h    Kv              •  •               6  390 

Shr.wneetown,  III.  5  395 

Ca^'yv'l'p  Ky       ••                   9  4?|4 

Cave  in  Rock,  'ill.,  13  417 
Elizabethtowri,  111  7  424 
Golcoiula  111    1°  436 

Smith  l:md.  Ky.,  (mouth  of 
Ci:iiiberhpd  River)  18  454 

Padncah,    Ky.,    (mouth    of 
Tennessee  River)               15  469 

Londonderry                        •  3  "24 

Belgrade   ill     ••  6475 

Moorefield  4  232 

Fort  ^assv   111  ...             .3  478 

Cadiz  ....13°45 

Oiledonia  111      °4  50^ 

Greene  8  253 

Trinity    III    •••         9  511 

Bloomin^dale           3  ^56 

CAIRO,  ILL.,  (mouth  of  Ohio 
P;""i-)                                    5  516 

Holliday's  Cove  3  ^4 

(  '  -   >o  ("  -M-rJ  ,011     ATO                      1O    5--f 

P°ris  •  ««  >     .           4  c>78 

Er/in  bridge,  Mo  12  568 
Cl.eslcr,  III.  4a  613 
St.  Genevieve,  Mo.  16  629 
Fe'm;i    MO    25  654 

Florence  5283 
Bavington  4  287 
North  Star  3  290 
Fayette   6296 

Herculaneum,  Mo  4  658 

PITTSBURO  '..13  309 

(519)  CINCINNATI  to  WHEELING, 
VA. 

Stave. 
To  Columbus,  (see  527).  .  .127 
WHEELING,  VA.,  (see  528)  130  257 

(520)     CINCINNATI    to    SANDUSKY 
CITY. 
Little  Miami  R.  R. 
To  Columbia                           5 

Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo  19  679 
ST.  Loris,  Mo  9  688 

(515)  CINCINNATI  to  N.  ORLEANS. 
To  Cairo,  (month  of  Ohio 
RiverO  [see  514[  516 

NKVV()RLEVNS         ....   1040  1556 

(516)  CINCINNATI  to  INDIANAPOLIS. 

Miami  6    13 
Clark's  Store      .         •  •  «  •       4    17 

Plainville  4      9 
Milford  5    14 

Polktown  2    18 

Cedar  Grove  5    32 

Loveland's  .  .   2    20 

188 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


Foster's  
Deerfield  
Morrow  
Fort  Ancient  

.  6    26 
.  4    30 
.  5    35 
.  4    39 

Marathon  
Fayetteville  
Allensburg  
Hillsboro' 

9    27 
8    35 
8    43 

Freeport  

.  3    42 

Rainsboro'   •  •  »  • 

in    Ri 

Waynesville  ?  . 
Claysville  

.  5    47 
.   4    51 

Bainbridge  

8    71 

Spring  Valley  

7    58 
7    65 
.10     75 

CHILLICOTHK  
(524)  CINCINNATI  to 
To  Walnut  Hills  

13    95 

ZANKSVILLK. 

10    85 

Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie 
Urbana   

West  Liberty  .  . 

R.  R. 
.14    99 
10  109 

Pleasant  Ridge  

5      g 

Montgomery  

Twenty  Mile  Stand  . 

5    13 
7    20 

Bellefontaine 

8  117 

Hopkinsville  

7  124 
3  127 
2  1^9 

Rich!  and 

Rochester  

4    31 

Bell  Centre 

Clarksville  

7    33 

Keriton   «  • 

.12  141 
.11  152 
.13  ]H5 

Wilmington  

10    48 

Snbino  '  

Carv  

Washington  Court  H 
New  Holland  , 

ouse  .  .  12    70 
..10    go 

Oregon 

5  170 
11  181 
9  190 
5  195 

Tiffin 

Republic  « 

9    97 

Lodi 

12  109 

SANDUSK?  CITY  
(521)  CINCINNATI  to  DAY 
Via  Lebanon. 
To  Reading  

15  219 
roN. 

10 
3    13 
5     18 
6    24 
8    32 
7    39 
6    45 
9,  54 

TON. 
10 

3    13 

5    18 
4    22 
4    26 
10     36 
6    42 
4    46 
8    54 

30THE. 

4 
4      8 
5    13 
5    18 

Rush  ville  

9  127 

8  135 

10  145 

....      10  155 

1      l^fi 

Sharon  ville  • 

(525)  CINCINNATI  to  EATON. 
To  Carthage  ....                     R 

Piso-ah  f.  

Lebanon  

Springdale  

7    13 

Centreville  

Ro^sville         

1    04 

8    32 

(562)  CINCINNATI  to  DAY 
Via  Franklin. 

Somerville           .... 

....       4    36 

5    41 

(526)  CINCINNATI  to  SIDNEY. 

Sharon  ville  •  • 

West  Chester 

7     13 

Mo    OP 

10    23 

F  ••    kT 

Trenton  

10    33 

Mi-i'Tiish     o- 

4    37 

Alexandersville  
DAYTON  

(523)  CINCINNATI  to  CHILLK 
To  Fulton  

Franklin  
Miamisburg  

6    43 
6    49 
4    53 

8    61 

West  Charleston  .... 

10    71 

Plainville  

Trnv 

11    82 

Milfoni  

*r°J  

....    7    gg 

Perrin's  Mills  

...13  102 

ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


189 


(527;  CINCINNATI  to  COLUMBUS. 

To  Xenia,  (see  520) 65 

Columbus  and  Xenia  R.  R. 

Cedarville 8    73 

South  Charleston .11    84 

London .....11    95 

West  Jefferson 10  105 

COLUMBUS 14  119 

(528)  COLUMBUS  to  WHEELING,VA. 

Central  Ohio  R.  R. 

Black  Lick 11 

Pataskala 6  17 

Summit 5  22 

Union 4  26 

NEWARK 7  33 

Clay  Lick...... 6  39 

Kockclale 2  41 

Black  Hand 5  46 

Claypool  Mill 4  50 

Pleasant  Valley 2  52 

Dillons  Falls 4  56 

ZANESVILLE 3  59 


(529)  COLUMBUS  to  INDIANAPOLIS, 
IA. 

To  Alton ' 9 

West  Jefferson 5    14 

La  Fayette 8    22 

Sumnierlbrd 5    27 

Vienna 5    32 

Springfield   10    42 

Enon 7    49 

Fairfield 7    56 

DAYTON 11    67 

Liberty 7    74 

Medill   7    81 

West  Alexandria 6    87 

Eaton 6    93 

New  Westerville 10  103 

Richmond,  la. 6  109 

Centrevilie   6  115 

Cambridge 9124 

Dublin 2  126 


Lewisville 8134 

Knightstown  10  144 

Charlotteville 5  149 

Kinnard 4  153 

Greenfield 4  157 

Philadelphia 5  162 

Cumberland 5  167 

INDIANAPOLIS 10  177 

(530)  COLUMBUS  to  LOWER  SAN- 
DUSKY. 

To  Clintonville 4 

Worthington 5  9 

Williamsville G  15 

Delaware   '9  24 

Norton 10  34 

Waldo 6  4ft 

Marion 3  4? 

Little  Sandusky  12  55 

Upper  Sandusky 7  62 

Tymochtee 8  70 

McCutchinville  3  73 

TIFFIN* 11  84 

Fort  Seneea 8  92 

LOWER  SANDUSKY 10  102 

(531)CoLUMBLTs  to  SANDUSKY  CITY. 

CV//.,  Cleveland  and  Col.  R.  R. 

To  Worthington 9 

Delaware 14    23 

Cardington 17    40 

Iberia... 12    52 

Gallon 7    59 

Crestline 3    62 

SHELBY ..11    73 

Mansfield  and  Sandusky  R.  R. 

Plymouth  9    82 

New  Haven 2    84 

Centrevilie 6    90 

Havana 4    94 

Poiitiac ...4    98 

Monroeville 4  102 

Ladd's 8  110 

SANDUSKY 8118 

(532)  COLUMBUS  to  PORTSMOUTH. 

To  South  Bloomfield 17 

Circleville 9  26 

CHILLICOTHE 21  47 

Waverly  15  62 

Piketon 4  66 

Lucasville 14  80 

PORTSMOUTH 12  92 


190 


I 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


(533)  CLEVELAND  to  COLUMBUS. 
Via.  Cm.,  Cleveland  and  Col.  R.  R. 

To  Rockport 7 

Berea 5    1 

Oimstead 3    15 

Eaton 7    22 

Grafton 3    25 

La  G range 4    29 

Pittsfield  4    33 

Wellington 3    36 

Rochester  5    41 

New  London 6    47 

Greenwich 7    54 

SHKLBY 13    67 

Crestline 11    78 

Ga'ion 3    81 

Jbtria. 7    88 

Cardiiigfon 12  100 

Delaware 17  117 

Worth  ington 14  131 

COLUMBUS 9140 

(534)  COLUMBUS  to  LANCASTER. 

To  Grove  Port 12 

Lithopolis 5     17 

Green  Castle 5    22 

LANCASTER   7    29 

(535)  ZANESVILLE  to  MAYSVILLE, 
KY. 

To  Putnam 1 

Fultonham 10    11 

Somerset 10    21 

Rushville   I -...8    29 

Lancaster 9    38 

Clear  Creek   8    46 

Tarleton 8    54 

Kingston 9    63 

CHILLICOTHE ....10    73 

Bourneville 13    86 

Bainhridge 11    97 

Riinsboro' '8  105 

Hillsboro'   10  115 

New  Market 6  121 

Sircar-tree  Ridge 7  128 

Scott 7  135 

Bentonville 10  145 

Aberdeen 10  155 

MAYSVILLE,  KY 1  156 

(536)  ZANESVILLE  to  MARIETTA. 

To  Blue  Rock 11 

Rokeby 8    19 

McConnellsville •••  8    27 

Beverly 18    45 


Waterford 2  47 

Lowell 9  56 

MARIETTA  12  68 

(537)  ZANESVILLE  to  WOOSTER. 

To  Dresden 15 

Adam's  Mills 3  18 

Roscoe 12  30 

Coshocton 1  31 

Keene's 7  38 

Clark's 8  46 

Millersburg 8  54 

Hoimesville 6  60 

Fredericksburg 5  65 

WOOSTER 10  75 

(538)  WOOSTER  to  WARREN. 

To  Smithville 8 

Marshallville 6  14 

Chippewa 6  20 

New  Portage 6  26 

AKRON 9  35 

Middlebury 2  37 

Tallmadre 3  40 

BrimfieW 5  45 

FAnklin  Mills 5  50 

RAVENNA 6  56 

Charlestown 5  61 

Parisville 5  66 

Newton  Falls 5  71 

WARREN 8  79 

(539)  LANCASTER  to  MT.  VERNON. 

To  Pleasantville 9 

New  Salem 4  1 

Thornvilte » 5  18 

Jacksontown 4  22 

Newark 8  30 

St.  Louisville 8  38 

Utica   4  42 

Homer 5  47 

MOUNT  VERNON 11  58 

(540)  CHILLICOTHE  to  Px.  PLEAS- 

ANT, KY. 

To  Richmond  Dale 16 

Jackson  15  3 

Rocky  Hill a  39 

Thurman 6  45 

Rio  Grande 6  51 

Gallipolis H  62 

POINT  PLEASANT 6  68 

(541)  CHILLICOTHE  to  MARIETTA. 

To  Gillespieville 15 

AUensville  12  27 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


191 


McArthurstown 8  35 

Lee r. 14  49 

Hcbardsville 3  52 

Athens 6  58 

Amesville 12  70 

Bartlett 8  78 

Wesley ;.  4  82 


Harmer 16 

MARIETTA 1 


(542)  CHILLICOTHE  to  MAYSVILLE, 

KY. 
Via,  West  Union. 

To  Bourneville 13 

Bainbridge 11 

Cynthiana... 5 

Sinking  Spring 10 

Locust  Grove 6 

Dunbarton 6 

Dunkinsville 5 

WKST  UNION 5 

Aberdeen 17 

MAYSVILLE 1 


24 
29 
39 
45 
51 
56 
61 
78 
79 

(543)  WKLLSVILLE  to  ASHTABULA, 

To  West  Point 7 

New  Lisbon 7     14 

Franklin  Square  5    19 

Salem    5    24 

Green.'brd 5    29 

Canfield 5    34 

Orange 7    4 1 

OhlsTown... 4    4."> 

Warren      6    51 

Bristolville ....11    62 

North  Bloomfleld 5    67 

Orwell 6    73 

Rome 5    73 

Morgan 4    82 

Eagleville 5    87 

Jefferson 4    91 

ASHTABULA 9  100 

(544)  PAINESVILLE  to  CANTON. 

To  Concord 4 

Chardon 7    n 

Munson 4    ].•> 

Newbury 7    22 

Auburn 3    25 

Mantua 6    31 

Shalersville 5    30 

RAVENNA   6    42 

Rootstown —  v... 5    47 

Randolph-** 5    52 

Hartville 6    58 

CANTON 11    69 


(545)  PAINESVILLE  to  PITTSBURG, 


PA. 


To  Concord . 
Chardon «... 
Claridon 


4 

7  11 

........   5  16 

burton  ...................  4  20 

Parkman  ................     9  29 

Nelson  ...................  4  33 

Windham  ................  4  37 

Braceville  ...............   5  42 

WARREN  .................  7  49 

6  55 


:  .  5 


Youngstown .'. .  4    „ 

POLAND 6    70 

Beaver,  (see  547) 31  101 

PITTSBURG .28  129 

(546)   CLEVELAND   to  WHEELING, 

Via  Wooster. 

ToOhloCity   1 

Brooklyn 3      4 

Jforma 3      7 

Strongsville 8     15 

Brunswick 6    21 

Medina g    29 

Guillord    9    33 

Old  H  ickory 4    42 

WOOSTER 10    52 

Apple  Creek 6    58 

Mount  Eaton 9    67 

Deardoff's  Mills 9    76 

Strasburg   3    79 

Canal  Dover 5    #4 

New  Philadelphia 3    87 

Uhricksville 9    95 

Deersville ]l   ]07 

Cadiz 12  119 

Short  Creek 6  125 

Harrisville 3  128 

Mount  Pleasant 5  133 

Ci;lf-n:ine    5  133 

Martin's  Ferry 5  1 13 

WHEELING,  VA 1  144 

(547)  CLEVELAND  to  WELLSVILLE. 

Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  R.  R. 
To  New  burgh 8 

travel  Bank 

Bedford 6     14 

"lacedonia 6    20 

ludson 6    26 

Earlville 6    32 


192 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


Ravenna 6  38 

Rootstown 5  43 

Atwater 6  49 

Lima 4  53 

Alliance 5  58 

Winchester 5  63 

Moultrie 3  66 

Bayard 3  69 

Rochester 1  70 

Hanover 5  75 

Brufch  Run 6  81 

Salineville 5  86 

Steubenville  Road 5  91 

Hammonds .  ••••  3  94 

Yellow  Cr. 3  97 

WELLSVILLE 2  99 


(548)  CLEVELAND  to  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 
Cleveland  and  Erie  R.  R. 

To  Euclid 9 

Wickliffe 5    14 

Willoughby 4    18 

Mentor 5    23 

Painesville 6    29  I 

Perry 6    35  I 

Madison 5    40 

Unionville 2    42 

Geneva 3    45 

Saybrook '• 5    50 

Ashtabula 4    54 

Kingsviile 6    60 

Conneaut 8    68 

Springfield 7    75 

Girard 5    80 

Fairview 5    85 

Swanville 3    88 

ERIE 7    95 

Erie  and  North  East  R.  R. 

Harbor  Creek 7102 

North  East 8  110 

State  Line 4  114 

Buffalo  and  State  Line  R.  R. 

Quincv 4  118 

Westfteld 8  126 

Centerville 6  182 

DUNKIKK 10  142 

Silver  Creek 10  152 

Lagrange 2  154 

Evans  Center 7  1 61 

18  Mile  Creek 7168 

Rodgers  Road 5  173 

BUFFALO..... 10  183 


(549)  CLEVELAND  to  BUFFALO,  N.Y. 
Steamboat. 

ToFairport 30 

Ashtabula 33    63 

Conneaut 14    77 

Erie,  Pa 30  107 

Dunkirk',  N.  Y 48  155 

BUFFALO 43  198 

(550)  CLEVELAND  to  TOLEDO. 

To  Ohio  City. 1 

Rockport 7      8 

Dover 5    13 

North  Ridgeville 7    20 

ELYRIA 4    24 

Amherst 8    32 

Henrietta 3    35 

Birmingham 3    38 

Florence 3    41 

Berlinville - 4    45 

Milan 8    53 

Norwalk 4    57 

Monroesville 4    61 

Four  Corners — 3    64 

Lyine 3    67 

Bellevue   3    70 

Green  Creek 10    80 

LOWER  SANDUSKY 8    88 

Black  Swamp 8    96 

Woodville 7  103 

Stony  Ridge 7  110 

Perrysburg 9  119 

MaumeeCity 1  120 

TOLEDO 10  130 

(551)  CLEVELAND  to  WARREN. 

To  Warrens ville 8 

Barry 5  13 

Chagrin  Falls 7  20 

Bridge  Creek 7  27 

Auburn 3  30 

Welshfleld 3  33 

Parkman 4  37 

Nelson 4  41 

Garrettsville 3  44 

Windham 3  47 

Braceville 5  52 

WARREN 7  59 

(552)  BUCYRUS  to  MANSFIELD. 

ToGalion 11 

Riblett's 5  16 

Ontario   4  20 

MANSFIELD 7  2^ 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


193 


Ankeney  town ,  . .  5    81 

Frederietori 5    86 

MOTNT  VKRNON  ... 6    02 

Hunt's 6    98 

(•ambier 3  lol 

Utica 4  105 

St.  Louisville 4  109 

Newton 3  112 

NEWARK 5  117 

*  Connects  with  the  Cin.  Cleve- 
land and  Co!.  R.  R. 
To  Columbus,  (see  531,)  73  miles. 
Cleveland,  (see  53.*,)         07  miles. 

f  Ohio  and  Penn*  to  cross  here. 


(553)  SANPUSKY  to  CINCINNATI. 
Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  R.  R. 

To  Bellevue 15 

Lodi  9    24 

Republic 5    29 

Tiffin  9    38 

Oregon 11    49 

Cary    5    54 

Peterson 13    67 

Kenton  .1,1    78 

Bell  Centre 12    90 

Richland 2    92 

Huntsville 3    95 

Bellefontaine 7  102 

West  L.oerty 8  110  (555)  SANDUSKY  to  CHICAGO,  FLL. 

««o,UU!l  r  "r 14  iqj  To  Amherstburg,  C.  W.. .  .52 

4  DETROIT,  MICH 20    72 

Little  Miami  R.  R.  Fort  Grutiot 70  •  1 42 

Yellow  Springs 10  144  Point  au  Barques 85  227 

Xenia 10  154  Thunder  Bay 70  297 

Sprint?  Valley 7  161  Presque  island 80377 

Claysville  7  168  Mackinaw    65  442 

Waynesville 4  172  Beaver  Islands 50  492 

Freeport 5  177  Manitou  Islands 45  537 

Fort  Ancient 3  180  MILWAUKEE,  VVis 150  687 

Morrow 4184  Racine    25712 

Deerfiuld 5  189  Souttiport 13  725 

Foster's 4  193  CHICAGO 57782 

Polktowu'3..' .".'..'!'.'.'..' '/.'..' .'  2  201  (55G)  SANDU§KY  to  BUFFALO,  N-3T. 

Germany  . ..  - 2  203  To  Huron 14 

Wilford 2205  (  LKVELAND 45    59 

Plainville 5  210  Fairport 30    89 

Columbia 4214  Ashtabula 33  122 

CINCINNATI 5219  <  onneuut 14  136 

Erie,  ija  30  166 

(554)  SANDUSKY  to  NEWARK.  Dunkirk,  N.  Y 4r?  '414 

MmsfieM  and  Sandusky  R.  R.  BUFFALO 43  257 

To  Ladd's 8  (557)  BUFFALO.  N.  Y.  to  X.  YORK. 

Monroeville 8     16 

Pontiat; 4    20  Attica  and  Buffalo  R.  R. 

Havj.iia 4    24  To  Lancaster 10 

Qentreville 4    28  Alden  10    20 

New  Haven 6    34  Daricn 5    25 

Plymouth 2    36  ATTICA G    31 

MANSFiKLDf  *"  5    56  Alexander 3    34 

Columbus  and  Lake  Erie  R.  R.  Byron ....    7    49 

Lexington 9    65  Borjjon  7     56 

Belville 5    70  Church  ville 4    60 

Independence 6    76  ,  ROCHESTER 14    74 

17 


194 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


Jluburn  and  Rochester  R 

.  R. 
4    78 
4    82 
12    94 
9  103 
3  106 
3  109 
5  114 
3  117 
1  118 
3  121 
5  126 
7  133 
4  137 
5  142 
10  152 
R. 
5  157 
4  161 
1   162 
8  170 
6  176 
2  178 

R. 

10  188 
4  192 
6  19d 
3  201 
3  204 
4  208 
9  217 
7  224 
4  228 
3  231 

.  72. 

8  239 
7  246 
6  252 
10  262 
3  265 
3  268 
3  271 
3  274 

6  288 
5  293 
4  297 

(558)  DUNKIRK,  N.Y.,  to  N 
Via  New  York  and  Erie 
To  Forestville  

.YORK. 
R.R. 

.   8 

Pittalbrd  
Victor  

Canandaigua   
Chapinsville  
Short's  Mills  
Clifton  Springs  

Perrysburgh  
Dayton  
Albion    
Little  Valley  

.  4    12 

.  7-   19 
,   3    22 
.  9    31 
.  6    37 

West  Vienna  
East  Vienna  
Oak's  Corners  
GENEVA  
Waterloo  

Great  Valley  
Nine  Mile  Creek  
Alleghany  
Glean  

.11    48 
.  8    56 
.   4    60 
•   4    64 

Seneca  Falls  
Cay  uga  Bridge  

Cuba  
Friendship  

.  7    71 
.   5    76 

-   9    85 

Auburn  and  Syracuse  R 
Sennet  
Skatieateles  Junction  
Elbridge  

Belvidere  
Phillipsville  
Scio  
Genesee  

.   5    90 
.  3    93 
.  4    97 
.  4  101 
.  9  110 

Camillas   
Geddes   
SYRACUSE  

Syracuse  and  Utica  R. 

Baker's  Bridge  
Almond  ,  

HoRNELLSVILLE    

•   8  118 
.  4  122 
.  5  127 
-10  137 

Goff's  Mills  

.  3  140 

ChiUeniingo  

Kennedysville  
BATH  

.   5  145 
.   4  149 

Wampsville  

Mud  Creek  

.  6  155 
.   5  160 

.  6  166 

Painted  Post  

.  4  170 

.  2  172 

Whitesboro'  

East  Painted  Post  
Bif  Flats  *  

.  3  175 
.  4  179 

Utica  and  Schenectady  R 

ELMIRA  

.  9  188 
7  195 

Ch      "       <r& 

•   6  °01 

RC>  -k^ 

.  4  205 

Little  Falls  

St  Johnsv'lle 

Barton  

•   7  212 

Palatine  Church  
Fort  Plain  

Tioga  Centre  
OWEGO  

.  4  218 
.  0  224 
•   7  231 

V  •  t  >  •' 

,  '  .  * 

.   (;  037 

Fonda    
Tribes  Hill  

BlNGHAMTON  

-   {)  246 
5  251 

Amsterdam   

Great  Bend  

.   9  200 
.  9  269 

Hoffman's  

3  300 
9  309 

1C*  325 
45  470 

G  ul  f  '-  ummit  
Denosit                

.  8  277 
8  285 

Mohawk  and  Hudson  R. 

13  298 

tstockport  

•    4  302 

Steamboat. 

Equinunk  

•    6  308 
.11  319 

ORE 

Calicoon  

7  326 

ROUTES  IN  OHIO. 


195 


Cohecton 5331 

Narrowsburg 8  389 

Mast  Hope  6  345 

Lackawaxen 6  351 

Barrvville 4  355 

Pond  Eddy 7  302 

Stairway  Brook 2  364 

PORT  JERVIS 9  373 

Shin  Hollow 6  379 

Otisviile 7  336 

Harwell's 5  391 

Middletown 3  394 

New  II ampton 3  397 

GOSIIEX 441 

Chester 5  406 

Oxford 3  409 

Monroe 2  411 

Turner's 3  414 

Wilkes1 3  417 

Monroe  Works 3  420 

Sloatsburir    - 6  426 

Ramapo  Works 1  427 

Sufterns 2  429 

Mousey 5  434 

Spring  Valley 2  4o6 

Clarkstown 2  43S 

Blauveltviile 4  412 

Piermont,  (town) 4  446 

PiERMO-vr,  ([>ier) 1  447 

Steamboat.  • 
NEW  YOKK 24  471 

(559)   WHEELING,  VA.,  to  BALTI- 
MORE, PHILADELPHIA,  &  N.  YORK. 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  R.  R. 

To  Moundsville 11 

Roseby's  Rk. 7    18 

Cameron 10    28 

Wellius  Tunnel 2    30 

Bellton  .... 6    36 

Br'd  Tree 3    39 

Littleton 3    42 

Burton  ... 7    49 

Glo ver's  Gap 4    53 

M&nnington 7    60 

Fariningto'n 7    67 

Barrackville 5    72 

FAIKMOUXT 5    77 

Benton's  Ferry 4    81 

Nazum's  Mills 8    89 

Valley  Falls 2    91 

Fetterman 6    97 

Thomson    8  105 

Independence 6  111 

Simpson's 2113 


Tunnelton 6119 

Rolesbury 7  126 

Cr.  Summit 9  137 

Oakland 10  147 

Allamount 9  156 

Frank ville 7  163 

Bloomington 8  171 

Piedmont 2  173 

New  Creek 5178 

Rawlin'sSta 10  lS8 

Brady's  Mill 6  194 

CUMBERLAND 7  201 

Patterson's  Creek 8  209 

Green  Spring  Run 6  215 

Little  Cacapon 7  222 

No.  12.  Water  Station 7  229 

Rockwells  Run 11  240 

Bruce's  Dep 7  247 

Sir  John's  Run 4  251 

Hancock. 5  256 

Cherry  Run 10  266 

N.  Mountain 6  272 

Martinsburg  6  278 

Kearneysville 9  237 

I  Duffield's 5  292 

I  HARPER'S  FERRY 6  298 

;  Sandy  Hook 1  299 

!  Berlin          5  304 

j  Point  of  Rocks 6310 

!  Hue-keystone 7  317 

I  Moiioeacy  4  321 

Ijamsville 5  326 

Monrovia 4  330 

Plane  No.  4 4  334 

Mount  Airy. 2  336 

Plane  No.  1 3  339 

Gaithers 8  347 

Sykesville 1  348 

Marriottsville 4  352 

Woodstock 3  355 

Elysville  4  359 

Ellicott's  Mill 6  365 

Relay  House 6  371 

Mount  Clare 7378 

BALTIMORE  .  2  330 

Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and 
Baltimore  R.  R. 

Canton 3  383 

Stemmer's  Run 7  -%i90 

Chase's ..  6  396 

Gunpowder 4  400 

IVrryrnan's S  408 

Hall's  Cross  Roads - .   4  412 

Havre  de  Grace  .  5  417 


196 


ROUTES  IN  OHIO MICHIGAN. 


Cecil 1  41 S 

Charlestown 5  423 

North  East 3  426 

Elktown     6  432 

Newark,  Del 6  438 

Stan  ton   6  444 

Newport 2  440 

WILMINGTON 4  450 

Nan  man's  Creek 8  458 

Marcus'  Hook,  Fa 2  400 

Chester.    3  463 

Lazaretto 4  467 

Gray's  Ferry  7  474 

PHILADELPHIA. 3  477 

Philadelphia  and  Trenton  R.  R. 

Philadelphia  Depot —  2  479 

Tncony -7  486 

Cornwell's 5  491 

Andalusia 2  493 

Bristol  4  497 

Morrisville 9  506 

New  Brunswick  &  Trenton  R.  JR. 

TRKNTON 1  50T 

Princeton 10  517 

Kingston 4  521 

Dean's  Pond    4  525 

NEW  BRUNSWICK 9  534 

New  Jersey  R.  R. 

Metuchin 5  539 

Kahway   7  546 

Elizabeth  town 6  552 

NEWAIIK 5  557 

Jersey  City 8  565 

Steamboat. 
NEW  YOKK 1  566 

(560)  PITTSBURG  to  PHILADELPHIA. 
Penn.  Central  R.  R. 

To  Liberty 

Irwin's    

Badebanghs 

Latrobe." 40 

Deny  ....    ...   9  49 

Blairsville  Junction.   9  58 

Lockport    7  65 

New  Florence 5  7.0 

Ninevah 5  75 

Johnstown 10  85 

Ckmemaugh    2  87 

Half  Way  House 8  95 

Jefferson 4  99 

Summit 10  109 

HOLLII)  AYS  BURG ..10   119 

Altoona 6  125 

Fastoria .'  8  133 


Spruce  Creek 13  140 

Petersburg  ...    6  152 

HUNTINGTON 7159 

Mill  Creek 5  164 

Mount  Union 6170 

Hamilton 3  173 

MeVeytown 10  183 

Andersons 5188 

Lewiston 7  195 

Miffimtown 12  207 

Perry ville 3  210 

Tuscarora 6  216 

Millerstown 7  223 

Newport  6229 

Baileys 4  233 

Aqueduct 5  238 

1  Hmcannon 3  241 

Rockville 9  250 

H AKEIBBURO 6  256 

Harrisburg  and  Lancaster  R.  R. 

Hiirh  Spire  6  262 

Mi.Ulletown 4  266 

Elizabeth  town 9  275 

Mount  Joy  6  281 

Dillervillo 11  292 

LANCASTER 1  293 

Columbia  &  Philadelphia  R.  R. 

Enterprise 7  300 

Paradise 3  303 

Kinzies 4  307 

Penningtonvllle 7  314 

Parkesbnrg 3  317 

Coatesville 5  322 

Downington 7329 

Whiteland 4  333 

Paoli  6  339 

Westchester  Turnout 3  342 

Morgan's  Corner 7  349 

White  Hall 3  352 

Head  of  Inclined  Plane 7  359 

PHILADELPHIA 4  363 


MICHIGAN. 

(561)  DETROIT  to  NEW  BUFFALO. 
Central  Railroad. 

To  Dearbornville 10 

Wayne 7  17 

Ypsilanti 12  29 

Geddes'  Mills  ..' 4  33 

ANN  ARBOR 4  37 

Delhi 6  43 

Scio w 2  45 


ROUTES  IN  MICHIGAN. 


197 


2    47 
9    56 

.  6    62 
3    65 

(565)  DETROIT  to  PORT  HURON. 
To  Rosoville                            n 

Franciscoville  

Mount  Clemens  

13    22 
7    29 
11    40 
11     51 
12    63 

AC. 

R. 
.12 
6    18 
7    25 

AW. 

.25 
5    30 
3    33 

3    68 
.  7    75 

C   1        h 

St  C'air 

5    80 
5    85 
11    % 

(566)  DETROIT  to  PONT 

Detroit  and  Pontiac  R. 
To  Royal  Oak  

Albion           

.  7  ]()•) 

Marshall  

.  6  109 
.  5  114 

.  8  122 

PONTIAC  

Charleston   

.10  132 
.   4  13(5 

(567)  DETROIT  to  SAGI> 
To  Pontiac,  (see  566)  
Waterford 

Comstock  

.   4  110 
.  4  144 

.16  160 

.  8  168     Clarkson  

3    36 

.10  178  !  Springfield     

.   3    39 
.   7    46 

Pokagon  

.   6  184    Groveland  

isfiies  

7  1J)1     Stouv  Run   

.  5    51 

Buchanan 

5  196    Grind  Blanc  •  «•« 

4    55 

6202    FLINT  

.   8    63 
4    67 

New  Buftalo  

.16  218    OIU^PP.  

MICHIGAN  CITY 

10  298 

7    74 

.n  87 

Porter  

12  240 

Lake  -     . 

11    98 

Gibson's  

.10  258 

(568)  PONTIAC  to  OWA 
To  \V"terfbrd  Centre 

3SO. 

Junction 

10  268 

8  Mile  Side  Track  

CHICAGO  

.10  278 

Kast  White  L'ike    

5    10 

(563)  DETROIT  to  LANSING. 

ToRedford  .....15 
Livonia  3  .  18 

4     14 

6    °0 

8    °8 

.   9    37 

5    42 

Vernon   
Shiawasse  

.  6    48 
•    5    53 

Farmington  
Novi  

.  4    22 
.  5    27 
10    37 

OWASSO  4    62 

(569)  MONROE  to  CHICAGO,  IL;L. 
Via  Southern  Railroad. 
To  Ida  12 
Petersburg  8    2C 
Deerfleld  4    24 

Hrio-ht   n 

•  7    44 

Genoa  
Howell  
Cedar  
Conway  

.   5    49 
.  5    54 

.   7    61 
.  6    67 

Phelpstown   
Williainstown  
LANSING  

(564)  DETROIT  to  LAN 
To  Jackson,  (see  561)  

.  9    76 
.   7    83 
.  7    90 

3ING. 

.77 
40  117 

ADRIAN*  
Clayton  
H  udsou  
Oseco  

•  11     M 

•  11     49 
6    55 
.12    67 
.  5    7° 

5    77 
9    86 
.   9    95 

' 

17* 

198 


ROUTES  IN  MICHIGAN. 


....10  114 

Grandville  7    82 
Tallmadtce  10    92 

....    4  118 

W  h   1  »    P' 

1°     1'iO 

Bristol   la          ....... 

7  137 

GRAND  HAVEN  9  109 

...  .11  148 

(574)  LANSING  to  DEXTER. 
To  Delhi  Centre  7 
Alaiedon  4    11 
Mason  4    15 
In^ham  9    24 

Mishawuka  
Sot  TII  BEND£  
Terre  Coupee  
LA  PORTE  

....   9  157 
....   4  16] 
.  .  .  .  9  170 

....18  188 

Calumet  
Bailv  Town-  
Millers  

....  9  197 

9  206 
8  209 
8  217 
17  234 

Stock  bridge  9    33 
Unadilla   (5    39 
DEXTER   13    52 

(575)  LANSING  to  PONTIAC. 

CHICAGO-  •  

....12  246 

(570)  MONROE  to  ANN 

ARBOR. 

To  Williamstown  7 

Conway  •  •   9    ^3 

0,'dar  6    29 

To  East  Raisinville  
North  Ruisiuville  
London   
Milan  
York   

9 
...3    12 
...3    15 
....4     19 
....    4    23 

1  1  o  w  E  LL    7    36 

Osceol  a  Centre  5    41 
Hartljmd--  5    46 
Hiirhlfind  7    53 

Mtiftml                                                       A.      ^7 

Saline  .'  
Lodi  
ANN  ARBOR  

(571)  ADRIAN  to  TOL 
F.rie  and  Kalamazoc 
To  Palmyra  
Blissfield  

...   6    29 
...•3    32 
...6    38 

EDO,  O. 

R.  R. 
...  6 
...4     10 

..8     18 

Commerce  6    63 
Watertbrd  Centre  5    68 
PONTIAC    5    73 

(576)  LANSING  to  JACKSON. 
To  Delhi  Centre  7 
Alaiedon  5     12 
Mason    •-.•   4     16 

Svlvania  3    21 
TOLEDO  12    33 

(572)  ADRIAN  to  YPSILANTI. 
To  Raisin  ••••            .            A. 

Eden  5    21 
Aurelius  5    26 
West  Rives  5    31 
j^£.jjgQjf  .  .       g    40 

(577)  JACKSON  to  TOLEDO,  O. 
To  Michigan  Centre  5 
Napoleon   6    11 
Norvell   4    15 

.  .  .   6     10 

Clinton  
Benton  
Saline  

...5     15 
....7    22 
....5    27 

Pittsfleld  5    32 

Yl'SILANTI     5      37 

(573  1  LANSING  to  GRAND  HAVEN. 
To  Delta  fi 

Elba  3    18 
Manchester  4    22 
Clinton  7    29 

Ea"le  

...  7    13 

Erie  and  Kalamazoo  R.  Ji. 
TOLEDO,  (see  571)  33    77 

(578)  JACKSON  to  JONESVILLE. 

Portland  

...  10    23 
...  5    28 

...   5    33 

7    40 

. 

«  «   1  0    50 

...  7    57 

Scipio  Centre  •«••••«••••       9    23 

Ada  

...8    65 

ROUTES  IN  MICHIGAN INDIANA, 


199 


(579)  MARSHALL  to  COLDWATER. 

To  Tekonsha 13 

Girard 5    18 

COLDWATER 6    24 

(560)  MARSHALL  to  CENTREVILLE. 

To  Tekonsha 13 

Burlington 5  18 

Union  City 4  22 

Sherwood 7  29 

Port  Pleasant 7  36 

Nbttoway 6  42 

CENTREVILLE 5  47 

(581)  CATTLE  CREEK  to  GRAND 

RAPIDS. 

To  Bedford 6 

Johnstown   6    12 

Hastings 12    24 

GRAND  RAPIDS   32    56 

(582)  KALAMAZOO  to  MOTTVILLE. 

To  Schoolcraft 14 

FlowerSeld 5    19 

Three  Rivers 8    27 

Constantino    9    36 

MOTTVILLE 6    42 

(583)  KALAMAZOO  to  SAUGATUCK. 

To  Cooper 6 

Plainwell 5  n 

Otsego 4  15 

Allegan 11  26 

Manilas 10  36 

SAUGATUCK 14  50 

(584)  KALAMAZOO  to  ST.  JOSEPH. 

To  Paw  Paw  Station 18 

Paw  Paw 4  22 

Hamilton 11  33 

Keeiersville 4  37 

Bainbridge 7  44 

ST.  JOSEPH 12  56 

(585)  NILES  to  ST.  JOSEPH. 

To  Berrien  Springs 10 

ST.  JOSEPH 15    25 

(586)  DETROIT  to  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

Steamboat. 
To  Amberetburg,  C.  W.  . .  .20 

Sandusky,  0 52    72 

K«ron 14    86 

CLEVELAND 45  131 

SWrport 30  161 


Ashtabula 33  194 

Conneaut 14  208 

Erie,  Pa 30  238 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y 48  286 

BUFFALO 43  329 

(587)  DETROIT  to  CHICAGO,  ILL. 
Steamboat. 

Fort  Gratiot , 70 

Point  au  Barques 85  155 

Thunder  Bay 70  225 

Presque  Isle 80  305 

Mackinaw 65  370 

Beaver  Islands 50  420 

Manitou  Islands 45  465 

MILWAUKEE,  Wis 150  615 

Racine 25  640 

Southport 13  653 

CHICAGO 57  710 

(588)  DETROIT  to  FORT  WILKINS. 

(On  Lake  Superior.) 
Steamboat. 

To  Fort  Gratiot 70 

Point  au  Barques 85  155 

Thunder  Bay .70  225 

Presque  Isle 80  305 

SauJt  St.  Marie 100  405 

While  Fish  Point 40  445 

Hurricane  River 40  485 

Pictured  Rocks 35  520 

FORT  WILKINS  and  Copper 
Harbor 120  640 

(589)  GRAND  HAVEN  to  MILWAU- 

KEE. 

Steamboat. 
To  MILWAUKEE 90 

(590)  NEW  BUFFALO  to  CHICAGO. 

Steamboat. 

Michigan  City,  la. .10 

City  West 13    23 

CHICAGO,  ILL 33    56 

INDIANA. 

(591)  INDIANAPOLIS  to  CINCINNATI, 

OHIO. 
Via  Rushville, 

To  Sugar  Creek 15 

Kinder , 5    20 

Morristown fi    26 

Beech  Grove 7    33 

Rushville 7    40 


200 


ROUTES  IN  INDIANA. 


To  Edinburg,  (see  593)  30 
Je/ersonville  R.  R. 

Taylorsville  5    35 
COLUMBUS  6    41 
Bannerville  7    48 

Laurel  6    57 

Brookville  •••  •-  7    69 

Cedar  Grove  8    77 
NewTrenton  5    82 
Harrison,  0  6    88 
Clark's  Store-  ".  4    92 

Miami  4    96 
Cheviot  6  102 
CINCINNATI  7  109 

(592)  INDIANAPOLIS  to  CINCINNATI. 

Via  Shelbyville. 

Kockford  5    56 
Farraington  6    62 
Langdoris  4    66 
Baker's  Mi1!.  4    70 

Center  Switch  .  .  4    74 

Henryville  8    88 

Brandy  wine  •  •  •  •         •  •  •  •       6    Q0 

Sellersburg  6    98 

SHELBYVILLK  6    26 

JEFFERSON  VILLE  9  107 

gt  Omer  3    37 

(595)  INDIANAPOLIS  to  TERRE 
HAUTE. 

Terre  Haute  and  Richmond  R.  R. 

man     es                                 in    ft? 

Plainfieki                                  5    14 

Cleves  3    96 

North  Belleville   2    19 

Drv  Rid<yp       5  101 

Claysville  2    21 

Crittenden                                2    '-"I 

(593)  INDIANAPOLIS  to  MADISON. 
Madison  and  Indianapolis  R.  R. 
To  Souihport  6 

Coatsville  2    29 

Fillmore  4    33 

Ht-ndricks      5    44 

Reel's  Mill                        .  .  .  .'  4    43 

Brazil                                          5    57 

Franklin   10    20 

Hi<rhlind                                  4    61 

Edinbur01  5    30 

'''Woods  Mills                            2    65 

Taylorsville  5    35 

(596)  NEW  ALBANY  to  JULIET. 
New  Albany  and  Salem  R,  R. 
To  Bennetsville  10 

Elizabeth  town  7    48 

Vern<;n   6    64 

Butler's  Switch  2    66 
Champion's  Mill  4    70 
Dupont  2    72 
Big  Creek  2    74 

New  Providence  9    It 
Pekin  5    24 
Harristown  6    30 
Salem  :  5    35 

Wert   4    80 
MADISON  6    86 

Buena  Vista  10    45 
Orleans  12    57 
JULIET  8    65 

ROUTES  IN  INDIANA. 


201 


(598)  INDIANAPOIS  to  ST.  Louis, 
Mo. 
To  Terre  Haute,  (see  597)  .  .75 

T  ivinrrctrkn    111                                      1  °       QQ 

CRAWFORDSVILLE  •« 

10    45 
10    55 

...»   6    61 

Coles'  Creek  

5    66 

Marsh  ill 

4    9° 

.-  8     74 

...  12  104 

(602)  INDIANAPOLIS  to  WILLIAMS- 
PORT. 

To  Crawfordsville,  (see  601)  45 
Pleasant  Hill  13    58 
Newtown   .  ...*  5    63 

....   6  110 

10  120 

7  127 

Tentopolis  
Ewington  
Freemanton  

10  137 
9  146 
5  151 

Cumberland  
VANDALIA  

9  160 
7  167 
6  173 
9  182 

Attica  

WlLLIAMSPORT  .... 

(603)   INDIANAPOLIS 

ETTE. 

To  Crawfordsville,  (s 
Romney  

4    73 
2    75 

to  LA  FAY- 

ee  601)  45 
15    60 
11    7j 

8  190 

TT*  •£•   •   r 

9  199 

Highland  

14  213 

Troy  

Coliinsville  •  •  •  • 

6  219 

....   6  2;>5 

1^   OAfl 

(604)  INDIANAPOLIS 

ETT^. 

To  Piketon  

to  LA  FAY- 
9 

(599)  INDIANAPOLIS  to  SPRING- 
FIELD, ILL. 

To  TERRE  HAUTE,  (see  597)  75 
Elbridge,  111  10    85 

5    14 

Th  ornlev  villo 

C          1Q 

Paris  

10    95 

6Q(? 

12  107 

Thornton 

in    1*1 

Hitesville  

6  113 

19      Af 

Charleston  

12  125 

T  !fr!^       

4C  1 

8  133 

c  .6On 

6C7 

7  140 

5    62 

Cochran's  Grove  • 

8  148 

W        H    tt  "     * 

5    67 

SHELBYVILLE  .... 

12  160 

n    t 

tC       TO 

Taylorsville  

35  195 
16  on 

LAFAYETTE  7    79 

(605)  INDIANAPOLIS  to  NILES,MICH. 
To  Augusta...  9 

« 

9  »20 

(600)  INDIANAPOLIS 
To  Hampton  

toMoNTEZUMA. 
12 

Eagle  Village  

6    15 

Danville  

8    20 

707 

Northfield  
Kirk's  Cross  Roads 

5    20 
12    32 

10    42 

6OQ 

Middlefbrk  ........ 

6    48 

HCf) 

5    53 

13    65 

Carroll  * 

10    63 

10    75 

LOGANSPORT  

8    71 

(601)  INDIANAPOLI 

3  to  COVINGTON. 

g 

Metea  

12    83 
11     94 

...       13  107 

p,          ji. 

.......  10  1  17 

R             I 

6    14 

South  Bend 

..  24  14,1 

14    28 

8  149 

......   7    35 

4  153 

202 


ROUTES  IN  INDIANA. 


VILLE,  O. 

11 
11    22 

7    29 
17    46 
5    51 
6    52 
8    65 
7    72 
6    78 
4    82 
6    88 
7    95 
5  100 
10  110 

BUS,O. 

10 
5    15 
5    20 
4    24 
4    28 
5     33 
10    43 
8    51 
2    53 
9    62 
6    68 
6    74 
10     84 
6    90 
6    96 
7  103 
7  HO 
11  121 
7  128 

Vevay  9    38 

Moretleld  6    44 

Home  5    49 

MADISON  10    59 

(610)  MADISON  to  LOUISVILLE,  KY. 

Saluda                                      6    11 

Charleston     •  •                   •  •  1  1    29 

Uiica                                         8    37 

Jefferson  vi  He                            9    46 

GRKENVII  LE 

(607)lNDIANAPOLIS  to  COLUM 

To  Cumberland  

(611)  LOUISVILLE,   KY.,  to  VIN- 

CENNES. 

To  Portland  3 
New  Albany,  la  1      4 
Greenville---  12     16 

Philadelphia  
Greenfield  

Palmyra       9    25 

D'lhl" 

Ch  iml  pr  'hnit?                            6     41 

p      ,  _.  ,    t 

paoli                6     47 

C  »   <  •  >    '  Y\ 

N-itchez               16    63 

T>.      .,                  . 

Mount  Pleisant  I*'    75 

New  Westerville,  O  

Washington  15    90 
Berrv  ville      7    97 

West  Alexandria,  

(612)   LOUISVILLE,  KY.,  to  OR- 

LKANS. 

Hambnr"  8      9 

a       '     (rfi  il  \ 

7  135 
10  145 
5  150 

Vi'eiuri0              •  ••• 

Pekin  3    25 

DurnmerTpra 

5  155 
8  163 
5  168 
9  177 

RIDGE. 

7 
4     11 
6     17 

10    27 
2    29 

LDISON. 

4 

8    12 

Salem     •  •  1  1    36 

Clivsvillc               12    48 

ORLFANS  10    58 

(613)  EDINBURG  to  RUSHVILLK. 
To  Shelbvville     17 

(608)  BROOKVILLE  to  CAMB 

Little  Blue  River  7    24 

Manilla   6    30 

jwtiioii 

RUSHVILLE  8    38 

Milton    ...  . 

(614)  MADISON  to  INDIANAPOLIS. 
Madison  and  Indianapolis  R.  R. 
To  Wert  6 

(609)  LAWRENCEBURG  to  MJ 

Middlefcrk  4    10 

Bis  Creek  2    12 

ROUTES  IN  IN; a 


203 


Dupont  2  14 

Champion's  Mill 2  16 

Butler's  Switch 4  20 

Vernon 2  22 

Queensville  6  28 

Scipio   3  31 

Elizabothtown 7  38 

COLUMBUS   7  45 

Taylorsville 6  51 

Edinburg  5  56 

Amity   5  61 

Franklin  5  66 

Greenwood 10  76 

Soutbport 4  80 

INDIANAPOLIS 6  86 

(615)  MADISON  to  TERRE  HAUTE. 

To  Columbus,  (see  614)  ....  45 

Lefevre 8    53 

Nashville 12    65 

Unionville 10    75 

BLOOMINGTON 8    83 

Whitehall 7    90 

Spencer 8    98 

VANDALIA 9107 

Bowling  Green 8  115 

Christie's  Prairie 10  125 

TERRE  HAUTE 14  139 

(616)  BLOOMINGTON  to  LA  FAY- 

ETTE. 

To  Ellittsville 7 

Mount  Tabor 6  13 

Gosport 3  16 

Mill  Grove 9  25 

Clover  Dale   5  30 

Putnamville 7  37 

Greencastle 5  42 

Fincastle 12  54 

Parkersburg 7  61 

CRAWFORDSVILLE 13  74 

Romney 15  89 

LAFAYETTE  11  100 

(617)  MOUTH  OF  WABASH  RIVER 

to  LA  FAYETTE. 
Steamboat. 

To  New  Harmony 52 

Mount  Carmel 45    97 

VINCENNES ..35  132 

Kussellville 13  145 

Palestine 18  163 

Merora 5  168 

Hutsonville 8  176 

York  8  184 


Darwin 11  195 

TERRE  HAUTE 25  220 

Clinton 16  236 

Montezuma 11  247 

Newport  Landing 7  254 

Perry villo 18  272 

COVINGTON 8  280 

Baltimore 3283 

Pi-rtland 8  291 

Williamsport 5  296 

La  Grange 14  310 

LAFAYETTE 13  323 

(618)    EVANSVILLE    to  TERRE 

HAUTE. 

To  Sandersville 10 

Princeton..... 20  30 

Patoka 4  34 

VINCENNES 20  54 

West  Union 15  69 

Carlisle 8  77 

Merom 12  89 

Greysville 5  94 

Furman's  Creek 5  99 

Prairie  Creek 8  107 

Prairieton 7  1 J  4 

TERRE  HAUTE 9123 

(619)  TERRE   HAUTE  to  LOGANS- 
PORT. 

TbNuma 8 

Clinton 7    15 

Highland 10    25 

Newport 6    31 

Eugene 7    38 

Perry ville   7    45 

COVINGTON 7    52 

Portland    8    60 

Rob  Roy 5    65 

Attica 4    69 

Shawnee  Prairie 5    74 

West  Point 8    82 

LAFAYETTE 11     93 

Americus 11  104 

Delphi 7  11] 

Lockport 9  120 

LOGANSPORT 12  132 

(620)  TERRE   HAUTE  to  CRAW- 
FORDSVILLE. 

ToRoseville 15 

RockvilJe   9  24 

Bruin's  Cross  Roads 8  32 

Wavelaixl 6  38 

CRAWFORDSVILLE 14  52 


204 


ROUTES  IN  INDIANA ILLINOIS. 


(621)  LOGANSPORT  tO  TOLEDO,  O. 

To  Lewisburg 9 

Peru 9    18 

Wabash   15    33 

LaGro.. 6    39 

Huntington 13    52 

Aboite 16    68 

FORT  WAYNE   12    80 

New  Haven   17    97 

Antwerp,  0 7104 

Junction 14  118 

DEFIANCE 10  128 

Milldule 4  132 

Florida...'. 5  137 

Napoleon x  8  145 

Damascus 8  153 

Providence... 6  159 

Waterville   .12  171 

Maumee  City 5  176 

TOLEDO  9  185 

(622)  FORT  WAYNE  to  CINCINNATI, 

OHIO. 

To  Poughkeepsie 12 

Decatur 12    24 

Limber  Lost.. 12    36 

Bear  Creek 9    45 

Jay 8    53 

Deerfield 12    65 

WINCHESTER   7    72 

Lynn 11    83 

New  Garden 6    89 

Chester 5    94 

Richmond 5    99 

Abington 9  108 

Brownsville 6  114 

Liberty 5  119 

Dunlapsville 5  124 

Fairfield 6  130 

BROOKVILLE 7  137 

Cedar  Grove 8  145 

New  Trenton 5  150 

Harrison,  O.  - 6  156 

Clark's  Store 4  16(1 

Miami  ••-  4  161 

Cheviot 6  170 

CINCINNATI 7_  1T~ 

(623)  LA  PORTE  to  JOLIET,  ILL. 

To  Door  Village 4 

Valparaiso   18  22 

Deep  Paver 9  31 

Lake  Court  House 9  40 

Endor,  III 10  50 

Crete   9  59 


Chelsea 11    70 

JOLIET 12    82 

(624)  MICHIGAN  CITY  to  INDIANAP- 

OLIS. 

To  La  Porte 13 

Plymouth 30    43 

INDIANAPOLIS,  (see  605). .  .117  160 

ILLINOIS. 

(625)  SPRINGFIELD  to  CINCINNATI. 

To  Rochester 9 

Taylorsville 16    25 

SHELBYVILLE4 35      60 

Cochran's  Grove 12    72 

Paradise 8    80 

Bethsaida 7    87 

Charleston 8    95 

Hitesville 12  107 

Grandview 6  113 

Paris 12  125 

Elbridge 10  135 

TERRE  HAUTE,  IA 10  145 

Van  Buren 12  157 

Brazil 7  164 

Manhattan  8  172 

Green  Castle 7  179 

Stilesville 13  192 

Belleville •  8  200 

Plainneld 5  205 

Bridgeport 6  211 

INDIANAPOLIS 9220 

CINCINNATI,  (see  591) 109  329 

(626)  SPRINGFIELD  to  GOLCONDA. 

To  Zanesville 38 

Hillsboro' 16    54 

Hurricane 15    69 

VANDALIA 12    81 

Foster's 13    94 

SALEM  •• 12  106 

Jordan's  Prairie 14  120 

Mount  Vernon 9  129 

Spring  Garden • 11  140 

BENTON 12  152 

Frankfort  7  159 

Marion 13  172 

Sarahsville 8  180 

GOLCONDA  ...28208 

(627)  SPRINGFIELD  to  ST.  Louis. 

To  Chatham 7 

Auburn 8    15 

CariinviUe 24    39 


ROUTES  IN    ILLINOIS. 


205 


Macoupin !..   6  45  i 

Shipm.in   8  53 

Monticello 14  6T 

Alton.    5  72 

ST.  Louis,  Mo. 24  96  j 

(623)  SPRINGFIELD  to  NAPLES. 

Sangamon  and  Mora- an  R.  R. 

Berlin    17 

Lsi.md  Grove 4    21 

Strown's 5    26 

JACKSONVILLE 7    33 

Jones' 5    36 

Bethel 9    47 

Vau.gundy 5    52 

NAPLES 5    57 

(G29)  SPRINGFIELD  to  QUINCY. 

To  Naples,  (see  628) 57 

CriirifsviUe   10    67 

Beverly  10    77 

Liberty 14    91 

Burton 6    97 

QUINCY 9  106 

(630)  SPRINGFIELD  to  KKOKUCK, 

IOWA. 

ToRichland 10 

Pleasant  Plains 6     16 

Lancaster 7    23 

Virginia 10    33 

Beardstown 14    47 

Frederick  ville 4    51 

RLSHYILLE  ... 8    59 

Cauiden 13     72 

Huntsville 6    78 

Pulaski    5    83 

Augusta 3    86 

Plymouth  5    91 

St.  Mary's 4    95 

ElmTive 7  102 

Carthage 7  109 

Warsaw 18  127 

KEOKUCK  4  131 

(631)  SPRINGFIELD  to  BURLINGTON, 

IOWA. 
To  Rush  ville,  (see  630)  .... 59 

Littleton 6    65 

Doddsville 6    71 

Macomb- 13    84 

Bland  insville 14    98 

BURLINGTON 24  122 

(632)  SPRINGFIELD  to  LEWISTOWN. 

To  Athens 14    ' 

Petersburg 8    22 


Snngamon  River 12  34 

Bath 8  42 

Havanna 8  50 

Water.ord 5  55 

LEWISTOWN 5  60 

(633)  SPRINGFIELD  to  CHICAGO. 

To  Twelve  Mills 8 

Miduletown   ...12    20 

Delavan 9    29 

Dillon 23    52 

Tremont 5    57 

Groveland 6    63 

PEORIA   6    69 

CHICAGO,  (see  655) 165  234 

(634)  SPRINGFIELD  to  COVINGTON, 

IA. 

To  M  ech  anicsburg 15     * 

Decatur 24    39 

Cerro  Gordo 15    54 

Monticello 10    64 

North  Bend 13    77 

UrbaiJim 9    86 

Homer 14  100 

Danville 20  120 

COVINGTON 15  135 

(635)  VINCENNES,  IA.,  to  SHAWNEE- 

TOWN. 

To  St.  Francisville 10 

Armstrong 9  19 

Mount  Carmel 9  28 

Graysville 18  46 

Pii iliipstown 9  55 

CARMI-...  ; 9  64 

Emma b  72 

New  Haven (J  78 

SHAWNEETOWN 17  95 

(636)  VINCENNES  to  ST.  Louis,  Mo. 

To  Lawrenceville .  9 

Prairkton 10    19 

OIney 13    32 

Maysville 16    48 

Xenia 16    64 

Frederickstown  ...    9    73 

SALEM 9    82 

Carlyle 24  106 

Shoal  Creek 9  115 

A  vision 6  121 

Lebanon 11  132 

Rock  Spring 4  13G 

Belleville 9  145 

French  Village 8  153 

18 


206 


ROUTES  IN  ILLINOIS. 


ST  Louis.  Mo    . 

1  159 

CHESTER  ....   13    78 

(637)    VlNCEN> 

To  Carlyle,  (see  6 

ES  to  ALTON. 
36\  IOQ 

(642)   SHAWNEETOWN  to    CAPE 

GlRARDEAU,  Mo. 

To  Bay  7 

9115 

Highland 

MountAiry  8     15 

Marine  Settlemen 

t                  1^  135 

Vienna  32    47 

Mount  Pleasant  10    57 

jMiwiurusvuie 

1°  100 

ppt        ton 

2  16° 

Cedar  Creek  Landing  18    87 

(638)  VINCENNB 
To  Russell  ville 

s  to  CHICAGO. 
10 

(643)  SHAWNEETOWN  to  ST.  Louis. 
To  Equality  14 

15    °5 

H           Ue'l] 

8    33 

Raleigh  12    26 

York 

5    38 

Gallatin  6    32 

9    47 

Benton  20    52 

Marshall 

10    57 

Mount  Hawkins.  20    72 

16    73 

Nashville  ;;  22    94 

Bloomfield 

13    86 

Akau  14  108 

10    96 

Mascoutah  15  123 

P         lt 

5  101 

Belleville  10  133 

D     • 

10  111 

French  Village  8  141 

North  Fork  
Milford 

15  126 

03  149 

Wiggins'  Ferry  5  146 
ST.  Louis  1  147 

11   |  go 

(644)  SHAWNEETOWN  to  VANDALIA. 

Bulbonia's  Grove 
Rock  ville   

6  194 

Reed's  Grove  ••- 

7  213  {  Moore's  Prairie  13    52 

T 

Jord-m's  Prtirip                         9     75 

T      '  ]f         t 

f  <>"n 

SALEM     14    89 

Des  Pl'iins         »  « 

9  °39 

Footer's      •••         1**  101 

Summit  

10  249 

13  °6° 

VANDALIA  13  114 
(645)  CAIRO  to  ST.  Louis. 
Mill  Creek                             11 

(639)  MT.  CARMI 
To  Albion 

:L  tO  F  AIRFIELD. 

18 

Jonesboro'  •••           "0    34 

Wabash    

9    27 

.      Q     ^fi 

Urbane  12    46 

(640)  SALEM  to  CARMI. 
To  Hickory  Hill          1a 

Jones'  Creek       •                •  20    79 

Chester  •••         8    87 

Kaskaskia  7    94 

F'lirfieM 

oj     39 

Prairie  De  Roche  14  108 

Burnt  Prairie  — 
CAR^II 

11     50 
13    63 

Waterloo  21   129 
Columbia   8  137 

(641)  SALEM 

to  CHESTER. 
8 

(646)  ST.  Louis,  Mo.,  to  JACKSON- 
VILLE. 

W'thi'it  Hill.  • 

5     13 

Nashville  
Elklioni  
6  par  in        .... 

19    32     To  Alton  24 
7    39     Godfrey  7    31 
..17    56  |  Delphi     6    37 

ROUTES  IN  ILLINOIS. 


207 


Jerseyville 8  45 

Kane  5  50 

Carrollton 8  58 

Whitehall 10  68 

Manchester 8  76 

JACKSONVILLE 17  93 

(647)  QUINCY  to  JACKSONVILLE. 

To  Columbus 15 

Camp  Point 6  21 

Clayton   6  27 

Mount  Sterling 12  39 

Versailles 9  48 

Meredosia 7  55 

Bethel 8  63 

JACKSONVILLE 12  75 

(648)  QUINCY  to  PEORIA. 
Via  Rushville. 

To  Columbus 15 

Camp  Point 6  21 

Clayton 6  27 

Mount  Sterling 12  39 

Ripley 9  48 

RUSHVILLE 9  57 

Astoria 14  71 

Vermont 5  76 

Otto 7  83 

Lewistown 8  91 

Jackson  Grove 7  98 

Canton 7  105 

Farmington 10  115 

Trivoli 7  122 

PEORIA. 18  140 


(649)  QUINCY  to  KNOXVILLE, 

To  Mendon 14 

Woodville 10 

Chili 3 

Carthage 14 

Fountain  Green 11 

MACOMB 17 

Drowning  Fork 5 

Woodstock 14 

St.  Augustine 3 

Hartford 7 

KNOXVILLE  •  •  • 9 


24 
27 
41 
52 

69 
74 
88 
91 
98 
107 

(650)  QUINCY  to  KEOKUCK,  IOWA. 

To  Ursa    10 

Lima   8    18 

Greon  Plains 8    26 


(651)  QUINCY  to  GALENA. 

To  Macomb,  (see  649) 69 

Swan  Creek 16    85 

Monmouth 18  103 

Spring  Grove 7  110 

North  Henderson 6  116 

Pope  Creek 6  122 

Farlow's  Grove 8  130 

Pre-emption 5  135 

Camden's  Mills 10  145 

ROCK  ISLAND 3  148 

Moline 5  153 

Hampton 7  160 

Port  Byron 7  167 

Cordova 5  172 

Albany 11  183 

Fulton 7  190 

Savanna 16  206 

Hanover 14  220 

GALENA 15  235 

(652)  PEORIA  to  COVINGTON,  Lv. 

ToGroveland 8 

Tremont   6    14 

Mackinaw 7    21 

Stout's  Grove 5    26 

Wilksboro' 5    31 

Bloomington 10    41 

Le  Roy 16    57 

Santa  Anna   10    67 

Mahomet  14    81 

URBANA 13    94 

Homer 14  108 

Danville 20  128 

COVINGTON 15  143 

(653)  PEORIA    to  BURLINGTON, 

IOWA. 

To  Kickapoo 11 

Robin's  Nest 3  14 

Brimfield    5  19 

French  Creek 6  25 

Knoxville 18  43 

Galesburg 5  48 

Cold  Brook 10  58 

Monmouth 6  64 

Oquawka 18  82 

BURLINGTON 16  98 

(654)  PEORIA  to  ALBANY. 

To  Mount  Hawley 10 

Wyoming , 19    29 

Toulon 6    35 


Warsaw  ..................  6    32;  Wethersfield  ..............  11     46 


KBOKUCK  .................  4    36  i  Burns 


17    63 


208 


ROUTES  IN   ILLINOIS. 


.  15     84      TVi  Duvtnn                                        4 

ALBANY  

.\"Z    yo     North  ville                               16    20 

(655)  PEORIA  to  CHICA 
To  Chilicothe 

Penfield  9    29 

G0t             Bristol  5    34 

18            Oswer'o  5    39 

Lacori  

.14    32     Aurora  7    46 
5    37     Batavia  6    52 

H  •      >  ' 

13    50     ST  CHARLES  ...         •••-     4    56 

P  ••       '1! 

.  4    54 

p 

10    64     (659)  CHICAGO  to  DETROIT,  MICH. 

15    79 

.  8    87     To  Michigan  Citv  la             40 

•  18  105     NEW  BUFFAIO   MICH            10    50 

Dresden 

PI          •  h 

.  6  120     Buchanan                               °1    71 

Jol  1KT 

.  7  l°7     Niles                                           6     77 

.  6  133     Dowa"iac               •                11     ">^ 

•   9  142     Decatur                                   1°  I**') 

CHICAGO  

(656)  PERU  to  ST.  Loui 
Steamboat. 

.23  165     PHW  Paw  Station  8   1>  H 

3,  Mo.        Comstock  ,  4  1-8 

Galesbur0"          •  •  •  •         •  •  -  •   4  J  i;:2 

•  17            Charleston   •     4  136 

Lacon  
Chilicothe  

•  18    35     BattleCreek    10146 
.11    46     Ceresco              8  154 

Rome 

.  2    48     Marshall                                   5  lr>9 

.16    64     Maren<ro  6  16*> 

p.  '-• 

.  9    73     Albion            ...                 7  172 

T  ;              1 

.25    98     Gidlev's  Station  11  183 

Havaima 

.  9  107     B'trry*                                         5  I8H 

Ueardstown   

•  32139     JACKSON   5'193 
.8147     Leoni      7200 

M«T  >d  >"fa 

.  8  155     Grass  Lake  3  203 

N        1  "4 

.  7  162     Francisco  villo         '{  °06 

EM 

•  10  172     Davison's         6212 

M      t  »• 

.  5  177     Dexter     9221 

T,    .       .                         i 

•  6  183     Scio        •         f>  <•>'>•} 

N           rt 

Gilford              

«18  210     ANN  ARBOR    •••                ••  6  231 

Mouth  of  Illinois  River  •  .  . 

•  16  226     Geddes'  Mills     4  C)35 

.  2  228     Ypsilanti           4  4>39 

A't 

•  18  °46     Wayne         12  °51 

Missouri  River  

.   3  249     Dearborn  ville  7  258 
.IS  OIVT     Ttw^DntTi  ...                        ..in  one 

(657)  PERU  to  GALENA.              (6SO)  CHICAGO  to  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 
To  1  1  Moille     •  •                  .  r  -  IS                                         Steamboat. 

Dixon 

1"    55     Racine          1'J    70 

Elkhorn  Grove  

•  8    63     MILWAUKEE  25    05 
5    68     Manitou  Islands,  Mich.  -  .  .  150  245 

KOCK  CULK: 

12    80     Beaver  Islands       •           •  •  •  4  >  "90 

.  oo  joo     Macki'iaw    50  340 

.15  117     Presouelsle  65  405 

ROUTES  IN   ILLINOIS KENTUCKY. 


209 


Thunder  Bay  80    485  j  Racine  10    71 
Point  au  Baroues  70    5"/5  •  O'lk  Creek  ••                         14    85 

Fort  Gratiot  .85    640  '  Mir.winvuw  o    ox 

DETROIT                             •  70    710 

(663)  CHICAGO  to  OTTAWA. 

Via  Plainfield. 
To  Lyons  13 

Amherstburg,  C.  W.  20    730 
Sandusky  Ohio  52    782 

Huron   14    79G 

CLEVELAND  45    841 
Fail-port  30    871 

Flag  Creek  5    18 
Cass  5    23 

Ashtabula  33    904 
Conueaut  14    918 
Erie,  Pa  30    948 

Plainfield  18    41 
Ausable  13    54 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y.  48    996 
BUFFALO  43  1039 

Holderman's  Grove  •  •  .  4    68 

(661)  CHICAGO  to  GALENA. 
Chicago  and  Galena  R.  R. 
To  N'ovesvillc                         10 

(664)  CHICAGO  to  DIXON. 
To  St.  Charles  Br.,  (see  661)  35 
St.  Charles  4    39 

Cott'irre  Hill                              7    17 

Sugar  Grove  13    52 

Acasto  7    59 

"Whe'itlind                               4    °5 

Little  Rock  3    62 

Somonauk  6    68 

St  Ch  Tries  Brincli                  5    35 

Shabboney's  Grove  9    77 

Paw  Paw  Grove  7    84 

Gilberts  ...                        ...   8    50 

Huntley  5    55 

Lee  Centre  8  101 

Union  7    62 

DIXON   15  H6 

(665)  DIXON  to  BELOIT,  Wis. 
To  G  rand  de  Tour  6 

Garden  Prairie  6    72 

Belvidere  •.  ...                  6    78 

Cherry  Valley                          6    84 

Oregon  9    \  • 

Byron  1  1     % 

Stage. 

Kishvvaukee  io    'U> 

Harlem   ....                .  .          7'    40 

Roscoe  4    5'$ 

Ridott's                                    5  116 

BELOIT  3    tM 

KENTUCKY. 

(666)  LOUISVILLE  to  CINCINNATI,  O. 
Steamboat. 
To  CINCINNATI,  (see  514).  .  .       140 

(667)  LOUISVILLE  to  CAIRO,  ILL. 
Steamboat. 
To  CAIRO,  mouth  of  tUe  Ohio 
River,  (see  51  4)  376 

(668)  LOUISVILLE  to  NASHVILLE, 
TENN. 
To  Salina  ....                        ]  i 

White  Oak  Springs  32  173 

(662)  CHICAGO  to  MILWAUKEE. 
To  Dutchman's  Point  13 

Wheeling  ....         .  .  10    °3 

Half  Day  5    28 

Liberty  ville          6    34 

Otsego  5    49 

W'est  P(jjn£  .                           10    21 

Southport,  Wis.  12    61 

Elizabethtowii  ....               22    43 

18* 

210 


ROUTES   IN"    KENTl'CKy, 


Lexington  and  Frankfort  R.  R. 
Midway  14    79 

VVoodsonville  ".  .  10    83 
Pivwelt's  Knob  6    89 

I  (672)  LEXINGTON  to  CINCINNATI,  O 
i  To  Georgetown  12 

BOWLING-  GREEN....,  14  115 

franklin  21  136  >  Little  Eagle  15    27 
Mitchell  ville,  Tenn  8  144  \  Ray's  por^  6    33 
Muiiov's  •  5  149  '  Williimstown                        14    47 

Pleasant  Hill  6  171     W'Uton                                    7    65 

NASHVILLE  7  178     fi,...™™                                   o    -r 

*  Mammoth  Cave  7  —  100. 
(660)    LOUISVILLE    to    HARRODS- 

BURO. 

To  Snow  Hill  11 

Dry  Creek  3    77 

Coviivton  6    83 

(673)  LEXINGTON  to  MAYSVILLE. 

Frederickstown  8    47' 
Springfield                               9    56 

Forest  Retreat  ........    .       6    ^9 

Lower  HI  ue  Lick  8    37 

Potts  vil  le     ••                          10    66 

Oak  Woods  6    43 

IT     ,                             'in    «r 

(670)    LOUISVILLE    to    SHAWNEE- 
TOWN,  ILL. 
To  Salina   11 

(674)  LEXINGTON  to  OWINGSVILLE. 
To  Childsburg  8 

Westpoint  10    21 

Colbyville  7    15 

Brandenbun*      .         ....      H    40 

Mount  Sterlin"                ••     15    35 

Clifton  Mills  14    54 

OWINGSVILLK    15    50 

(675)  LEXINGTON  to  KNOXVILLE, 
TENN. 
To  Nicholisville                    12 

Hsiwesville  9    84 

Yelvingt-on  16  100 

Ovvensboro'  •••«?  10  110 

Boon's  Knob                             7     19 

Hebbardsville  12  122 
Henderson  17  139 

Bryantsville   5    24 

Smith's  Mills  12  lot- 

Morgaufield  -  -  -  -  •  12  163 

Walnut  Flat  6    51 

Raleigh  9  172 
SIIAWNEETOWN,  ILL  5  177 

(671)  LOUISVILLE  to  LEXINGTON. 
Louisville  and  Frankfort  R.  R. 
To  Williamson  •   •                 14 

Crab  Orchard  4    55 
Mount  Vernon       •         •  •  •  •  13    68 

LONDON            •••         ••••      19    87 

Barboursville     •    ......  ...12  112 

Cumberland  Ford  16  128 

La  <'Jran.gt!  12    ott 
'Walnut  ilrove       •  ....           6    3iJ 

Yellow  Creek  8  136 

Tazewell,  Tenn.  12  1  55 
Sycamore  5160 

Bellevue-..                        ..  2    41 

ROUTES  IN  KENTUCKY. 


211 


.  4  171 

GOVV. 

To  Smith's  Grove  14 

Rutledge  

.10  181 

Spring  House  

Blum's  Cross  Roads  

.  7  188 
.  7  195 

Merry  Oaks  

..  7    21 

in    ti 

.   9  204 

(681)  BOWLING  GREEN  to 

BUS. 

To  South  Union  
Allison  
Russellville  

COLUM- 

..14 
..  7    21 

..  7    28 

K"  •* 

.10  '214 

(676)   LEXINGTON  to  NA 
TENN. 
ToPekin  
Shawnee  Run  

5HVILLE, 

.12 
.12    24 

H.  \RRODSBURG  

Perry  ville   
Lebanon  
Haysville    

.   7    31 

.10     41 
..18    59 
.  6    65 

Elkton  
Fairview  —  ,  
HOPKINSVILLE  

.  .  15    43 
.  .  9    52 
..11    63 
11     74 

.12    77 

f1-  r 

in    84. 

Greensburg  

..12    89 
..12  101 

Canton  

..  7    91 

..10  111 

10  111 

.13  124 

Mavfield 

on  1  11 

Cedar  Spring  

.12  136 

in  1  4't 

Scottsville  

.13  149 

Milburn 

ni  1A. 

..33  182 

.  10  192 

(682)  RUSSELLVILLE  to  NASHVILLE, 
TKNN. 
To  Adairsville  ««••              -i" 

Pleasant  Hill  

.  .  9  201 

.  .    7   9f  IS 

(677Y  FRANKFORT  to  CINCINNATI. 
To  Porks  of  Elkhorn  •  •  •  «       &. 

Springfield,  Tenn    

.    15    05 

4      8 

p         t  O^  *    rr 

.     7     15 

(683)  RUSSELLVILLE   to 
VILLE,  TKNN. 
To  Allensville  

CLARKS- 

..14 
•  •  4    18 

("                t    W         °' 

._  1     Irt 

CINCINNATI,,  (see  672)  72    90 
(678)  FRANKFORT  to  MADISON,  IA. 

Christianburg  

.  5     15 

Minor's  Nursery,  Tenn.  •  . 

..   6    24 

JC>        VJ(j 

Pleasureville  
Now  C'l^lle  

.  .  7    22 
.     6    °8 

(684)  HoPKINSVILLEtoNA 

TENN. 
To  Oak  Grove  

SHVILLE, 

.  .14 

•  10    38 

.     6    44 

^jijlo.)     ...         

.11     11 

MADISON,  IA  1    56 

(679)  PARIS  to  CINCINNATI. 
To  Ruddles  Mills  6 

New  Providence  
ClarksviHe  

..10    24 

2    °6 

.    11     37 

Th          •    '-'ll 

441 

.   8     14 

jnomabvine             

•  12    26 

.   5    3] 

(685)  HOPKINSYILLE  to  PADUCAH. 

To  Oakland         1O 

Fftlmouth 

9     40 

FI        r  O  -ppk 

8    48 

c  ••   t'  r  '  '\ 

••10     58 

Alexandria  

..  7    65 
.     6    71 

Princeton  
Eddyville  

..14    26 
•  .  12    38 

Newport  

..7    78 
..   1     79 

Smithland  

-.25    63 

-.18    81 

212 


ROUTES  IN  KENTUCKY MISSOURI. 


(686)  PADUCAH  (mouth  of  Tennes- 
see River)  to  FLORENCE,  ALA. 

Steamboat. 
To  Reynoldsburg,  Tenn.  .  .105 

Perryville , 50  155 

Carrollsville  20  175 

Savannah 35  210 

FLORENCE 64  274 

(687)  SMITHLAND  (mouth  of  Cum- 
berland River)  to  NASHVILLE. 

Steamboat. 

ToEddyville 33 

Canton 25  58 

Tobacco  Port,  Tenn 14  72 

Dover 12  84. 

Palmyra 26  110 

Clarksville 11  121 

NASHVILLE 63  184 

MISSOURI. 

(688)  ST.  Louis  to  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Steamboat. 

Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo 9 

Harrison  ville,  111 19    28 

Herculaneum,  Mo 2    30 

Sehna,  Mo 4    34 

St.  Genevieve,  Mo 25    59 

Chester,  111 16    75 

Bainbridge,  Mo 45  1 20 

Cape  Girardeau,  Mo 12  132 

Commerce,  Mo 12  144 

CAIRO,  ILL,  (mouth  of  Ohio 

River) 28  172 

Columbus,  Ky 18  190 

Hick  man,  Ky 15  205 

New  .Madrid,  Mo. 42  247 

Little  Prairie,  Mo. 30  277 

Obion  River,  Tenn 29  306 

Ashport, Tenn 8314 

Osceola,  Ark. 12  326 

Fulton,  Tenn 10  336 

Randolph,  Tenn.,  (mouth  of 

Hatch  ie  River) 11  347 

Greenock,  Ark. 33  380 

Memphis,  Tenn.  34  414 

Commerce,  Ark 27  441 

Pevton,Miss. 33  474 

Sterling,  Ark.,  (mouth  of  St. 

Francis  River) 12  486 

HELENA,  ARK. 10  496 

Delta,  Miss. 10  506 

Victoria,  Miss 65  571 


Montgomery's  Point,  Ark..  1    572 
Napoleon,  Ark.,  (moaih  of 

Arkansas  River) 20    588 

Bolivar  Court  House,  Miss.  12    604 

Columbia,  Ark 53    657 

Princeton,  Miss 45    702 

Providence,  La. 29    731 

Yazoo  River,  Miss 61    792 

VICKSBURG,  Miss 12    804 

Warrenton,  Miss 10    814 

Carthage,  La. 19    833 

GRAND  GULF,  Miss. 27    860 

Bruinsburg,  Miss. 10    870 

Rodney,  Miss 10    880 

NATCHEZ,  Miss 31    911 

Ellis  Cliffs,  Miss.  •  • 18    929 

Homochitta  River,  Miss ...  26    955 

Fort  Adams,  Miss 10    965 

Red  River  Island,  La 11    976 

Point  Coupee,  La.        >       fin  JQOQ 
St.  Francisville,  La.     j  * ' 

Port  Hudson) 11  1047 

BATON  ROUGE,  LA 25  1072 

Plaquemine,  La.    23  1095 

Donaldson  ville,  La 34  1129 

Jefferson  College,  La. 19  1148 

Red  Clmrch,  La 38  118Q 

Carrollton,  La 20  1206 

La  Fayette,  La 4  1210 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA 2  1212 

(689)  ST.  Louis  to  FALLS  OF  ST. 

ANTHONY. 

Steamboat. 

To  Missouri  River 18 

Alton,  111 3    21 

Grafton,  III. 18    39 

Illinois  River,  111 2    41 

Gilead,  111 32    73 

Hamburg,  111 10    83 

ClarksviUe,  Mo 13    96 

Louisiana,  Mo 11  107 

Hannibal,  Mo 25  132 

QUINCY,  ILL 18  150 

La  Grange,  Mo 10  100 

Tully,  Mo. 7  167 

Warsaw,  111.  )  17  ISA 

Des  Moines  River     \" 

Keokuck,  Iowa 4  188 

Montrose,Iowa  )  10  onn 

Nauvoo,  111.       \ U 

Madison,  Iowa 10  210 

BURLINGTON,  IOWA 20  230 

Oquawka,  111 17  24? 

New  Boston,  111 19  266 


ROUTES  IN  MISSOURI. 


213 


17  328 
16  344 
17  361 
20  381 
8  389 
2  391 
20  411 
7  418 
60  478 
14  492 
16  508 
18  526 
25  551 
12  563 
70  63° 

.  •   7  °99 

An  laluaii     111 

10  309 

Rock  Jsisiud,  111.   ) 

9  318 

Kansas  River  

Davenport,  Iowa  \ 
Hampton,  111.  

..11  329 
.  .  8  337 

Parksville  
Platte  River  
FORT  LEAVENWORTH  

Albany,  111  

.  .jt)  35^ 

9  365 

Pharl  st        T 

15  380 

S'lvamrih  'ill 

2  38° 

.  .1Q  4(VI 

Great  Nemahaw  River  

Fever  River,  111.,  (to  Galena 
6  miles)  '.  7  4ns 

Little  Nemahaw  River  

90  423 

P  •              1           ' 

.  .  g  43(3 

Belle  vue  Trading  House  •  .  . 

12  645 
40  685 

,  IOWA. 

9 
6    15 

5    20 
16    36 

6  465 

(691)  ST.  Louis  to  KEOKUCK 

To  Waltonhara  
Feefee  
ST.  CHARLES  

.  .  -20  485 

Fort  Crawford  
Prairie  du  Chien  
Upper  Iowa  River  
Bad  Axe  River  

...   2  487 
.  .  .  2  489 
.  .38  527 
...12  539 

Root  1-  iver  •  •  
Black  River  
Chippewa  River  

Maiden's  Rock  ( 

...23  502 
...12  574 
...68  642 

°5  667 

Flint  Hill  
Troy  
Auburn  

7    43 
10    53 

12    65 
10    75 
10    85 
14    99 

Lake  Pepin        $ 
St.  Croix,River  

...35  702 

Bowling  Green  .  ?  

ST.  PALL  

MendoM         ) 

.  •  ,26  728 
5  733 

New  London  

8  107 
8  115 
13  128 

Fort  Sr:".l  in-  $  " 

PALMYRA  

(690)  ST.  Louis  to  COUNCIL  BLUFFS. 
Steamboat. 
To  mouth  of  Missouri  River  18 

La  Grange  
Tully         

20  148 
7  155 
20  175 
4  179 

ROCK, 

5 
4      t 

5     14 

.  8    22 

K      K     'K   IOWA 

(692)  ST.  Louis  to  LITTLE 
ARK. 

°1     63 

.  .   26    89 

Griswold  City  «...         .  . 

.  .     8    97 

Hermann  
Portland  

..  .16  113 
..17  |30 

Oakville   

Cote  Sans  Dessein  

...20  150 

lierculaneum  

.  9    31 

.11     42 

.  .  17  177 

t  lenfmliv 

10    52 
.10    62 

.    7      fi<J 

.  .    10  187 

OM  V 

Booriville   
Arrow  Rock  
Glasgow   
Char  it  on  

...11211     Caledonia  12    81 
...15  2-:V>  ;  i  i  on  Mountain  10    91 
...12  238  i  s^rmington   14  105 

Grand  River 

•  .f>0  ^61  1  r'redericktown  

.  12  122 
35  157 

...23  284     Greenville  ... 

214 


ROUTES  IN   MISSOURI. 


C        P     ^k 

...18   175  . 

(695)  ST.  Louis  to  JKFFERSOH 
CITY. 
Via  St.  Charles. 
To  Fulton,  (see  694)  110 
Now  Bioornfield                      1  1   101 

H'fks'  F  "-V   Ark 

...  32  207 

F        -\-     V)       r 

.  .  15  222 

P    ••  1       *•• 

...  8  230 

.  ..15  .45 

Smitiiville  

...  14  259 

10  131 

...12  271 

J                   P 

1      lOil 

...  24  295 

(696)  ST.  Louis  to  JEFFERSON 
CITY. 
Via  Mt.  Sterling. 
To  Rock  Hill                          Q 

y,     .    p  .'  , 

11  306 

HP^       r      rt  H 

...39  338 

O  Irl  •     \  Cr  VP 

...  25  363 

.  .  .30  393 

(693)  ST.  Louis  to  NEW  MADRID. 

.  11     19 

..14    33 

Union  

.  .22    55 

..  .  4      9 

Adamsburg  

..23    78 

Oakville   

...   5     14 

Lynn   

-.16  108 

Sulphur  Springs  
Clifton  

...  8    22 
...5    27 

Lisle  
JEFFERSON  CITY  

..  8  116 
.  .10  126 

Herculaneum  

..  .   4    31 
...   8    39 

(697)    JEFFERSON  CITY 
PENDENCE. 
To  Marion  
Moniteau  
Midway  
Clark's  Fork  

BOONEVILLE    

to  INDK- 

,   15 
..  5    20 
..  9    29 
..6    35 
..10    45 

Rush  Tower  

8    47 

St.  Cenevieve  
St.  Mary's  Landing  
Perry  ville  
Apple  Greek  
JACKSON   

...14    61 
12    73 
...12    85 
...  12    97 
....16  113 

11      1  O  .< 

Beaton  16  140 
Pleasant  Plains  10  1  50 
Ogden  8  158 
NEW  MADRID  23  181 

(094)  ST.  Louis  to  FORT  LEAVEN- 
WORTH. 

La  Mine  
Arrow  Rock  
Marshall  
Mount  Hope  
Dover  

..10    55 
..12    67 
.  .  15    82 
..25  107 
..  7  114 
..11  125 

.  .   1°  137 

«  «  16  153 

T  °      ,   ,    ^  ^   . 

..  .  12  165 

6    15 

(698)    JEFFERSON  CITY 
LEAVENWORTH 
To  Boone  ville,  (see  697). 

to  FORT 

...45 
.  .     4    49 

.  .  .  .  5    20 

.  .  .  12    32 

3    35 

....13    48 

•  ...  10    58 

10    59 

JJjO-h      |  jjjl    

...     9    67 

..11    7Q 

....18    85 

FORT  LEAVENWORTH,  ( 
7Ul\      

see 
149  219 

....10    95 

.   .  .  7  102 

(699)  JEFFERSON  CITY 
SMITH,  ARK. 
To  High  Point 

to  FORT 
..  .15 

..  g  110 

TUT"  -sbnrff 

•12  122 

(  '   !•       h" 

jo  134 

P     -h             f 

13  147 

.  .  .  25    40 

Favi'ti.e   
GLASGOW.   

FORT   LEAVENWORTH, 

7un  

....15  162 
....11  173 

(see 
...  149  322 

Cole  Camp  
WARSAW  

...24    64 
..16    80 
...13    93 

Judah's  Gao  

.  .  .  8  101 

ROUTES   IN  MISSOURI IOWA. 


215 


.   18  1;)8 

Paris  

.  .  .  1<>    55 

Richland  -\  

•    18  146 

jo    (37 

SPRINGFIELD  

..12  158 
°7  185 

Sharpsburg   

...7    74 

14    83 

McDon-ild          .  •   • 

16  °Ul 

J    CSD    It, 

Q      Q7 

..17  '?18 

(703)  MARAMEC  to  SPRINGFIELD. 
To  Little  Pr'iirie                    ^  n 

.  -°2  °40 

..28  268 

.  18  286 

Little  Pinfv 

20    30 

.-11  297 

Pine  Bluff 

8    38 

Natural  Dam  
Van  Buren  

..12  309 
..14  323 
..  7  330 

VVaynesville  
Bellefonte  
Oakland 

.  .  .  12    50 
...11     61 

13    74 

(700)  JEFFERSON  CITY 

GlRARDEAU. 

to  CAPE 
.  .   9 

1-)    gg 

16  10° 

..  i')  JJ4 

13  lc>7 

17    26 

s 

8  135 

Kiuderhook  

.  .  10    36 

IOWA. 

(704)  IOWA  CITY  to  Ki 

:OKUCK. 
30 

...12    48 

•  .15    63 

BUjelvilie  •  

1°    75 

O»u<rO  

|i>    £7 

H»rmony   

..15  102 
•  •  ]5  117 

Fail-field  

...26    56 
°4    80 

•  •  10  1°7 

F      1       •       -f 

10    90 

.  .14  141 

F-i  •       '     <r| 

8    93 

Miho  LalV'otte  

.  .    ri  146 

K          -^ 

.   3°  130 

JO    J'-jg 

(705)  IOWA  CITY  to  Mr 

SCAT1NE. 

p-ilon                        

24  18° 

Jackson  

..14  196 

..11  207 

(701)  GLASGOW  to  FORT 

WORTH. 

To  Keytesville  
Brunswick  

LEAVEN.- 

-.18 
...11     29 
.    10     39 

.  .    1  I       1*i 

(706)  KEOKIJCK  to  BURLINGTON. 
To  Montroso  12 
Fort  Madison  12    24 

Dewitt  
Carrollton  

...6     45 
.  .  7    52 
•    13    65 

Augusta  
BURLINGTON  

(707)  FORT  MADISON  to 

TON. 

To  West  Point  

.  .  .  J  i    »ia 
...10    45 

FARMING- 

...10 
.  .  fi    IS 

-p.  ,           , 

•  «  «  14    79 

Crab  Orchard  
Liberty   ..'  

..  9    88 
..20  108 

Barry  
Platte  City  

-.10  118 
...15  133 

O     1  XO 

FARMINGTON  11     29 

(708)    BURLINGTON  to  FORT   DBS 
MOINES. 
To  Hartford     ••  •         •••  1  fl 

FORT  LEAVENWORTH  7  149 
(702)  GLASGOW  to  HANNIBAL. 

9    °7 

R    ne 

...8    35 
...16     51 

Mqunt  Airy  

.  .  .  6     18 

Fairfield  

HuritsvUle  

.  .  .   6    24 

>   "5    76 

Milton  

...12    30 

...  16    92 

216 


ROUTES  IN  IOWA WISCONSIN. 


^skfiloosa  13105     Union         

5    °2 

lied  Rock  29  134  i  0*1™™  - 

597 

PORT  Dus  MOINES  31  165 
\709)  BURLINGTON  to  MUSCATINK. 

To  Yellow  Springs  15 
Linton  ...   9    24 

Warren  
Jant'sville  

..  3    30 
11    41 

Rock  Valley  .... 

7    48 

BELOIT   
Rockton  
Roscoe  

...6    54 
.  .  3    57 
..  4    61 

Grandview  9    40 
MUSCATINE  14    54 

(710)  MUSCATINE  to  DAVENPORT. 
To  Fairport  7 

Harlem  4    60 
ROCKFORD  7    72 

(715)  MADISON  to  MILWAUKEE. 

West  Buffalo                         11    18 

Deerfleld  

8    16 

Rockingham  8    26 

Lake  Mills  

...  9    25 
3    28 

(711)  DAVENPORT  to  DUBUQUK. 
To  Dewitt  ,  19 
Maquoketa  .22    41 
Andrew                                    7    48 

Ixonia   

.  .   8    46 

Summit  
Delaneld  
Howard  

..  8    54 
..  4    58 
..  7    65 

LaMotte  14    62 
DUBUQUE    12    74 

(712)  DAVENPORT  to  DUBUQUE. 
To  Berlin  16 

Waukesha  
Brookfield  *.  
Wawatosa  

..3    68 
..  5    73 
..  6    79 

^      AA 

(716)  MADISON  to  GREEN  BAY. 

To  Windsor  11 
Lowville  14    25 
Wyocena  9    34 

Princeton  6    22 
Camanche  8    30 
Lyons  10    40 
Elk  River  10    50 

Bellevue  24    74 
Tete  des  Motte  10    84 
DUBUQUE  12    96 

"WISCONSIN. 

(713)  MADISON  to  GALENA,  ILL. 
To  Middleton                     •     8 

FORT  WINNEBAGO  
Rock  Hill  
Kingston  

Grand  Prairie  
Tichor'i  •          

••    8     4^ 
-.17    59 
..  2    61 
-.  4    65 
5    70 

6    76 

P  )  -on  1'ilf 

14    90 

F            r 

.  .  ]3  ]Q3 

T-  •(•]  »  1-1 

•  .  3  106 
.   jo  Jig 

3  119 

Ridgeway  9    31     Stockbridge  

..  8  127 
•  >  18  145 

Mineral  Point  8    48 

.  .  17  ig2 

Belmont   13    61 

(717)  MILWAUKEE  toCnic 
To  Oak  Creek  

AGO,  ILL. 
..  9 

Platteville  7    68 

fienton  12    80 
Hazel  Green  5    85 

GALENA,  ILL  11    96 
(714)  MADISON  to  ROCKFORD,  ILL. 

Racine  
South  port  
Otso(ro  111  

..10    33 
..12    45 

.  .  5    50 

A  hi   o-  1* 

6    "56 

Rutland  ..-  6    17 

..  4    60 

ROUTES   IN  WISCONSIN. 


217 


Half  Day 6  f>6 

Wheeling  5  71 

Dutchman's  Point 10  81 

CHICAGO 13  94 

(718)  MILWAUKEE  to  JANKSVILLE. 

To  Greenfield I) 

Puny  Bewin 5  14 

Vrruon   (j  '20 

Mukwonego 6  20 

East  Troy 6  32  i 

Troy  3  33  i 

SULCMI-  Creek 8  43  ! 

Richmond 9  52  j 

Johnstown     3  55  I 

JANES VILLE 11  66  I 


(723)  RACINE  to  JANESVILLE. 

To  Fountain 7 

Ives' Grove 8  15 

Yorkvilie   5  20 

Rochester 4  24 

BurliiijL'ton   5  29 

Spring  Prairie  J 7  36 

Eikhorn 8  44 

Dcievan (3  50 

J'farien- 4  54 

Fairfield 3  57 

Emerald  Grove 7  64 

JANESVILLK 8  72 

(724)  SOUTHPORT  to  BKLOIT. 


(719)  MILWAUKEE  to  WHITE      j  To  Pleasant  Prairie 4 

WATER.                         'Bristol 6  10 

To  Wawatosa 5          '  Salem 9  19 

Brookfield 6    11  'Geneva   15  34 

Waukesha 5    16     Geneva  Bay 6  40 

Genesee 8    24     Walworth 4  44 

Ottawa 6    30     Shfiron 6  50 

Palmyra • 8    38  i  Allen's  Grove 3  53 

WHITEWATER 10    48  i  Clinton 6  59 

i  BKLOIT   9  68 

(720)  MILWAUKEE  to  FOND  DU  LAC. 

To  Granville 10  (7-5)  JANESVILLE  to  FOND  DU  LAC. 

Menominee  Falls 7    17  !  ™    ,,.,, 

P0ii-  QQ    37    To  Milton 8 

Homer  7  44  . MKotkonong ...8  16 

flhSJL                        8  $     Fort  A  tkiii'son 5  21 

SJnnSoid' '. .'  ' "  "  6  58  :  Jf«er«)ii 6  27 

Bvmn  '   ^  fio     Johnson's  Creek 5  32 

K^DULAC::::::::;::V|  n  WA™TOWM --10  ' 

Emmet 5  47 

(721)  MILWAUKEE  to  SHKBOYOAN.     OaPSwi 6  5C 

To  (.'ood  Hope. 8  Beaver  Dam 7  63 

Mequon  liiv^r 6    14     Waushzira 10  73 

Cedarburg 6    20     Waupun 10  83 

CniUoii 3    23     Lamartine 9  92 

Backville 4    27  j  FOND  DU  LAC 9  101 

Ox-\ukie 4    31 

G^bbvSe0^::::::::::::::1!  II    (726)  J^EsviLLEto G^«^« 

Slii'Unytfan  Falls 6    55     To  Bachelor's  Grove 8 

SHEBOYGAN   6    61     Spri^  Valley 5  13 

Deoatar  7  20 

(722)  MILWAUKEE  to  SHEBOYGAN.     Monroe 12  32 

Wiotrt 12  44 

Steamboat.  Shullsburg 20  64 

To  Oxaukie 28  White  Oak  Springs 6  70 

SHKBOYGAN   30    58     GALENA 10  80 

19 


218 


ROUTES  IN  WISCONSIN MINESOTA. 


(727)  SHEBOYGAN  to  NEENAH. 

To  Sheboygan  Falls 5 

Plymouth 9  14 

Green  Bush 6  20 

Owascus 10  30 

FOND  DU  LAC 11  41 

Friendship 5  46 

Oshkosh 13  59 

Vinlau'l 6  65 

Groveland 5  70 


MINESOTA. 

(728)  ST.  PAUL  to  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Steamboat. 

To  St.  Louis,  (see  689). .  728 
NKW  ORLEANS,  (see  688)  1:212  1940 

(729)  ST.-  PAUL  to  FALLS  OF  ST. 

CROIX. 

To  Stillwater 17 

Marino  Mills 12    29 


NEENAH 5    75  I  FALLS  OF  ST.  CROIX  • 


.20    4U 


MlLWAUKIE 

To  Wamvatosa 5 

Elm  Grove 5  10 

Powers'  Mill 4  14 

Plank  Road 3  17 

WAUKBSIIA  - 8  20 

'..ienessce 8  28 


MILWAUKEE  AND  Miss.  R.  R; 
North  Prairie  . . 
Eagle  Prairie  . . 


Palmyra. 

Whitewater 8 

Child's  Station 5 

Milton.   .. 7 


36 
42 

50 
55 
62 


Janesville 8    TO 


219 

THE 

PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


IN  this  division  of  the  United  States  are  included  the  Territory  of 
Oregon,  and  the  extensive  regions  recently  acquired  from  the  Mexican 
Republic,  known  as  Alta  California  and  New  Mexico.  The  whole  lies 
between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  between  the 
Rio  Gila  on  the  S.  and  the  49th"  parallel  of  north  latitude  on  the  N. ; 
within  which  limits  the  area  is  estimated  at  992,474  square  miles.  Tn 
this  aggregate,  however,  is  included  all  that  portion  of  New  Mexico 
lying  east  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  which  was  formerly  claimed  by  Texas 
as  a  part  of  her  territories. 


THE  TERRITORY  OF  OREGOX. 

Area  341,463  square  miles.— Population  13,293.* 

OREGON  is  situated  between  42°  and  49°  N.  lat.,  and  between  100°  and 
124°  W.  long. ;  and  is  bounded  N.  by  the  British  Possessions ;  E.  by  the 
Rocky  Mountains;  S.  by  Alta  California;  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Oregon  is  a  country  of  huge  mountains,  and  wide,  elevated  plateaux. 
It  is  divided  by  two  great  ranges  into  three  distinct  portions.  From  the 
Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Cascade  range,  a  distance  of  from  100  to  150 
miles,  includes  the  first ;  from  the  Cascade  range  to  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains, the  second;  and  from  these  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  third. 
Considerable  diversity  in  soil,  climate,  and  productions,  characterizes 
these  several  regions.  The  southern  portion  of  the  Pacific  section  is 
supposed  to  be  that  best  adapted  to  agriculture.  The  middle  sec! ion 
has  a  light,  sandy  soil,  except  near  the  streams,  where  a  rich  alluvium 
prevails.  The  mountains  are  almost  barren.  The  third,  or  eastern  sec- 
tion, is  a  rugged  country,  but  in  its  intervales  contains  much  grass  lands, 
which  renders  it  peculiarly  suited  to  the  rearing  of  cattle  and  for  slu-ep- 
farming.  Some  parts  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  rise  4,000  feet  above  the 

*  Exclusive  of  Indians,  the  number  of  which  is  unknown. 


220  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

sea-level.  The  Rocky  Mountains,  many  culminations  of  which  attain 
6,001)  feet,  present  a  serious  barrier  to  communication  with  the  old  states. 
Only  three  passes  have  been  found  which  admit  of  travel :  the  first  in 
400  22'  N. ;  the  second  in  44°  30' ;  and  the  third,  the  South  Pass,  discov- 
ered by  Fremont.  The  usual  overland  route  to  Oregon  is  through  the 
It  is  I'..  A  range  of  mountains,  called  the  "•  Klamet,"  runs  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains  westward  towards  the  Pacific.  The  climate  on  the  Pacific  is 
temperate,  Tind  much  milder  than  near  the  Atlantic  in  the  same  latitude. 
In  the  interior,  it  becomes  more  extreme;  and  in  the  mountains,  varying 
with  their  elevation,  winter  is  almost  perpetual,  and  many  of  the  higher 
culminations  are  capped  with  snow  throughout  the  year.  The  greatest 
quantity  of  rain  fails  between  November  and  March. 

The  Pacific  coast  of  Oregon  is  generally  rugged,  and  extends  650  miles 
along  that  <  >cean.  Only  three  or  lour  harbors  occur  in  its  whole  length. 
The  Columbia,  or  Oregon,  is  the  principal  river;  and  into  this,  which 
has  a  S.  W.  and  W.  course  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  all  the  main  streams 
of  the  territory  empty.  The  navigation  of  this  river  is  frequently  ob- 
structed by  falls  and  rapids,  and  there  is  only  an  uninterrupted  passage 
from  the  ocean,  for  large  ships,  of  about  120  miles.  The  principal  tribu- 
taries are  Willamette  river;  Lewis,  or  Saptin  river;  and  Clark's,  or  Flat- 
head  river;  ail  which  receive  numerous  flue  streams  that  water  an  im- 
mense surface.  There  are  a  number  of  small  lakes  in  the  country. 

There  is  no  material  difference  in  the  natural  productions  of  Oregon 
and  those  of  the  Eastern  states.  Vegetation  is,  however,  more  devel- 
oped. The  fir  has  been  found  46  feet  in  circumference  and  300  feet  in 
height,  and  pines  from  200  to  230  feet  high,  and  from  20  to  40  feet  in 
girth.  The  mineral  resources  of  the  country  are  almost  unknown,  but 
there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  earth  here  is  less  metalliferous  than 
in  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  Pacific  region.  Wild  animals,  in 
great  numbers  and  variety,  inhabit  the  recesses  of  the  mountains,  and  the 
valleys  and  plains.  The  trapper  and  hunter  have  explored  the  country 
with  profit  in  peltry  and  furs.  The  cultivated  portions,  as  yet  confined 
chiefly  to  the  banks  of  the  lower  Columbia  and  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Pugefs  Sound,  are  very  productive.  The  cereal  crops  have  been  abun- 
dant, and  fruit  trees,  vines,  and  culinary  vegetables  thrive  well.  Since 
the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  a  great  demand  has  arisen  for  the 
agricultural  products  of  Oregon,  and,  as  a  consequence,  a  commercial 
connection  has  been  the  result.  The  export  of  lumber  has  been* large. 
This  incipient  commerce  will  not  be  transitory — the  demand  for  build- 
ing materials  is  constantly  on  the  increase,  and  that  for  breadstuff's  and 
provisions  will  last  as  long  as  mining  is  the  chief  employment  in  Califor- 
nia. Some  commercial  intercourse  is  maintained  also  with  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  and  the  Russian  settlements  on  the  north.  But  with  all 
these  fortuitous  circumstances  that  have  attended  the  first  settlement  of 


TERRITORY  OF  OREGON.  221 

the  territory,  it  must  still  remain  much  as  it  is— a  mere  agru  ultural  and 
pastoral  country,  unless  some  means  of  easy  and  rapid  communication 
can  be  maintained  with  the  Western  states  and  the  Atlantic  coast.  A 
railroad  is  the  only  solution  of  this  difficulty.  The  one  proposed  by  Mr. 
Whitney  seems  to  have  some  claims  to  consideration,  and  by  its  means 
the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  would  be  brought  in  a  juxtaposition  with 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river.  The  details  for  the  construction  of 
such  an  avenue,  chiefly  through  a  country  infested  with  hostile  Indians, 
and  through  mountain  passes  almost  inaccessible,  have  been  laid  before 
Congress,  and  are  favorably  spoken  of;  but  to  mature  plans,  and  obtain 
capital  for  such  a  work,  seems  to  offer  insuperable  difficulties  even  to 
its  commencement.  It  is  almost  too  great  a  work  for  individual  enter- 
prise. If  a  railroad  is  to  be  built,  let  it  be  a  national  work. 

There  are  several  villages  and  settlements  of  considerable  pretensions 
in  Oregon.  OREGON  CITY,  the  territorial  capital,  is  situated  about  30 
miles  up  the  Willamette  river,  and  two  miles  above  the  Clackmas 
rapids,  which  prevents  all  navigation  to  the  city.  Perhaps  no  other  place 
in  the  Union  has  such  immense  water  privileges,  and  many  large  saw-mills 
are  already  in  operation.  Population,  702.  PORTLAND,  12  miles  below 
the  falls,  may  be  considered  as  the  port  of  Oregon  City.  Its  trade  with 
the  Pacific  towns,  and  also  with  those  of  the  Atlantic,  especially  with 
New  York,  is  prosperous  and  increasing.  Population,  200.  ASTORIA, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  on  its  S.  bank,  has  a  good  harbor 
and  other  natural  advantages  for  becoming  a  great  commercial  depot. 
At  present,  there  are  not  20  buildings  in  the  place.  It  is  the  only  port 
of  entry  in  the  territory.  FORT  VANCOUVER,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Co- 
lumbia river,  100  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  the  principal  trading  post  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  W.  of  "the  mountains.  Ships  drawing  14  feet 
water,  can  ascend  20  miles  further  up  the  river.  The  estabjishment 
consists  of  about  100  houses  enclosed  by  picket-fences,  and  defended  by 
armed  bastions  and  a  block-house.  A  Catholic  church  is  the  only  build-- 
ing of  note.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  South  Sea  Islanders  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  company.  The  establishment  is  on  an  extensive  scale,  and 
the  center  of  vast  interests — all  the  company's  Indian  trade  being  con- 
ducted here.  Extensive  agricultural  operations  for  the  support  of  the 
traders,  are  carried  on.  The  farm  contains  about  3,000  acres.  The  stock 
of  cattle  and  sheep  is  very  large,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  numbers 
and  improving  in  breed  from  the  importation  of  European  stock.  The 
mixed  breed  of  sheep  yields  from  12  to  18  pounds  of  fleece.  The  mills 
and  outposts  of  the  fort  extend  several  miles  above  on  the  river.  Other 
settlements  on  the  Columbia  are,  WALLA-WALLA,  a  little  below  the  con- 
fluence of  Lewis  river ;  FORT  OKKNAGAN,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of 
the  same  name ;  FORT  COLVILLE,  below  the  union  of  Clark's  river  with 
the  Columbia. 


222  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

FORT  NESQUALLY,  on  Puget's  Sound,  is  occupied  by  the  "Puget's 
Sound  Agricultural  Company."  Their  farms  are  very  extensive,  and  are 
kept  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  They  supply  provisions  to  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company's  servants  W.  of  the  mountains,  and  export  largely 
to  the  Sandwich  Islands  and  the  Russian  post  of  Sitka.  The  company 
has  also  extensive  farms  on  the  Cowlitz  river. 

Oregon,  in  its  entirety,  extends  between  42°  and  54°  40'  N.  lat.,  but  by 
the  treaty  of  1846,  all  the  territory  north  of  49°  was  ceded  to  Great  Brit- 
ain. Perhaps  the  greatest  defect  in  this  treaty  was  the  ceding  of  Van- 
couver's Island  to  the  British-  an  island  notoriously  the  finest  portion  of 
the  disputed  country,  both  in  regard  to  its  agricultural  capacities,  its 
commercial  position,  and  its  mineral  productions.  The  retention  of  this 
alone  would  have  been  preferable  to  our  possession  of  the  whole  main- 
land. This  country  was  not  discovered  until  nearly  two  centuries  after 
the  occupation  of  Mexico  by  the  Spaniards,  nor  was  it  at  all  known  until 
late  in  the  18th  century.  In  1792  the  discovery  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  river  by  Capt.  Grey  gave  to  the  United  States  a  claim  to  sov- 
ereignty over  the  country  watered  by  that  river  and  its  branches.  Set- 
tlements, however,  had  previously  been  made  by  the  English  at  Nootka 
Sound,  and  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Columbia,  and  on  these  facts  the 
British  based  their  claim. .  The  Louisiana  Treaty  of  1803  transferred  the 
claims  preferred  by  France  to  the  United  States,  and  presuming  that 
Lou  siana  really  did  extend  to  the  Pacific,  this  formed  a  most  im- 
portant point  in  the  controversy.  In  1804-5-G,  Captains  Lewis  and 
Clarke  explored  the  country  from  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri  river 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  Trading  houses  were  subsequently 
erected  by  Americans  on  Lewis  river  and  at  Astoria,  The  fort  at  As- 
toria was  taken  by  the  British  in  the  last  war,  but  restored  on  the  con- 
clusion of  peace.  To  adjust,  or  rather  suspend,  the  conflicting  claims  of 
each,  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  in  1818,  agreed  to  a  suspen- 
sion of  sovereign  occupancy  for  10  years,  which  agreement  was  extended 
indefinitely  in  1828,  with  the  proviso  that  either  party  might  recede  from 
the  agreement  on  giving  one  year's  notice  to  that  effect.  The  treaty  of 
1819  with  Spain,  in  which  that  nation  withdrew  its  claims  to  the  terri- 
tory in  favor  of  the  United  States,-greatly  strengthened  the  presumptions 
of  the  Union  ;  but  still,  no  immediate  measures  were  resorted  to.  The 
disputes  respecting  the  sovereignty  were  renewed  in  1845,  and  the  Pres- 
ident was  authorized  by  Congress  to  give  the  notice  required.  This  step 
led  to  the  final  settlement  of  the  question,  mid  a  partition  of  the  terri- 
tory by  the  line  of  49°  N.  lat.  In  1848  a  bill  passed  both  Houses  of  Con- 
gress, and  was  approved  by  the  President  on  the  14th  August,  by  which 
Oregon  was  erected  into  a  territorial  government,  and  soon  after  the 
necessary  officers  were  sent  out,  and  the  government  organized. 

By  the  treaty  of  partition,  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  retained  pos-  * 


CALIFORNIA  ALTA STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA.      223 

session  of  their  forms,  &c.,  in  Oregon.  They  have  now  made  the  offer 
to  the  United  States,  of  all  their  right  and  title  in  these  occupancies,  for 
the  sura  of  $1,000,000.  Should  this  be  accepted,  both  parties  will,  no 
doubt,  be  satisfied,  and  all  future  cause  of  disagreement  be  prevented. 


CALIFORNIA    ALTA. 

CALIFORNIA  ALTA  in  its  full  extent,  as  acquired  by  the  United  States 
from  the  Republic  of  Mexico,  lies  between  32°  and  42°  N.  lat.,  and 
between  K)fi°  and  124°  W.  long. :  and  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Territory 
of  Oretrnn;  E.  by  the  Indian  Territory  and  New  Mexico  ;  P.  by  the  Rio 
Gila,  which  separates  it  from  the  Mexican  States  of  Chihuahua  and 
Souora,  and  by  California  Baja;  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  which 
it  has  a  front  of  970  miles.  The  area  included  within  these  limits  is 
estimated  at  448.091  square  miles;  and  the  total  population,  exclusive 
of  aboriginal  tribes,  (variously  estimated  at  from  100,000  to  300,000  in 
number,)  is  about  200,000.  California  Alta  is  now  divided  into  the 
"State  of  California"  and  the  ki Territory  of  Utah,"  the  latter  co-exten- 
sive with  the  d-decant  "State  of  Deseret"  and  the  "Territory  of  New 
Mexico"  in  part. 

TH^  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Area  138,981  square  miles.— Population  200,000. 

CALIFORNIA  occupies  all  that  portion  of  the  above-named  territory 
westward  of  the  following  line:  to  wit — beginning  at  the  intersection  of 
420  N.  lat.  and  120°  VV.  long.;  thence  S.  in  a  direct  line  tq  39  N.  lat.; 
thence  S.  E.  to  where  the  Rio  Colorado  intersects  35°  N.  lat.,  and  thence 
down  the  mid  channel  of  that  river  to  the  boundary  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico. 

This  grand  division  of  California  (the  only  part,  indeed,  to  which  the 
name  properly  applies)  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  two  principal 
ranges  of  mountains,  called  respectively  the  Sierra  Nevada,  which 
divides  the  region  from  the  great  basin,  and  the  Coast  Range,  running 
almost  parallel  to  and  at  a  short  distance  from  the  Pacific  coast.  The 
main  feature  of  this  region  is  the  long,  low,  broad  valley  of  the  San 
Joaquin  and  Sacramento  rivers — the  two  valleys  forming  one — 500 
miles  long  and  50  miles  broad.  Lateral  ranges,  parallel  with  the  Sierra, 
make  the  structure  of  the  country,  and  break  it  into  a  surface  of  valleys 
and  mountains — the  valleys  a  few  hundreds,  and  the  mountains  2000  to 
4000  feet  above  the  sea.  These  form  greater  masses  and  become  more 


224  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

elevated  in  the  north,  where  some  peaks,  as  the  Shastl,  enter  the  regions 
of  perpetual  snows.  The  great  valley  is  discriminated  only  by  the 
names  of  the  rivers  that  traverse  it.  It  is  a  single  geographical  forma- 
tion, lying  between  the  two  ranges,  and  stretching  across  the  head  of 
the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  with  which  a  delta  of  25  miles  connects  it. 
The  two  rivers  rise  at  opposite  ends  of  this  long  valley,  receive  numerous 
affluents—many  of  them  bold  rivers,  become  themselves  navigable  rivers 
—flow  towards  each  other,  meet  half  way,  and  enter  the  bay  together  in 
the  region  of  tide  water ;  making  a  continuous  water  line  from  one  end 
to  the  other.  The  resources  of  this  valley,  mineral  and  agricultural,  are 
immense,  and  perhaps  no  part  of  the  world  affords  greater  facilities  for 
easy  development.  Gold  and  quicksilver  are  the  most  valuable  of  its 
mineral  products.  The  soil  and  climate,  though  varying  much  with 
locality,  are  generally  well  suited  for  agriculture.  Westward  of  the 
rivers,  the  soil  is  chiefly  dry  and  unproductive  ;  but  on  the  east  side  the 
country  is  well  watered  and  luxuriantly  fertile,  being  intersected  by  nu- 
merous fine  streams,  forming  large  and  beautiful  bottoms  of  rich  land, 
wooded  principally  with  white-oaks.  The  foot  hills  of  the  Sierra  which 
limit  the  valley  make  a  woodland  country,  diversified  with  undulating 
grounds  and  pretty  vales.  Near  the  Tulare  Lakes,  and  on  the  margins 
of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Jonquin  rivers,  the  surface  is  composed  of 
level  plains,  gradually  changing  into  undulating  and  rolling  towards  the 
mountains.  The  region  W.  of  the  Coast  Range  to  the  Pacific— the  only 
portion  inhabited  before  the  discovery  of  gold— has  long  been  the  seat 
of  numerous  missions ;  and  around  these,  generally  situated  in  the  most 
lovely  vales,  agriculture  has  converted  the  courlkry  into  a  perfect  garden. 
All  the  cereals  of  temperate  regions  are  cultivated,  and  the  olive  and 
grape  thrive  luxuriantly.  Wheat  is  the  first  product  of  the  north. 
The  moisture  of  the  coast  seems  particularly  suited  to  the  cultivation  of 
roots,  and  to  vegetables  used  for  culinary  purposes,  which  in  fact  grow 
to  an  extraordinary  size.  Few  localities  indeed  can  produce  in  such 
perfection  so  great  a  variety  of  grains  and  fruits. 

The  coasts  of  California  are  generally  precipitous  and  rugged;  and  in 
relation  to  their  extent  present  few  good  harbors.  The  bays  of  San 
Diego,  Monterey,  and  San  Francisco,  are  the  finest,  and  their  capacities 
extensive.  San  Francisco  Bay  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  the 
world,  not  merely  as  a  harbor,  but  also  and  mainly  from  the  accessory 
advantages  which  belong  to  it— fertile  ;.nd  picturesque  dependent  Coun- 
try, general  mildness  of  climate,  connection  with  the  great  central 
valley,  &c.  When  these  advantages  are  taken  into  account,  with  its 
geographical  position  on  the  line  of  communication  with  Asia,  its  im- 
portance rises  superior  to  all  contingencies.  Its  latitudinal  position  is 
that  of  Lisbon;  its  climate  that  of  Italy;  bold  shores  and  mountains 
give  it  grandeur ;  the  extent  and  resources  of  its  dependent  country  are 


THE  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA.  225 

the  cynosure  of  the  world.  The  bay  is  separated  from  the  sea  by  low 
mountain  ranges,  and  only  a  narrow  gate,  about  a  mile  wide,  affords  an 
entrance.  It  is  land-locked  in  every  sense  of  the  word,  and  protected 
on  all  sides  from  the  weather.  Passing  through  this  narrow  entrance, 
the  bay  opens  to  the  right  and  left,  extending  in  each  direction  about  35 
miles,  having  a  total  length  of  70  and  a  coast  of  275  miles.  It  is  divided 
by  projecting  points  and  straits  into  three  separate  compartments,  of 
which  the  northern  two  are  called  San  Pablo  and  Surisson  bays.  The 
surface  is  much  broken  by  numerous  islands — some  mere  rocks,  and 
others'  grass-covered,  rising  to  the  height  of  300  to  800  feet.  Directly 
fronting  the  entrance,  mountains,  a  few  miles  from  the  shore,  rise  about 
2,000  feet  above  the  water,' crowned  by  forests  of  lofty  cypress,  which 
are  visible  from  the  sea,  and  make  a  conspicuous  landmark  for  vessels 
entering  the  bay.  Behind,  the  rugged  peak  of  Mt.  Diavolo,  3,770  feet 
high,  overlooks  the  surrounding  country  of  the  bay  and  the  San  Joaquin. 

The  shore  presents  a  varied  character  of  rugged  and  broken  hills, 
rolling  and  undulating  land,  and  rich  alluvial  tracts,  backed  by  fertile 
and  wooded  ranges,  suitable  for  towns,  villages,  and  farms,  with  which 
it  is  beginning  to  be  overspread.  Such  is  the  bay  and  proximate  country 
and  shore  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  not  a  mere  indentation  of  the  coast, 
but  a  little  sea  to  itself,  connected  with  the  ocean  by  a  defensible  gate. 
The  head  of  the  bay  is  about  40  miles  distant  from  the  sea,  and  there 
commences  its  connection  with  the  noble  valley  of  the  San  Joaquin  and 
Sacramento. 

The  climate  of  California  is  remarkable  in  its  periodical, changes,  and 
for  the  long  continuance  of  the  wet  and  dry  seasons,  dividing  as  they  do 
the  year  into  two  nearly  equal  parts,  which  have  a  most  peculiar  in- 
fluence on  the  labor  applied  to  agriculture  and  the  products  of  the  soil, 
and  in  fact  connect  themselves  inseparably  with  all  the  interests  of  the 
country.  The  dry  season  commences  with  May.  The  north-east  winds, 
following  the  course  of  the  sun's  greatest  attraction,  then  commence  to 
blow,  and  in  their  passage  across  the  snow-clad  ridges  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  become  deprived  of  all  their  moisture. 
They  therefore  pass  over  the  hills  and  plains  of  California,  where  the 
temperature,  is  very  high  in  the  summer,  in  a  very  dry  state,  and  absorb 
like  a  sponge  all  the  moisture  the  atmosphere  arid  surface  of  the  earth 
can  yield.  The  dry  season  commences  much  earlier  in  the  south  than 
towards  the  north,  and  continues  some  time  after  the  sun  repasses  the 
equator  at  the  autumnal  Equinox.  About  the  middle  of  November, 
the  climate  being  relieved  from  these  N.  E.  currents,  the  S.  W.  winds 
set  in  from  the  ocean,  surcharged  with  moisture;  the  rains  commence 
and  continue  to  fall,  not  constantly,  but  with  sufficient  frequency  to 
designate  the  period  of  their  continuance.  Cold  winds  and  fogs  render 
the  climate  of  Suit  Francisco,  and  in  fact  the  whole  coast,  extremely 


226  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

irksome.  A  few  miles  inland,  however,  where  the  heat  of  the  sun 
modifies  and  softens  the  ocean  wind,  the  weather  is  delightful.  The 
heat  in  the  middle  of  the  day  is  not  too  great  to  retard  labor.  The 
nights  are  cool  and  pleasant.  This  is  the  climate  which  prevails  in  all 
the  valleys  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  extends  throughout  the  country 
north  and  south  as  far  eastward  as  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  and 
San  Joaquin.  In  this  vast  plain,  the  sea  breeze  loses  its  influence,  and 
the  degree  of  heat  in  the  middle  of  the  day  during  the  summer  months 
is  much  greater  than  on  the  Atlantic  coast  in  the  same  latitude.  It  is 
dry,  however,  and  perhaps  not  more  oppressive.  The  thermometer 
sometimes  ranges  from  110°  to  115°  in  the  shade,  during  three  or  four 
hours,  say  from  11  to  3  o'clock.  In  the  evening,  as  the  sun  declines, 
the  radiation  of  heat  ceases.  The  cold,  dry  atmosphere  from  the 
mountains  spreads  over  the  whole  country,  and  renders  the  nights  cool 
and  invigorating.  No  general  description  of  the  climate  o!'  California 
will  cover  the  whole  land  :  it  varies  with  the  latitude.  The  climate  of 
the  coast  and  interior,  of  the  mountain  and  valley,  &c.,  differ  widely; 
and  it  is  perhaps  to  these  circumstances  that  the  opinions  and  statements 
respecting  it  are  so  conflicting.  Each  writer  has  noted  his  own  im- 
pressions. 

The  population  of  California  at  the  period  it  came  in  possession  of  the 
United  States,  probably  did  not  exceed  30,000,  of  which  about  18,600 
consisted  of  converted  Indians.  The  immigration  of  Americans  and 
foreigners  since  that  period  has  been  unremitting.  On  the  1st  January, 
1851,  it  was  estimated  that  120,000  Americans  and  40,000  foreigners  had 
come  into  the  country  since  the  discovery  of  gold.  The  majority  of 
these  are  occupied  in  the  mining  districts.  It  is  impossible  to  form  any 
estimate  of  the  number  of  mountain  Indians.  Some  suppose  there  are 
as  many  as  300,000  in  the  country.  These  inhabit  the  foot  hills  of  the 
Sierra,  and  the  valleys  between  them  and  the  coast.  They  seem  to  be 
of  the  lowest  grade  of  human  beings.  They  live  chiefly  on  acorns,  roots, 
and  insects,  and  the  kernel  of  the  pine  burr:  occasionally  they  catch 
fish  and  game.  They  exhibit  no  inclination  to  cultivate  the  soil,  neither 
do  they  pretend  to  hold  any  interest  in  the  lands,  nor  have  they  been 
treated  by  the  Spanish  or  American  immigrants  as  possessing  any. 
They  are  lazy — idle  to  the  last  degree.  Formerly,  at  the  missions,  those 
who  were  brought  up  and  educated  by  the  priests  made  good  servants. 
Many  of  those  now  attached  to  families  seem  to  be  faithful  and  intelli- 
gent ;  but  those  who  are  at  all  in  a  wild  and  uncultivated  state,  are  most 
degraded  objects  of  filth  and  sloth.  They  are  invariably  hostile  to  the 
whites,  and  have  already  committed  many  aggravated  murders  and 
depredations  on  the  persons  and  property  of  the  immigrants  and  gold- 
hunters. 

Previous  to  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Mexico  and  the  discovery  of  gold, 


THE  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA.  227 

the  exportable  products  of  the  country  consisted  almost  exclusively  of 
hides  and  tallow.  The  Californians  were  a  pastoral  people,  and  paid 
much  more  attention  to  the  raising  of  horses  and  cattle  than  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil.  Wheat,  barley,  maize,  beans,  and  edible  roots,  were 
cultivated  in  sufficient  quantities  for  home  consumption.  The  destruc- 
tion of  cattle  for  their  hides  and  tallow  has  now  ceased,  in  consequence 
of  the  demand  for  beef.  The  number  of  cattle  now  in  California  is  es- 
timated only  at  500,000  head — a  supply  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the 
beef  eaters  now  in  the  country  for  more  than  5  or  6  years.  Tlie  great 
bulk  of  animal  food  must  therefore  come  from  the  Atlantic  Coast  and 
the  Western  States.  The  time  is  not  far  distant  when  cattle  from  the 
Mississippi  Valley  will  be  driven  by  tens  of  thousands  to  supply  this  new 
market.  The  climate  and  soil  of  California  are  well  suited  for  the  ce- 
reals ;  but  the  temperature  along  the  coast  is  too  cool  for  the  successful 
culture  of  maize  as  a  field  crop.  The  root  crops  thrive  luxuriantly. 
Apples,  poors,  and  peaches  are  cultivated  with  facility  ;  and  there  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  that  all  the  fruits  of  the  Atlantic  States  can  be  produced 
in  great  plenty  and  perfection.  The  grasses  are  very  luxuriant  and  nu- 
tritious, afford  ing  excellent  pasturage.  Oats  spring  up  spontaneously 
the  whole  length  of  the  coasts,  and  from  40  to  50  miles  inland.  The 
dry  season  matures  and  cures  these  grasses  and  oats,  so  that  they  re- 
main in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation  during  the  summer  and  au- 
tumn, and  afford  an  ample  supply  of  forage.  While  the  whole  surface 
of  the  country  appears  parched,  and  vegetation  destroyed,  the  numerous 
flocks  and  herds  which  roam  over  it  continue  in  excellent  condition. 
Irrigation  would  become  necessary  in  many  parts  during  the  dry  season, 
to  improve  the  products  of  the  soil  and  increase  their  quantity.  The 
farmer  derives  some  important  advantages  from  this  season.  His  crops 
are  never  injured  by  rain,  and  he  can  with  perfect  confidence  permit 
them  to  remain  in  his  fields  as  long  after  they  have  been  gathered  aa 
his  convenience  may  require.  Agriculture,  however,  must  continue  for 
some  time  to  come  as,of  secondary  consideration.  Men  will  not  submit 
to  its  toils  while  they  can  gather  a  harvest  of  gold.  Commerce  must 
supply  almost  every  species  of  food,  until  the  thirst  for  metal  becomes 
satiated,  or  the  supply  exhausted. 

The  commercial  resources  of  California  are  at  the  present  founded 
entirely  on  its  metallic  wealth.  Gold  is  the  staple  product  of  the  country, 
and  is  immediately  available  in  an  uncoined  state  for  all  the  purposes  of 
exchange.  It  is  not  here  as  in  other  countries,  where  the  products  of 
the  earth  and  of  art  are  sent  to  markets — foreign  and  domestic — to  be 
exchanged  for  the  precious  metals.  Here  gold  not  only  supplies  the 
medium  of  domestic  trade,  but  of  foreign  commerce.  A  large  trade  has 
consequently  sprung  up,  and,  centering  at  San  Francisco,  is  thence  dis- 
tributed into  the  interior.  The  whole  world  is  competing  for  its  market. 


228  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

Vessels  of  all  nations  have  their  prows  directed  to  this  Dorado.  Gold 
is  the  sun  that  attracts  them.  The  whole  trade  of  the  Pacific— that  of 
China  and  the  islands — will  centre  at  San  Francisco,  for  no  other  coun- 
tries on  the  west  coast  have  exports  which  find  a  market  in  the  ports 
of  Asia.  Important  as  the  commerce  of  the  Pacific  is  and  will  be 
to  California,  it  cannot  now,  nor  will  it  ever,  compare  in  magnitude  and 
value  to  the  domestic  trade  between  it  and  the  older  States  of  the  Union. 
Two  years  ago,  California  did,  not  probably  contain  more  than  25,000 
people.  That  portion  of  it  which  has  since  been  so  wonderfully  peopled 
was  comparatively  without  resources.  Notwithstanding  the  great  dis- 
tance emigrants  have  been  compelled  to  travel,  more  than  100,000  have 
already  overcome  the  difficulties,  and  Spread  themselves  over  the  hills 
and  plains.  They  have  been  supplied  from  distances  as  great,  not  only 
with  necessaries  but  the  comforts  and  many  of  the  luxuries  of  life. 
Houses  have  been  imported  from  China,  Chili,  and  the  Atlantic  States. 
All  materials  required  in  building  cities  and  towns  have  been  added  to 
the  wants  of  a  people  so  numerous,  destitute,  and  remote  from  the 
sources  of  supply.  Those  wants  will  exist  as  long  as  emigration  con- 
tinues to  flow  into  the  country,  and  labor,  employed  in  collecting  gold, 
shall  be  more  profitable  than  the  mechanic  arts.  The  value  of  the  trade 
between  the  old  States  and  California  for  the  year  1850,  is  estimated  at 
$25,000,000;  and  if  the  emigration  and  general  movement  continues 
for  five  years  longer,  this  trade  may  amount  to  $100,000,000  per  an- 
num. 

The  gold  region  of  California  is  between  400  and  500  miles  long, 
and  from  40  to  50  miles  wide,  following  the  line  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
Further  discoveries  may,  and  probably  will,  increase  the  area.  The 
metal  is  found  in  the  beds  of  the  rivers,  and  in  the  gullies  formed  by 
the  action  of  waters  during  the  rainy  season.  The  original  seat  of  this 
metal  is  in  the  quartz  rock  of  the  mountains,  and  it  is  there  that  the 
veins  will  be  ultimately  found.  Hitherto  it  has  been  gathered  chiefly 
from  the  surface,  in  the  form  of  dust.  No  scientific  mining  operations 
have  been  initiated.  What  the  production  will  eventually  be,  no  one 
can  foresee.  The  value  of  the  metal  gathered  in  1849  is  estimated  at 
$40,000,000 ;  and  this  only  from  the  surface,  and  by  less  than  half  the 
number  of  persons  that  will  operate  during  the  year  1850.  There  does 
not  seem  to  be  any  special  deposits  in  the  rivers — gold  is  found  every- 
where E.  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers.  The  greater  part 
of  the  immense  amount  gathered  was  carried  away  by  foreigners,  and 
perhaps  not  more  than  one-fourth  reached  the  Atlantic  ports.  About 
$12,000,000  have  been  coined  at  the  United  States'  mint  up  to  April  1st, 
1850.  Quicksilver  is  found  in  the  form  of  cinnabar  in  several  districts, 
and  must  soon  become  valuable  for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  gold 
from  impurities.  The  mineral  resources  of  California  are  not  confined 


THE  STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA.  229 

to  these  metals— coal,  irdn,  &c.,  are  known  to  exist ;  but  these  will  not 
be  worked  so  long  as  gold  hunting  is  remunerative. 

The  principal  towns  in  California  previous  to  the  occupation  of  the 
country  by  the  Americans,  and  the  discovery  of  the  rich  gold  deposits 
in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  were  Monterey,  the  ancient  capital, 
San  Diego,  a  port  in  the  south,  Los  Angelos,  San  Jose,  San  Francisco, 
&c.  None  of  these  were  of  much  importance,  nor  was  their  connection 
with  the  commercial  world  otherwise  than  very  limited.  Since  these 
great  events,  however,  a  new  era  has  commenced,  and  the  whole  region 
has  experienced  one  of  the  mightiest  revolutions  in  the  history  of  man- 
kind. The  old  settlements  above  alluded  to  have  become  large  cities — 
new  towns  have  sprung  up  with  almost  fabulous  rapidity — a  living  tide 
has  inundated  the  country  from  all  parts  of  the  habitable  globe.  Wher- 
ever a  site  eligible  for  commerce  or  trade  is  found,  there  we  now  see 
the  germ  of  a  future  city,  or  perhaps  a  city  grown  to  considerable  pro- 
portions. Every  thing  is  progressive  ;  and  where  a  year  or  two  ago  the 
population  could  be  numbered  by  thousands  i.t  now  numbers  its  tens 
of  thousands,  and  yet  the  tide  flows,  and  every  day  witnesses  new 
arrivals  of  hardy  immigrants — the  fathers  of  a  future  State,  whose  wealth 
and  position  in  the  world  will  vie  with  that  of  Tyre  in  the  days  of  its 
greatest  glory.  SAN  JOSE,  the  present  capital,  is  a  town  founded  on  the 
ancient  mission  of  the  same  name,  in  a  pleasant  valley  opening  on 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  here  that  the 
governor  resides,  and  here  the  legislature  of  the  State  holds  its  sessions. 
SAN  FRANCISCO  is  situated  not  far  from  the  entrance  to  the  bay,  on  its 
south  shore,  and  has  an  excellent  harbor  and  every  accommodation  for 
an  extensive  commerce.  From  the  geographical  position  of  this  place, 
and  its  proximity  to  the  gold  regions,  which  must  supply  all  the  ex- 
ports, it  will  eventually  become  the  mart  of  an  extensive  commerce  with 
Asia  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  Never  in  the  annals  of  a  nation  has 
any  city  risen  to  importance  at  such  a  rate  as  this.  At  the  commence- 
ment ot  1849  it  was  a  mere  village — at  the  commencement  of  1850  it  had 
a  population  of  30,000,  and  had  during  the  intervening  year  received 
more  than  70,000  immigrants  from  all  parts,  whose  destination  was  the 
great  mineral  region  of  the  valley  above.  Steam  communication  has 
been  established  between  New  York,  via  Panama,  and  this  city,  and 
regular  lines  of  steamboats  sail  between  it  and  the.  new  towns  on 
the  Sacramento.  Its  commerce  with  Oregon  has  also  been  greatly 
developed,  and  will  no  doubt  be  much  enlarged  in  the  future.  Among 
the  new  cities  are  NAPA,  SONOMA,  BENICIA.,  &c.,  on  the  north  shore  of 
Pablo  Bay,  and  MARTINEZ  on  its  south  shore.  On  the  Sacramento  and 
its  tributaries,  are  NEW  YORK  of  the  Pacific,  STOCKTON,  SUTTKR,  SAC- 
RAMENTO, FREMONT,  VERNON,  YUBA,  NICOLAUS,  &c. ;  and  on  the  San 
Joaquin,  the  city  of  SAN  JOAQUIN,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Staiiisla.ua 

20 


230  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

river.  HANGTOWN,  WEAVERS  VILLE,  MARYSVILLE,  and  numerous  other 
places  are  mentioned ;  but  so  rapidly  are  they,  one  and  all,  increasing 
in  extent  and  population,  that  it  is  futile  to  attempt  to  describe  their 
present  condition— every  new  arrival  from  this  wonderful  country  bring- 
ing information  that  renders  the  most  recent  previous  information 
obsolete  and  nugatory.  Each  successive  day  indeed  witnesses  the 
foundation  of  some  future  city.  Nothing  is  here  stationary.  San  Fran- 
cisco in  one  season  increased  its  population  from  hundreds  to  thousands, 
while  in  a  shorter  period  Sacramento  City  and  Stockton  became  the 
depots  of  an  extensive  inland  commerce,  and  rose  to  an  importance  to 
which  few  cismoiitane  cities  can  boast  after  a  whole  century  of  existence. 
With  such  results  from  one  year's  exertion,  and  with  comparatively  small 
means,  what  great  ends  must  we  not  anticipate,  since  the  inhabitants 
have  acquired  almost  every  thing  adapted  to  facilitate  their  labors  ? 

The  history  of  California  previous  to  its  occupation  by  the  Americans 
has  little  to  interest  the  general  reader.  It  was  discovered  by  Cobrillo,  a 
Spanish  navigator,  in  154-2 ;  and  the  northern  part  of  it  having  been 
visited  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  in  1578,  he  gave  it  the  name  of  New 
Albion.  The  first  colonies  were  planted  in  1768,  by  the  Spaniards— 
chiefly  by  priests  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis,  whose  object  was  to  convert 
the  Indians  to  the  Catholic  faith.  The  mission  stations  which  are  found 
in  the  country  were  established  by  this  renowned  order.  The  revolu- 
tion which  separated  Mexico  from  Spain  annexed  California  to  that 
republic.  The  country  has  several  times  since  the  Spanish  power  was 
exterminated  suffered  from  revolution ;  and  "for  the  last  ten  or  twelve 
years  of  its  connection  with  Mexico,  the  authority  of  that  nation  over  it 
was  very  loose.  Its  distance  from  the  metropolis  indeed  would  tend  to 
such  a  result.  The  people  more  than  once  declared  themselves  inde- 
pendent, and  as  often  rejoined  the  confederacy.  In  1846  California  was 
occupied  by  the  United  States  forces;  and  by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe 
Hidalgo,  2d  Feb.,  1848,  the  whole  country  was  ceded  to  that  government. 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  same  month,  a  mechanic,  named  James  W. 
Marshall,  was  employed  in  building  a  saw-mill  for  Captain  Butter,  on  the 
south  branch  of  a  river  known  as  the  American  Fork.  On  Fremont's 
map,  the  river  is  called  k'Rio  de  los  Americanos."  While  cutting  a 
mill-race  for  this  improvement,  Mr.  Marshall  discovered  the  scales  of 
gold  as  they  glistened  in  the  sun-light  at  the  bottom  of  the  sluice, 
Pieces  of  considerable  size  were  taken  out,  and  in  a  lew  days  gold  to 
the  amount  of  $150  was  gathered.  The  laborers  soon  became  satisfied 
of  its  precious  nature,  and  the  news  spread  rapidly  about  (he  country. 
Examinations  were  prosecuted  at  other  points  along  the  stream,  and 
almost  every  where  with  success.  The  result  has  been  extraordinary. 
Thousands  have  flocked  to  the  scene  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  a 
lively  commerce  has  thas  been  initiated,  which  bids  fair  in  a  few  more 


TERRITORY  OF  UTAH.  231 

years  to  become  more  extensive  and  valuable  than  all  the  present 
foreign  trade  of  the  United  States  together.  In  1849,  in  consequence  of 
the  disorganized  condition  of  things  and  the  insecurity  which  generally 
prevailed,  tSie  people,  by  their  delegates,  met  in  convention,  and  formed 
a  constitution,  under  the  provisions  of  which  the  commonwealth  is  now 
organized  and  governed.  The  main  feature  of  this  document  is  its 
exclusion  of  slavery  from  the  state— otherwise  it  is  not  much  different 
from  those  of  the  generality  of  the  older  states.  California  was  admit- 
ted as  a  state  of  the  Union  in  1850. 


TERRITORY  OF  UTAH.    (Deserety 

Area.  187,923  square  miles.— Population  11,381. 

UTAH  TERRITORY  occupies  all  that  portion  of  the  great  Californian 
basin  lying  north  of  37°  N.  lat.,  and  extends  from  the  Sierra  Nevada 
to  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  singular  countries  in  the  world.  The  basin  is 
some  500  miles  in  diameter  every  way,  between  4GOO  and  5000  feet  above 
the  level. of  the  sea,  shut  in  all  around  by  mountains,  with  itsown  system 
of  lake;?  and  rivers,  and  without  any  direct  connection  with  the  sea. 
Partly  arid  tmd  sparsely  inhabited,  its  general  character  is  that  of  a  desert, 
but  with  great  exceptions — there  .being  many  parts  of  it  very  fit  for  the 
residence  of  a  civilized  people  ;  and  of  these  the  Mormons  have  lately 
established  themselves  in  one  of  the  largest  and  best.  Mountain  is  the 
predominating  structure  of  the  interior  of  the  basin,  with  plains  between 
— the  mountains  wooded  and  watered,  the  plains  arid  and  sterile.  In 
this  great  b.-isin  are  situated  the  Great  Salt  Lake  and  Utah  Lake,  besides 
numerous  smaller  bodies  of  water.  The  Humboldt  river  is  the  most 
important  of  its  water  courses.  This  river  possesses  qualities  which,  in 
the  progress  of  events,  may  give  it  both  value  and  fame.  It  lies  in  the 
line  of  travel  to  California  and  Oregon,  and  is  the  best  route  now  known 
through  the  great  basin,  and  the  one  traveled  by  emigrants.  Its  direc- 
tion E.  and  W.  is  the  right  course  for  that  travel.  It  furnishes  a  level, 
unobstructed  way  for  nearly  300  miles,  and  a  plentiful  supply  of  the  in- 
dispensable articles  of  water,  wood,  and  grass.  Its  head  is  towards  the 
Great  Salt  Lake,  and  consequently  towards  the  Mormon  settlements, 
which  must  become  a  point  in  the  line  of  emigration  to  California  and 
the  Lower  Columbia.  Its  termination  is  within  50  miles  of  the  base  o« 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  opposite  the  Salmon  Trout  River  pass;  a  pass* 

*  "Deseret,"  in  Mormon  history  and  interpretation,  signifies  "honey 
9ee;"  and  is  indicative  of  industry  and  its  kindred  virtues. 


232  PACIFIC   STATES    AND   TERRITORIES. 

only  7200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  less  than  half  that  above 
the  level  of  the  basin,  and  leading  into  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento, 
some  40  miles  N.  of  Sutler's  Fort.  These  properties  give  to  this 
river  a  prospective  value  in  future  communications  with  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  The  Rio  Gila  bounds  the  territory  on  the  S.,  and  the  Rio 
Colorado  traverses  it  in  a  S.  W.  direction  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Gulf  of  California,  into  which  both  rivers  empty  by  one  mouth. 

This  portion  of  California  Alta  was  never  settled  by  the  Spaniards, 
Dor  was  it  ever  more  than  a  nominal  dependency  of  that  nation  nor  of 
the  Mexican  Republic.  Previous  to  the  Mexican  war,  indeed,  few 
white  men  except  those  engaged  in  scientific  explorations  had  entered 
the  country.  About  the  period  when  that  war  broke  out,  the  Mormons 
were  driven  from  their  city  of  Nauvoo,  in  Illinois,  by  mob  violence,  and 
shortly  afterwards  emigrated  to  the  borders  of  the  Creat  Salt  Lake. 
Their  settlements  became  prosperous  and  populous,  and  within  two 
years  ai'ter  the  first  pioneers  had  entered  the  country,  their  numbers  had 
increased  to  about  5,000.  After  peace  had  been  ratified,  they  found  them- 
selves without  a  government,  arid  without  protection  for  person  or  pro- 
perty. To  remedy  this  anomalous  condition  of  things,  they  organized  a 
temporary  government,  under  the  style  of  the  "State  of  Deseret,"  and 
under  its  sanction  elected  officers  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  common- 
wealth. But  the  ultimate  destiny  of  the  country  belonged  to  Congress, 
and  that  body,  during  the  session  of  1849-50,  remanded  it  back  to  a 
territorial  condition  under  its  present  title ;  at  the  same  time  curtailing 
the  limits  claimed  by  its  spontaneous  constitution.  The  increase  of  its 
population,  however,  is  so  rapid,  that  it  must  at  no  distant  period 
be  admitted  as  a  state  ;  and  whenever  such  an  event  is  consummated, 
Utah  will,  no.  doubt,  form  a  bright  star  in  the  glorious  galaxy  of  our 
Union. 

The  metropolis  of  Deseret  is  GREAT  SALT  LAKE  CITY,  situated  22 
miles  S.  W.  of  the  lake  from  which  it  takes  its  name,  and  about  one 
mile  and  a  half  E.  of  the  Jordan  River,  4300  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  in  40°  45'  44"  N.  hit.,  and  11 1°  26'  34"  VV.  long.  It  is  laid  out  in 
large  squares,  and  one  acre  and  a  quarter  of  land  is  allotted  to  each 
family  for  garden  purposes.  A  council  house  has  been  erected  ;  and 
the  citizens  have  it  in  view  to  build  another  temple,  larger  and  more 
magnificent  even  than  that  of  Nauvoo.  The  houses  are  ;tS  yet  small, 
but  very  cornmodiously  built,  the  material  being  adobes,  or  sun-dried 
brick.  The  population  of  the  city  is  about  0,500,  butit  is  so  laid  out  as 
to  admit,  of  its  becoming  one  of  the  largest  and  most  convenient  cities  in 
the  world.  Being  on  the  highway  to  California,  thousands  of  emigrants 
from  the  States  find  in  this  settlement  a  place  to  rest  themselves  and 
cattle,  and  recruit  their  stores  of  provisions,  previous  to  entering  the 
desert  they  have  to  cross  before  reaching  the  goal  of  their  desires. 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO.  233 

Some  settlements  of  Mormons  have  also  been  made  on  the  borders  of 
Utah  Lake. 

The  prospects  of  these  settlements  are  very  encouraging.  They  are 
on  all  sides  surrounded  by  a  labyrinth  of  mountains,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  very  rich  in  mineral  wealth.  Rock  salt  is  very  abundant 
in  the  neighborhood,  and  the  Great  Lake  is  saturated  with  salines  which 
concrete  spontaneously  on  its  shores  and  incr ust  its  bottom.  Otherwise 
they  are  possessed  of  vast  rescources.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  rich,  and 
when  irrigated,  which  is  of  easy  accomplishment,  yields  fine  crops  of 
grain  and  other  agricultural  staples.  Add  to  these  natural  advantages 
the  industry  to  appropriate  them,  which  is  a  portion  of  the  religion  of 
the  settlers,  and  what  shall  stay  the  onward  progress  of  this  colony, 
the  location  of  which  within  a  few  years  was  scarcely  known  to  civil- 
ized man  ? 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 

Area  210,744  square  miles.— Population  61,547. 

NKW  MEXICO  lies  between  32°  and  38  N.  lat.  and  between  103°  and 
1160  \y.  long.;  and  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Territory  of  Utah  and  the 
Indian  Territory;  E.  by  Texas;  S.  by  the  Northern  Mexican  States, 
from  which  it  is  principally  separated  by  the  Gila  River ;  and  W.  by 
California.  That  portion  of  the  territory  lying  westward  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  was  originally  a  part  of  California  Alta,  and  was  temporarily 
attached  to  New  Mexico  in  1850. 

The  general  aspect  of  New  Mexico  Proper  is  mountainous,  with  a  large 
valley  in  the  middle  running  N.  and  S.,  formed  by  the  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte.  The  valley  is  generally  about  20  miles  wide,  and  bordered  on  the 
E.  and  W.  by  mountainous  chains — continuations  of  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains. The  height  of  these  S.  of  Sunta  Fe  may,  upon  an  average,  be 
from  6,000  to  8,000  feet,  while  near  that  city,  and  in  the  more  northern 
regions,  some  snow-capped  peaks  are  seen,  which  rise  from  10,000  to 
12,000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  mountains  are  principally  composed  of 
igneous  rocks,  as  granite,  sienite,  diorite,  basalt,  £c.,  and  are  highly  met- 
aliferous.  On  the  higher  ranges,  excellent  pine  timber  grows ;  on  the  low- 
er, cedars,  and  sometimes  oaks  ;  and  in  the  central  valley,  mezquite,  &c. 

The  main  artery  of  New  Mexico,  the  Rio  Grande,  is  a  large  and  long 
river.  Its  head  waters  are  found  between  37°  and  38°  N.  lat.,  but  its 
highest  sources  are  some  two  degrees  further  N.,  in  the  recesses  of  the 
ftocky  Mountains.  Its  course  is  generally  S.  and  S.  E.,  and  its  principal 
affluents  are  the  Chamas,  Pecos,  Conchos,  Salado,  Alamo,  and  San  Juan. 
The  length  of  the  river  in  a  straight  line  is  about  1.200  miles— but  from 
the  meanderings  of  its  lower  course,  it  runs  at  least  2,000  miles — from  the 

20* 


~34  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

regions  of  eternal  snow  to  the  almost  tropical  climate  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  which  it  enters  in  25°  50'  N.  lat.  The  elevation  of  the  river 
above  the  sea  is  4,800  feet  at  Albuquerque;  3,800  at  El  Paso;  but  at 
Reinosa,  300  or  400  miles  from  its  mouth,  only  170  feet.  The  fall  of  the 
river  is  seldom  used  as  a  motive  power.  The  principal  advantage  at 
present  derived  from  its  waters  is  for  agriculture,  by  a  well-managed 
system  of  irrigation.  In  its  upper  course  it  is  shallow,  and  interrupted 
by  sand-bars.  The  lower  course  of  the  river,  however,  is  open  to 
navigation,  and  steamboats  ascend  as  far  up  as  Laredo,  700  miles  from 
the  Gulf. 

The  soil  is  generally  sandy,  and  looks  poor,  but  by  irrigation  it  pro- 
duces abundant  crops.  Indian  corn,  wheat,  beans,  onions,  and  fruits, 
are  raised  in  large  quantities.  The  most  fertile  part  of  the  valley  begins 
below  Santa  Fe,  and  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  in  the  S.  pans  of  the 
country  to  raise  two  crops  in  the  year.  The  general  dry  ness  of  the  cli- 
mate, and  the  aridity  of  the  soil,  however,  will  always  confine  agricul- 
ture to  the  valleys  of  the  water-courses.  The  inhabitants  have  no  sys- 
tem in  their  funning.  The  plough  is  a  rough  machine,  ;tnd  made  en- 
tirely of  wood  ;  and  their  fields  are  generally  without  fences.  The  best 
cultivated  lands  are  found  on  the  "  estaiicias?  or  large  estates  belonging 
to  the  rich.  These  "-haciendas"  are  apparently  a  remnant  of  the  old 
feudal  system,  and  were  granted,  with  the  Indians  and  all  other  appur- 
tenances, by  the  'Spanish  crown  to  favorite  vassals.  The  inhabitants 
pay  considerable  attention  to  the  raising  of  stock,  and  the  great  owners 
are  possessed  of  large  numbers  of  horses,  mules,  cattle,  and  sheep. 
These,  however,  are  generally  of  small  size.  The  pasturage  in  the  un- 
cultivated parts  is  extensive,  and  thousands  of  stock  graze  thereon  the 
year  through.  The  Indians  prove  the  greatest  enemies  to  the  farmers, 
and  frequently  carry  off  numerous  herds  of  cattle,  &c. 

The  mines  of  New  Mexico  are  very  rich.  Mining,  however,  has  long 
been  neglected,  and  many  of  the  most  valuable  "placers,"  which  were 
formerly  worked,  have  been  entirely  deserted.  Gold,  silver,  iron,  and 
copper,  are  plentiful  in  the  inountains.  Gold  is  found  in  the  ?anta  Fe 
district  as  far  S.  as  Gran  Quivira,  and  N.  as  far  as  the  Rio  Sangre  do 
Cristo.  The  poorer  classes  occupy  some  of  their  time  in  washing  out 
gold-dust,  which  is  largely  deposited  in  the  mountain  streams.  The 
mines  in  the  neighborhood  of  Santa  Fe  are  the  only  ones  worked  at  the 
present  time.  Silver  mines  were  worked  by  the  Spaniards  at  Avo,  at 
Cerillos,  and  in  the  Nambe  Mountains;  but  operations  have  long  since 
ceased.  Copper  is  abundant  throughout  the  country,  and  iron  is  equally 
so;  but  these  metals  are  entirely  overlooked  as  useless.  Coal  has 
also  been  discovered  in  a  number  of  places ;  and  gypsum,  both  com- 
mon and  selenite,  are  found  in  large  quantities.  The  common  is  used  as 
lime  for  whitewashing,  and  the  crystalline,  or  selenite,  instead  of  win- 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO.  235 

dow-glass.  On  the  high  table-lands,  between  the  Del  Norte  and  Pecos, 
are  some  extensive  "  Salinas,"  or  salt  lakes,  from  which  all  the  domes- 
tic salt  used  in  New  Mexico  is  procured.  Large  caravans  from  the  capital 
visit  these  in  the  dry  season,  and  return  with  as  much  salt  as  they  can  con- 
veniently carry.  The  merchants  exchange  one  bushel  of  salt  for  an  equal 
quantity  of  wheat,  or  sell  it  for  one,  or,  sometimes,  two  dollars  a  bushel. 

The  climate  is  generally  temperate,  constant,  and  healthy.  Consider- 
able atmospheric  differences,  however,  are  experienced  in  the  mountain 
districts  and  in  the  low  valley  of  the  river.  In  the  latter,  the  summer- 
heat  sometimes  rises  to  100°  Fahrenheit,  but  the  nights  are  always  cool 
and  ploas..'iit.  The  winters  are  comparatively  of  long  duration,  and  fre- 
quently severe.  The  sky,  however,  is  clear  and  dry,  owing  to  the  con- 
dens-uion  of  the  moisture  on  the  frozen  hills.  The  months  of  July  to 
October  inclusive  constitute  the  rainy  season,  but  the  rains  are  neither 
so  heavy  nor  so  regular  in  their  returns  as  on  the  more  southern  part  of 
the  contim-nt.  Disease  is  little  known,  except  some  inflammations  and 
typhoid  fevers  in  the  winter  season. 

The  population  of  New  Mexico  may  be  estimated  at  60,000  or  63,000 ; 
and  its  proximate  composition  may  be  thus  stated:  Spaniards,  2,600 ; 
Creoles,  10,000 ;  meztizos,  13,000 ;  Puebla  Indians,  27,000,  and  the  re- 
mainder Americans  and  foreigners.  This  is  exclusive  of  the  independ- 
ent tribes  of  Indians  which  still  exist  in  the  country.  The  Nawajoea  are 
a  powerful  tribe,  inhabiting  a  fine  country  W.  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
numbering  about  7,000 ;  the  Eataws  inhabit  the  N.  VV.  frontier,  and 
number  4,000  or  5,000 ;  the  Apaches,  about  5,000,  roam  over  the  vast  re- 
gions E.  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  N.  of  El  Paso ;  the  Jicoriltes,  a  branch 
of  the  Apache  family,  500  in  number,  are  neighbors  of  the  Eiitaws  on 
the  N.  VV.  frontier.  To  these  must  be  added  large  parties  of  Cama-nckcs, 
Arr  opalines,  and  Chcycnnes,  perhaps  36000  in  number,  which  infest  the 
borders  to  the  N.  and  E.,  and  lay  the  unwary  traveller  under  contribu- 
tion—frequently committing  the  foulest  murders,  or  carrying  off  the  wo- 
men and  children  into  captivity. 

The  constitution  of  society  in  New  Mexico  is  similar,  in  most  respects, 
to  that  of  all  Indo-Spanish  countries.  While  the  rich  conform  to  the 
dictates  of  modern  fashion,  the  mass  of  the  people  adhere  to  the  man- 
ners and  customs  of  former  times.  The  men  retain  their  scrapes,  or 
colored  blankets,  and  wide  trousers,  trimined  with  glittering  buttons; 
and  the  ladies,  of  all  classes,  their  rebozo,  or  small  shawl,  drawn  over 
their  heads,  which  gives  them  so  coquetish  an  appearance.  Both  sexes 
enjoy  their  cigarcttos,  their  siesta,  and  their  evening  amusement  at  monte 
or  fandaito-o.  Their  dances  are  very  graceful,  and  combine  the  quad- 
rille and  waltz.  The  prominent  ingredient  in  the  Mexican  race  is  their 
Indian  blood — it  is  visible  in  their  features,  complexion,  and  in  all  their 
acts  and  disposals.  The  men  are  ill-featured,  but  the  women  are  grace- 


236  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

ful  and  winning.  The  differences  in  the  sexes"are  no  where  more  observ- 
able. The  men  are  lazy,  mendacious,  treacherous,  and  cruel,  while  the 
women  are  affectionate,  open-hearted,  and  active.  Education  is  by  no 
means  common,  but  there  is  a  strong  common  sense,  arid  natural  apt- 
ness in  the  people,  which  are  frequently  of  more  practical  use  than  the 
most  refined  book-learning,  especially  in  a  country  so  circumstanced  as 
this.  Many  of  the  evils  of  this  condition  of  New  Mexican  society  will, 
no  doubt,  be  eradicated  by  the  contact  of  civilization,  and  education  will 
become  an  indispensable  requisite  in  order  to  keep  up  with  the  progress 
of  commerce,  and  the  influx  of  an  educated  population  from  the  east. 

New  Mexico,  previous  to  the  late  war,  was  a  state  of  the  Mexican  Re- 
public, and  its  rulers  consisted  of  a  governor  and  legislature,  (junta  de- 
partmental ;)  but  as  the  latter  was  more  an  imaginary  than  a  real  power, 
the  governor  was,  in  fact,  despotic,  and  subject  only  to  the  laws  of  revo- 
lution, which,  in  this  state,  were  very  freely  administered  by  upsetting 
the  gubernatorial  chair  as  often  as  the  republic  did  -the  presidential. 
Well  knowing  the  favors  of  fortune  were  at  all  times  precarious,  the 
governors  have,  in  general,  during  their  terms  of  office,  plundered  the 
treasury  and  provided  against  contingencies.  The  people,  creduluus  and 
easily  deceived,  had  to  submit  to  every  outrage,  and  should  one  more 
courageous  than  his  fellows  assert  the  profligacy  of  the  government,  his 
doom  was  as  certain  as  speedy.  Thus  lias  New  Mexico  dragged  on  its 
existence— the  sport  of  despots  and  the  foot-ball  of  fortune.  The  judi- 
ciary was  as  dependent  as  the  executive  was  independent,  and  all  law 
succumbed  to  the  dictates  of  one  man.  Besides  these,  the  clergy,  as 
well  as  the  military  classes,  had  their  own  courts  of  justice.  In  relation 
to  the  confederacy,  however,  New  Mexico  always  maintained  greater  in- 
dependence than  any  other  of  the  states — partly  from  its  distance  from 
the  capital,  but  more  from  the  spirit  of  opposition  in  the  people,  who 
derived  no  advantage  from  the  connection,  and  suffered  much  from  its 
taxation  without  an  equivalent  protection.  The  supreme  government 
never  succeeded  here  in  imposing  upon  the  people  the  estraitquitlas,  or 
monopoly  of  the  sale  of  tobacco,  and  New  Mexico  was  free  from  some 
other  enormities.  In  the  same  way  the  people  resisted  the  introduction 
of  copper  coin.  This  loose  connection  with  the  central  power  will  aid 
much  in  the  assimilation  of  the  people  with  the  emigrants  from  the 
United  States,  provided  the  government  of  the  latter  will  bestow  upon 
them— what  the  former  could  not— stability,  safety,  protect  ion,  and  those 
just  rights  which  are  enjoyed  by  all  persons  under  the  aegis  of  American 
principles. 

The  principal  city  of  New  Mexico  is  SANTA  FE,  one  of  the /oldest 
Spanish  settlements.  Its  elevation  above  the  sea  is  7,047  feet.  Santa 
Fe  is  about  20  miles  E.,in  a  direct  line,  from  Rio  del  Norie,  and  lies  in  a 
wide  plain,  surrounded  by  lofty  mountains.  A  small  creek,  rising  ill 


TERRITORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO.  23? 

the  hills,  and  flowing  past  the  city,  supplies  it  with  water.  The  land 
around  is  sandy,  poor,  and  destitute  of  timber ;  but  the  mountains  are 
covered  with  pine  and  cedar.  No  pasturage  is  observed  about  the 
settlements,  and  as  a  consequence  stock  is  driven  to  the  mountains.  The 
climate  is  delightful  and  free  from  extremes.  The  sky  is  clear  and 
cloudless,  and  the  atmosphere  dry.  The  houses  are  built  of  adobes,  but 
one  story  high  with  flat  roofs.  The  streets  are  narrow  and  irregular. 
The  piazza  is  spacious,  and  one  side  is  occupied  by  the  official  residence 
of  the  executive.  The  palace  is,  without  being  extraordinarily  grand,  a 
good  building,  and  exhibits  two  curiosities,  viz.,  windows  of  glass  and 
festoons  of  Indian  ears.  Among  the  public  buildings  there  are  two 
churches  with  steeples,  but  of  an  ordinary  construction.'  There  are  30  or 
40  stores  in  the  city,  principally  kept  by  Americans.  The  inhabitants, 
excepting  the  Americans,  are  Spaniards  and  Indians,  and  the  castes 
sprung  from  an  indefinite  amalgamation  of  the  two  races.  Society  is  in 
a  deplorable  condition.  They  spend  their  time  in  card-playing,  drinking, 
smoking,  and  at  fandangoes.  They  are  expert  thieves,  and  live  in  a  mis- 
erable state  of  ignorance,  superstition,  dirt,  and  poverty.  The  city  proper 
contains  4,000  or  5,000  souls,  and  about  as  many  more  are  settled  within 
its  jurisdiction.  Santa  Fe  is  the  dep6t  of  a  considerable  commerce, 
carried  on  between  Northern  Mexico  and  the  Western  States,  and  is  gen- 
erally visited  by  the  overland  emigrants  to  California. 

There  are  a  number  of  other  towns  along  the  course  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
chiefly  inhabited  by  Indians.  These  are  styled  Pueblos,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants Pueblo  Indians,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  same  races  that  infest 
the  open  country.  The  principal  are  Taos,  Canada,  San  Miguel,  Paso 
del  Norte,  &c.  None  of  these,  however,  demand  more  than  a  passing 
notice. 

New  Mexico  became  known  to  the  Spaniards  about  the  year  1581,  and 
formal  possession  was  taken  of  the  country  in  1598.  Christianity  and 
slavery  were  early  and  simultaneously  introduced  among  the  Indians, 
and  conversion  and  personal  service  enforced  by  the  sword.  The  con- 
verted Indians  were  made  to  live  in  villages,  and  were  distinguished 
from  the  roving  bands  by  the  title  of  Pueblos.  Many  towns,  of  which 
only  the  ruins  now  remain,  were  established  at  that  time.  Many  mines 
were  worked,  and  the  occupation  of  the  country  seemed  to  be  secured, 
when,  quite  unexpectedly,  in  1680,  a  general  insurrection  of  all  the 
Indian  tribes  broke  out  against  the  Spanish  yoke.  The  Spaniards  were 
either  massacred  or  driven  southward,  where  they  founded  Paso  del 
Norte.  The  country  was  not  recovered  for  10  or  12  years.  Several 
insurrections  have  since  occurred,  but  none  so  universal  or  disastrous  as 
this  one.  The  deep  rancor  of  the  Indian,  however,  bequeathed  from 
sire  to  son  for  successive  generations,  still  animates  the  race,  and  is  often 
displayed  in  the  most  bloody  and  cruel  outbreaks.  This  country  followed 


238  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

the  fate  of  Mexico  after  the  revolution  that  overthrew  the  Spanish  power, 
and  since  that  period  has  been  silently  degenerating.  The  history  of 
New  Mexico  previous  to  the  invasion  by  the  Americans,  has  little  to 
arrest  attention.  It  is  a  continuous  record  of  barbarism  and  tyranny. 
On  the  8th  of  September,  1846,  Santa  F6  was  captured  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  General  Kearney,  and  soon  after  several  of  the  river  towns 
were  visited  on  his  route  to  California.  A  civil  government  was  now 
established.  On  the  19th  of  January,  1847,  an  insurrection  broke  out 
against  the  Americans,  and  in  several  pueblos  many  Americans  were 
murdered;  among  whom  was  Governor  Bent  and  Sheriff  Lee.  Taos, 
Arroya-Hondo,  and  Rio  Colorado  were  the  chief  scenes  of  strife.  The 
battles  of  La  Canada  and  El  Embudo  also  occurred  in  this  month,  and 
in  February  the  battle  of  Taos ;  in  all  of  which  the  Mexicans  were  com- 
pletely vanquished.  Some  few  skirmishes  occurred  after  these,  but  none 
of  importance.  From  this  period  the  U.  S.  authorities  exercised  exclu- 
sive power.  On  the  2d  of  February,  1848,  a  treaty  of  peace  and  cession 
was  signed  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  by  which  New  Mexico  was  assigned 
to  the  Union.  On  the  9th  September,  1850.  the  country  within  its 
present,  limits  was  erected  into  a  territorial  government,  the  claim  of 
Texas  to  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande  having  been  adjusted. 


JK>  239 

ROUTES   TO 

OREGON  AND  CALIFORNIA. 


(730)  FORT  LEAVENWORTH  to  SAN 

Summit  of  Mountain  23  1117 
Great  Salt  Lake  City  18  1135 

' 

Mary's  River  315  1450 

Emory's  Route. 
To  Oregon  Trail  43 

The  Sink  274  4724 
Truckee  Lake  134  1858 

Diamond  Spring  20    144 
Cotton  Wood  Creek  29    173 

Johnson's  Ill  1969 
SACRAMENTO  CITY  35  2004 

Cow  Creek  58    231 

Bend  of  Arkansas  River  .  .22    253 
Pawnee  Fork  35    288 

(732)  INDEPENDENCE  to  OREGON 
CITY,  OREGON. 

Jackson  Grove  64    352 

BENT'S  FORT  212    564 

To  the  crossing  of  Kansas 
River  ...90 

Camp  on  the  Timpa  34    598 
"         *      Purgatory  ...53    651 
"          «       Raton.  17    668 

Platte  River  220    310 
Crossing  of  Buffalo  Creek  .25    335 
Good  "^Drinff                         61     396 

"         «      Canadian....  17    685 

"         w      Cimmaron  Ci- 
ton  30    715 
The  Pools  50    765 

Lone  Tree  34    481 
Chimney  Rock  74    555 
Scott's  Bluff      22    577 

Vegas  27    792 
Vernal  Springs  19    811 
SANTA  FE  62    873 

Raw  Hide  Creek  36    613 

FORTLARAMIE  12      625 

gau  Felippe  38    911 

Limatar   52  1011 

Ni^ht  Creek  '            «       •  190  1201 

Rio  CILA         8  1^09 

Upper  Platte  ferry  and  ford  29    752 

San  Francisco  River   ....  160  1369 
Disappointment  Creek  21  1390 

Sweet  W  ater  River  50    802 
Independence  Rock  1    803 
SOUTH  PASS  101    904 

Pijomos  and  Coco  Marico- 

"Uoa  Villacra                                     PQ    1^17 

Green  River  62    966 
Fort  Bridger  55  1021 

Junction  of  Gila  and  Colo- 
rado    170  1687 

Bear  River  33  1054 
Beer  Springs  95  1  149 

CarieoCreek  99  1786 
ValleCiton  16  1802 

American  Falls  22  1226 

Warner's  Ranch  eria  .  ..  •  .  -35  1837 
SAN  DIEGO  79  1916 

Lewis  River  Crossing  —  .40  1391 

(731)    INDEPENDENCE    to    SACRA- 

Grind Ronde  68  1671 

MENTO  CITY,  CAL. 

Fort  Walla  Walla  95  1766 

Vi&  South  Pass 

Unritillah  River  25  1791 

Wwhp.r  Rivfir  Ford  40  1094 

Falls  River  ...                   ..20  1881 

£40.         ROUTES  TO  OREGON  AND  CALIFORNIA. 


The  Dalles 20  1901 

Cascades 40  1941 

Fort  Vancouver 53  1994 

OREGON-CITY 30  2024 

(733)  COUNCIL  BLUFFS  to  the  GT. 
SALT  LAKE  CITY. 

To  Elkhorn  River 27 

Platte  (liver 12      39 

LoupFork 47      86 


Beaver  River 18    104 

Old  Pawnee  Village 11    115 

Upper  Ford  of  Loup  Fork  19    134 

Main  Platte  River 32    16G 

Wood  River 3    169 

Deep  Dry  Creek 43    212 

Crossing  of  Buffalo  Creek . .  20    232 
Bear  River,  (see  (732)  . .  .719    951 

Weber  River  Ford 40    991 

Summit  of  Mountain 23  1014 

GREAT  SALT  LAKE  CITY- 18  1032 


241 


THE  PRINCIPAL  CANALS 

IN  THE 

UNITED    STATES. 


MAINE. 
CUMBERLAND    AND    OXFORD 

BLACKSTONE  CANAL. 

Worcester  to  Providence,  (not  now 

From  Portland  to  Sebago 
Pond   20£ 

HAMPSHIRE  AND  HAMPDEN 

Sebago  Pond  to  Long  Pond, 
via  Songo  River  Improve- 
ment           ...     30    50  1 

CANAL. 
Northampton  to  Connecticut  Line, 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
Canal  around  Bow  Falls,  (Merri- 

MONTAGUE  FALLS  CANAL. 
Around  Falls  in  Connecticut  Riv- 
er     Smiles. 

Around  Amoskeag  Falls  ...  I    " 
ki        Hookset  Falls  1-6" 
"       Seawall's  Fata  £    " 
u       Union  Falls              9    " 

SOUTH  HADLEY  CANAL. 
Around  the  Falls  at  South  Had- 
.  ley  2  miles 

VERMONT. 
There  are  three  short  canals  in  Ver- 
mont, overcoming   obstructions 
in  Connecticut  river,  viz.: 
Around  White  River  Falls  £  mile. 
"        Bellows  Falls  £    " 
"       Waterquechy  Falls  £    " 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 
BLACKSTONE  CANAL. 
From    Providence    to  Worcester, 
(not  now  in  use)  45  njiles. 

CONNECTICUT. 
ENFIELD  CANAL. 
Around  Falls  in  Connecticut  Riv- 

Charles  River,  opposite  Bos- 
ton, to  Somerville  2 
Medford  5      7 

FARMINGTON  CANAL. 
New  Haven  to  Massachusetts  State 

Line,  (partly  filled  in).  .56  miles. 

Wilmington  5     16 

NEW  YORK. 

Middlesex,  on  the  Merrimac 

ERIE  CANAL. 

PAWTUCKET  CANAL. 

From  ALBANY  to  West  Troy  7 
Junction  Champlain  Canal.  .  2      9 

Lowell  to  Chelmsibrd.  .  •  •  H  miles. 

Lower  Aaueduct...          ..3    12 

242 


PRINCIPAL  CANALS 


4  30 
9  39 
5  44 

3  47 

5  52 
5  57 

9  66 

uga  and  Seneca  Canal-  •  •  • 
Clyde  

6  205 
11  216 
5  221 
4  225 
6  231 
1  232 
3  235 
5  240 
4  244 
3  247 
5  252 
4  256 
2  258 
1  259 
4  263 

6  269 
10  279 
2  281 
3  284 
5  289 
5  294 
4  298 
2  300 
4  304 
3  307 
4  311 
4  315 
3  318 
3  321 
5  326 
7  333 
7  340 
12  352 
8  360 
1  361 
3  364 

Lake 

9 
3    12 
8    20 
4    24 
2    26 
7    33 
3    36 
2    38 
3    41 
8    49 
2    51 
6    57 
4    61 

Rotterdam    

Philips'  Locks 

Lock  Berlin                    •  •    • 

Amsterdam    ) 

LYONS  

Port  Jackson  $    " 
Schoharie  Creek    

Lockville  

Port  Gibson  

3  69 

3  72 
3  75 
2  77 
4  81 
2  83 
3  86 
2  88 

7  95 
6  101 

9  110 
3  113 
1  114 
3  117 
6  123 

2  125 
2  127 
2  129 
3  132 
2  134 

2  136 
1  137 

4  141 

3  144 

2  146 
4  150 
3  153 
5  158 
4  162 
1  163 
2  165 
5  170 

1  171 
2  173 
4  177 
2  179 
5  184 
6  190 
6  196 
3  199 

Fort  Plain  

Diefendorl  's  Landin0"  

St.  Johnsville  ...»  

East  Canada  Creek  

LITTLE  FALLS  

ROCHESTER,  Junct.  of  Gene- 
see  Valley  Canal  

Herkimer  ) 

Mohawk     $   " 
Frankfort  

Brockvvay's  

UTICA,  Junction  of  Chenan- 

YorkMilJs  

Holley       

Newville  
Rome,    Junction    of  Black 
River  Canal  
Wood  Creek  Aqueduct  
Jlawley's  Bysin                 •  « 

ALBION  

Knowlesville.  

Shelby's  Basin       

New  London  

Stucy's  Bas'n              

Higgin.-j',  Junction  of  Oneida 

T        •            RT 

Oneida  Creek    ) 

Lower  Black  Rock  

Durhamville      \ 

Black  Rock  

CHAMPLAIN  CANAL 
Connects    Erie  Canal  with 
Champlain. 

Kirkville  

Waterford    

Mechanicsville     .  . 

Lodi  

SYRACUSE,  Junction  of  Os- 

Bl    ^  -k    ?    R    °° 

Van  Duzen's  Lauding  

Geddes     ••  • 

^   ..  t  (r    n  .•  « 

Camillus  

Fort  Miller  
Fort  Edward  

S     'tl  ''•  R-  •' 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


243 


Comstock's  Landing 4    65 

WHITEHALL 8    73 

CHENANGO  CANAL 
Connects  the  Mohawk  and  Sus- 

quehannah  Rivers. 

UTICA  to  Clinton   9 

Deansville 5  14 

Oriskany  Falls 5  19 

Boucksville   5  24 

Peck'sBasin .2  26 

HAMILTON 4  30 

Lebanon  Factory 2  32 

Earlville  4  36 

Sherburne 5  41 

North  Norwich 4  43 

Norwich 6  51 

OXFORD 9  60 

Hayner's  Mill 10  70 

Green •  • 4  74 

Chenango  Forks 8  82 

Port  Crane 7  89 

BlNGHAMTON 8      97 

BLACK  RIVER  CANAL 
Extends  from  Rome  to  the  high 
falls  on  Black  River,  and  together 
with  the  river  improvement,  is 

7?i  miles. 

With  a  feeder  from  Black  River  to 
Boonvillo H)  miles. 

ONEIDA  LAKE  CANAL 

Extends  from  Higgins  to  Oneida 
Lake 8  miles. 

OSWEGO   CANAL 

Connects  the  Erie  Canal  at  Syra- 
cuse, with  Lake  Ontario  at  Os- 
wego. 

SYRACUSE  to  Salina 2 

Liverpool 3      5 

New  Bridge 8    13 

Phoenix 4     17 

Sweet'sLock 3    20 

Fulton 7    27 

Tiffany's  Landing 8    35 

OSWEGO 3    38 

CAYUGA  AND  SENECA  CANAL 

Extends  from  Moritezurna  on  the 
Erie  Canal 

To  Seneca  River 5 

Seneca  Fsills 5    10 


Chamberlain's  Mills    2  12 

Waterloo 2  14 

Teal's 5  19 

GENEVA • 2  21 

CROOKED  LAKE  CANAL. 

Dresden  to  Mallory's 3 

Andrews  and  Ways 2  5 

PENN  YAN  ...    2  7 

Crooked  Lake 1  8 

GENESEE  VALLEY  CANAL 

Will  extend  from  Rochester  on  the 

Erie  Canal,  to  Olean  on  the  Al- 
leghany  River. 
ROCHESTER  to  Tone's  Basin  8 

Scottsville 4  12 

Sackett's  Basin 10  22 

Fowlerville  •  •  •  • 2  24 

Barclay's  .Mill 2  26 

Spencer's  Basin 4  30 

Tracy '8  Basin 2  32 

Cuyler   1  33 

Gencsee  Dam 3  36 

MOUNT  MORRIS 1  37 

Shaker's  Settlement 4  41 

Fitzhugh's  Basin 2  43 

Sherwood's  Landing 4  47 

McN air's  Landing 2  49 

DANSVILLE 3  52 

CHEMUNG  CANAL 

Extends  from  Knoxville  to  Seneca 

Lake. 
Seneca  Lake  to  HAVANA  •  • .  4 

Millport 6    10 

Fairp^rt 7    17 

Elmira 6    23 

Knoxville 10    33 

With  a  feeder  from  near  Corning 
to  Fairport 16  miles. 

DELAWARE  AND  HUDSON  CANAL 
Connects  the  Hudson  River  with 
the     Delaware    River   and    the 
Pennsylvania  coal  mines. 

Eddy  viiie  to  Rosedale 6 

Marble  Quarries 2      8 

Mechanicsville 1      9 

Allegervilie 4     13 

Port  Jackson 4    17 

Middleport 4    21 

Port  Benjamin 3    24 

Ellenville 4    28 


244 


PRINCIPAL  CANALS 


Philipsport 6  34 

Beatysburg 2  36 

Sneed's  Basin 5  41 

Brownville 3  44 

Neversink  Aqueduct 8  52 

PORT  JERVIS  8  60 

Bolton 4  64 

Tucker's  Aqueduct 7  j 

Craigsville 4  75 

Barryville. 4  79 

Delaware  Dam 4  83 

Pennsylvania  Division. 

Mouth  of  Lackawaxen  ....  1  84 

Rowland  ville 5  89 

Blue  Eddy 3  92 

Jones' Rift 8  100 

Newcastle 1  101 

HONKSDALE     7108 

NEW  JERSEY. 

MORRIS  CANAL 
Connects  the  waters  of  the  Hudson 

and  Delaware  Rivers. 
JERSEY  CITY  to  Newark  •  •  .10 

Bloomfleld 7  17 

PATERSON 8  25 

Little  Falls 5  30 

Beavertown 6  36 

Montville 4  40 

Boonton 2  42 

Rockaway 7  49 

Dover 4  53 

Drakesville 7  60 

Feeder     from     Hopatcong 

Lake   3  63 

Stanhope 2  65 

Saxon's  Falls 5  70 

Hackettstown 4  74 

Andersontown  •  • 7  81 

PortColden   3  84 

Washington 5  89 

New  Village 4  93 

Greenwich 6  99 

PhHipstown 2  101 

EASTON,  PA 1  102 

DELAWARE  AND  RARITAN  CANAL 

Connects  the  Delaware  with  the 

Raritan  River. 
NEW  BRUNSWICK  to  Bound 

Brook 7 

Millstone 5    12 

Griggstown 7    19 


Rocky  Hill 2    21 

Kingston 2    23 

Williamsburg  3    26 

TRENTON...... 11    37 

Bordentown 6    43 

A  navigable  feeder  extends  from 
Trenton  to  Saxtonsville  on  the 
Delaware.  Length  . .  .23  miles. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
PENNSYLVANIA  CANAL MAIN 


Connects  the  Susquehanna  with 
the  Alleghany  and  Ohio  Rivers. 

Columbia  to  Marietta 3 

Bainbridge 6      9 

Falmoutti 4     13 

Middletown  4    17 

High  Spire 3    20 

HARRISBURO 6    26 

Blue  Mountain  Gap 5    31 

Dauphin 3    34 

Duncan's  Island 7    41 

Newport 10    51 

Millerstown   8    59 

Thompsontown 5    64 

Mexico 7    71 

Milrl'mtown 4    75 

Lewistown 14    89 

Waynesburg 14  103 

H  untingdon   29  132 

Petersburg 7  139 

Alexandria 7   146 

Water  Street 2  148 

Yellow  Springs 11  159 

Franksto wn      -  - 10  1 69 

HOLLIDAYSBURO 3    172 

JIUetrhany  and  Portage  R.  R. 

Summit-, 11  183 

Wilmore 12  195 

Summer  Hill 3  198 

Johnstown 10  208 

Western  Division  Canal. 

Laurel  Hill  Gap 6  214 

Lockport 10  224 

Cliesnut  Hill 5  229 

Blairsville  -.- 8  237 

Paltzburs: 16  253 

Warrentown 12  2fi5 

Leech  burg 10  275 

Freeport 5  280 

Tarentum    13  293 

Sharpsburg 12  305 

PlTTSBURG    ... ...    7312 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


245 


SUSQUEHANNA  DIVISION 
Diverges  from  the  main  or  central 
line  at  Duncan's  Island,  15  miles 
above  Harrisburg. 
Duncan's  Island  to    Liver- 

French  Creek  Feeder*  .-  ..19    88 
Conneautville  10    98 

Lockport  16  114 

ERIE                 17  136 

West  Mahantango  Creek  .  .   6    21 

*  French  Creek  Feeder  45  miles. 

SCHUYLKILL  NAVIGATION  CANAL 

Connects  the  anthracite  coal  region 
with  Philadelphia. 
Fairmount    Dam,  Philadel- 
phia, to  the  F*ills                4 

NORTH  BRANCH  DIVISION 

Extends  from  Northumberland  in- 
to the  anthracite  coal  region  of 
Pennsylvania. 
NORTHUMBERLAND  to  Dan- 
ville    12 

Norristown    12    16 

Pho3nixville          I9    28 

Pottstown  15    43 

Centreville  20    32  ;  RKADINO  21    64 
Berwick  7    ;  )  ;  Mohrsville   12    76 

LACKAWANNA  11    73 
Tunkhannock   •  «•         ....  °3    96 

Port  Clinton  4    91 
Schuylkill  Haven  11  102 

Wyalusing  28  124 

PORT  CARBON  2108 

WEST  BRANCH  DIVISION 

Extends  from  Northumberland  in- 
to the  bituminous  coal  region  of 
Pennsylvania. 
NORTHUMBERLAND  to  Mil- 
ton     11 

Muncy 13    24 

Williamsport 13    37 

Linden 8    45 

Jersey  Shore 8    53 

Dunnsburg 14    67 

FARRANDSVILLE 8    75 

DELAWARE  DIVISION 

Extends  from  Bristol  to  the  Lehigh 
Canal  at  Easton. 

Bristol  to  Morrisville 9 

NewHope 17  26 

Lumberville 7  33 

Monroe 16  49 

EASTON 11  60 


BEAVER  AND  ERIE  CANAL 

Extends  from  Beaver  on  the  Ohio 
River  to  Lake  Erie. 

Beaver  to  Moravia 19 

Newcastle 5    24 


21* 


LEHIGH  NAVIGATION  COMPANY 

Extends  from  Easton  along  the 
banks  of  the  Lehigh  River  to 
Stoddartsville. 

EASTON  to  Bethlehem 12 

AUentown 5    17 

Lockport  Basin 14    31 

Mauch  Chunk 15    46 

Penn  Haven 7    53 

Rockport 8    61 

White  Haven* 9    70 

Falls  at  Stoddartsville ......  14    84 

*  A  railroad  extends  hence  to 
Wilkesbarre  20  miles. 


UNION  CANAL 

Extends    from    Reading   on   the 
Schuylkill  River,  to  Middletown 
on  the  Susquehanna. 
From  the  commencement  of 
the  Canal  to  Reading  —  4 

Bernville " 15    19 

Stouchestown   12    31 

Lebanon 13    44 

Swatara  Aqueduct 10    54 

MIDDLETOWN 28    82 


246 


PRINCIPAL  CANALS 


SUSQUEHANNA  OR  TIDE- WATER 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


CANAL 

Extends  from  Wrighlsville,  oppo- 
site Columbia,  on  the  Susque- 

WELDON  CANAL 
Extends  around  the  I1  alls  of  the 
Roanoke,  from  Weldon  to  Blake- 

oi  that  river  to  Havre  de  Grace, 
Maryland.    Length  45  miles. 

DELAWARE. 
CHESAPEAKE    AND     DELAWARE 
CANAL 
Extends  from  Delaware  City  on  the 
Delaware  River,  to  Back  Creek, 
j^m     Leivth,         14  miles 

CLUBFOOT   AND   HARLAN  CANAL, 
From  Clubfoot  Creek,  a  tributary 
of  the  Neuse  River,  to  Harlan 
Creek,  which  empties  into  the 
Atlantic  near  Beaufort-  •!£  miles. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
SANTEE  CANAL 

MARYLAND. 
CHESAPEAKE   AND    OHIO  CANAL. 

This  canal  will  ultimately  be  ex- 
tended from  Cumberland  to  Pitts- 
burg,  on  the  Ohio,  15U  miles  far- 
ther. 
Alexandria  to  Georgetown  •  7£ 
Sen^ci  Creek           •  •  •        Oi>£    30 

Connects  the  Santee  River  with 
Charleston  Harbor  —  22  miles. 

WIN  YAW   CANAL 

Extends    from    Winyaw    Bay   to 
Kinlock  Creek,  a  branch  of  San- 
tee  River.    Length  —  Ik  miies. 
The   navigation  of  the    Catawba 
River  has  been  improved  by  five 

short  canals,  with  an  aggregate 

length  of  Jl£  miles. 

Harper's  Ferry       7      71 

Wii'i'unsnort     40    111 

r*"PO'Rr<  T  A 

SAVANNAH     AND    OGEECHEE 

CANAL 

VIRGINIA. 
JAMES  RIVER  CANAL 

Extends  along   the  bank  of  the 
James  River  from  Richmond  to 

Extends   from    Savannah    to  the 
Ogeechee  R.  (Cosed.)   16  miles. 

BRUNSWICK  CANAL 

Extends  from  Altamaha  to  Bruns- 
wick    Length  12  miles 

Lynch  burg. 
Richmond  to  Dover  Mills.  .  .20 

ALABAMA. 

MUSCLE  SHOALS  CANAL 

Extends  from  Florence  along  the 

north  bank    of  the    Tennessee 

DISMAL  SWAMP  CANAL 

Extends    from    Deep    Creek     to 
Joyce's  Creek,  a  branch  of  Pas- 
quo  tank  River,  which  flows  into 
Albemarie  Sound,  N.  Carolina. 

River  35$  miles.    It  is  designed 
to    overcome    the    obstruction 
caused  by  the  Muscle  Shoals. 

HUNTSVILLE  CANAL 
Extends  from  Huntsville  to  Triania 
on  the  Tennessee  Riv.  .16  miles. 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


LOUISIANA.          ' 

ORLEANS  BANK  CANAL 

Extends  from  New  Orleans  to  Lake 

Poiitchartraiu.  Length,  4£  miles. 

BARATARIA  CANAL 

Extends  from  the  Mississippi  River 
opposite  New  Orleans  to  Bayou 
Terre  Bonne,  and  consists  of  26 
miles  of  canal  and  2d  miles  of 
lake  and  steam  navigation. 

LAKE  VERET  CANAL 
Extends  from  Napoleon viile  on  La 
Fourche  Bayou  to  Lake  Veret. 
Length Smiles. 

KENTUCKY. 

LOUISVILLE    AND     PORTLAND 
CANAL. 

This  canal  is  constructed  around 
the  Rapids  in  the  Ohio  River, 
and  is  sufficiently  capacious  to 
admit  the  passage  of  the  largest 
steamboats,  which  can  only  pass 
the  Rapids  during  the  high 
floods.  It  is  50  feet  wide  and  10 
feet  deep.  Length  —  2£  miles. 

The  navigation  of  the  Kentucky, 
Licking,  Green,  and  Barren  Riv- 
ers, has  been  greatly  improved 
by  the  construction  of  dams  and 
locks  in  them. 

OHIO. 
OHIO  CANAL 

Connects  the  Ohio  River  with  Lake 

Erie. 
CLEVELAND    to    Rathbun's 

Lock   5 

Mill  Creek 4  9 

Tinker's  Creek 4  13 

Pinery  Feeder 4  17 

Boston 4  21 

Peninsula  3  24 

Niles 6  30 

Old  Portage 2  -32 

North  Akron 5  37 

South  Akron 1  38 


New  Portage 6    44 

Wolf  Creek  Lock 3    47 

Clinton 5    52 

Fulton 4    56 

W ellman's  Mills 5    61 

Massillon 4    65 

Navarre  and  Bethlehem  —   6    71 

Bolivar 9    80 

Zoar 3    83 

Jennings'  Bridge 3    86 

Dover 7    93 

Lockport 4    97 

Newcastle 2    99 

Trenton 4  103 

Gnadcnhutten * 5  108 

Port  Washington 4  1 12 

Newcomerstown 6  118 

Evansburg 4122 

LewisviUe 10  132 

Roscoe 3  135 

Adams'  :V  ill 10  145 

Webbsport 4  149 

Hartford's 3  152 

Frozersburg 3  155 

Nashport 6  161 

Licking  Dam 5  166 

Lickingtown 4  170 

NEWARK 6  176 

Granville  Feeder 5  181 

Hebron   4  185 

Licking  Summit 4  189 

Miltensport 2  191 

Baltimore 5  196 

Havensport 6202 

Carroll  2  204 

Lockville   2  206 

Waterloo   3209 

Rayne)  sport 5  214 

Lockbourne 7  221 

Holmes'  Landing 3  224 

Miilport  and  Bloomfleld  ...  4  228 

Circleville 8  236 

WesUall 5  241 

Yeliowbud 5246 

Deer  Creek 4-250 

Anderson ville 2  252 

Clinton  Mills 4  256 

Chilicothe 2  258 

Tomlinson's 6  264 

Stony  Creek 3^67 

Head  of  Big  Bottom 2  269 

Sharonville 7  276 

Waverly 4  280 

Trimble's  Bridge 3  283 

Jasper 3  286 


248 


PRINCIPAL  CANALS 


Cutter's  Station  •  •  •  •         •  •  •  •  3  294 

Brush  Creek  7  301 

"WALHONDING  CANAL 

Berlm  5  119 

Minster  ....                3  122 

Bremen  3  125 

ROSCOK    to    Crooked    Run 
Bridge  2 
Walhonding  Dam  4      6 

St.  Mary's  Feeder  6  131 
St.  Mary's  2  133 

Warsaw  2      8 
Bedford  Bridge  2    10 
Darling's  Bridge  ••  1    11 

JUNCTION*  35  181 
*  See  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 

Gamble's  Lock  -  1    12 

la. 

Butler's  Lower  Crossing  ...  1    13 
Butler's  Upper  Crossing  ...  2    15 

WARREN  COUNTY  CANAL 

Extends   from    Lebanon    to    the 

Gamble's  S'iw  Mill                  1     19 

Miami    Canal    at   Middletown. 

Cummings'  Bridge  2    21 

en&                               mi  e  . 

SIDNEY  FEEDER 

HOCKING  CANAL 

Extends  from  Port  Jefferson  to  the 
Miami  Extension  Canal  at  Lock- 
port     Length  13  miles 

Extends  from  the  Ohio  Canal  along 
the  left  bank  of  the  Hocking 
River  to  Athens. 

ST.  MARY'S  FEEDER 
Extends  from  Celina  to  the  Miami 

Reams'  Mill  5    14 

Extension  Canal  at  St.  Mary's. 

Rush  Creek  2    1G 

Greek's  Mill  6    22 

MUSKINGUM  IMPROVEMENT 

Hockin(y  Falls               5    27 

Lo^an  °.  1    28 

Extends  from  the  Ohio   Canal  at 

Dresden  along  the  valley  of  the 

Muskingum  to  its  mouth. 

SevenMileRun  2    36 

DRESDEN  to  Simm's  Creek  .  6 

Nelsonville  5    41 
Monday  Creek  3    44 

Taylorsville    and   Duncan's 
Falls  10    26 

Chauncey  5    49 
Wolfs    •  «  •  •  2    51 

Rokeby  and  Eagleport  10    36 

McConnellsville  and  Malta  .  7    43 

Windsor  10    53 

MIAMI  CANAL  AND  EXTENSION 
Extends  from  Cincinnati  on  the 

Beverly  and  Waterford  ....  10    68 

Ohio,  to  Junction  with  the  Wa- 
bash  and  Erie  Canal. 
CINCINNATI  to  Lockland  •  •  .12 
Hamilton  Side  Cut.  16    28 

Devon's  ••  7    86 
MARIETTA  and  HAMAR  5    91 

SANDY  AND  BEAVER  CANAL 

(Mahoning) 

Extends  from  the  Ohio  Canal  at 

Bolivar,  along  the  valleys  of  the 

Sandy  and  Beaver  Creeks  to  the 

Ohio  River.    Length  .  .86  milea. 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


249 


INDIANA. 
TVABASH  AND  ERIE  CANAL. 
Ohio  Division. 
Manhattan  to  TOLEDO  4 
Port  Miami         8    12 

Pigeon  Dam  7^>  443 

EVANSVILLK  19  4G7 

*  This  canal  is  now  open  to  Point 
Commerce. 

•WHITEWATER,  CANAL. 

This  canal  extends  from  Cambridge 
on  the  National   Road  to  the 
Ohio  River. 
LAWRENCEBURG    to    Hard- 
ingsburg  
Elizabethtown  6 

Maumee  City  1     13 

Water  ville        •  5    18 

Damascus  6    36 
Napoleon   8    44 
Florida  8    52 

Independence  •  5    57 
DEFIANCE  4    61 
Junction  of  Miami  Exten- 

Harrison  8    14 
New  Trenton.....  6    20 
Brookville  11    31 
Laurel  City  14    45 

Connersvllle  11    56 

scrvoir            .            .  .  .  .  11    bi 

CAMBRIDGE  12    68 

State  Line  '    4    88 

ILLINOIS. 
ILLINOIS  AND  MICHIGAN   CANAL 

Extends  from  Lake  Michigan  to 
Peru  on  the  Illinois  River,  there- 
by opening  a  water  communica- 
tion between  the  Lake  and  Mis- 
sissippi River. 
CHICAGO  to  Canalport  4 

Indiana  Division. 
Indiana  City       .         3    91 

FORT  WAYNE               1°  108 

Utica  9144 

L?  °TO  ••••       .         5  149 

WAS  ASH  6  155 

Peru  15  170 

Des  Plaines                            10    ^2 

Athens      '                               4    ^6 

Lockport  •                              6    3° 

Amsterdam  9  195 

Lockport  6  201 

Dupage                 ...            10    48 

Delphi  5  212 

Morrisiana  9    61 

Marseilles                              1^    77 

Ottawi                       «             8    85 

TERRE  HAUTE  36  317 

TTfinn                                                                     0       Q4. 

I  a  Salle            4    98 

Newburg  17  376 

PERU  2  100 

250 

TABLE  OF  UNITED  STATES  AND  FOREIGN  MONEYS. 
UNITED  STATES'  MONEYS. 


Fineness. 
GOLD.— Washington fo°0°0*- ' 


Weight.  lvalue. 

...516     grains 20  dollars. 

10        " 




:agle "      6-1.5 

liar "      25.8 


SILVER.-Dollar T^oV 412'5 

iDollar "      206.25 

\  Dollar "      103.125 

Dime    •*      41.25 

iDime " 20.625 

COPPER.-Cent pure  168 

iCent "      84 


100  cents. 

50      " 

25      •» 

10      " 

5      " 

10  mills.! 

Accounts  are  kept  in  dollars,  ($,)  cents,  (c.)  and  mills,  (m.)  The  Spanish  silver 
dollar  and  its  parts,  ( l-2s.,  l-4ths,  l-8ths,  and  l-16ths  ;)  and  also  those  of  Mexico  and  the 
South  American  republics,  circulate  at  the  same  values  as  the  U.  S.  dollar  and  its  parts. 
The  gold  of  Spain,  Mexico,  and  the  South  American  republics  has  a  legal  value  of 
89.9  cents  per  dwt.  In  retail  trade  the  dollar  is  variously  divided  in  different  states: 
in  New  York  it  is  divided  into  shillings=12J  cents,  and  sixpences=6i  cents;  in  New 
England  into  shillings  also,  but  the  shilling  there  is  16  2-3  cents,  and  the  New  York 
shilling  (which  corresponds  with  the  Spanisn  eighth)  is  9  pence,  and  so  in  proportion. 
In  the  Southern  States  the  Spanish  eighth  is  called  a  bit,  and  the  sixteenth  a  fip  or 
picayune,  and  are  taken  as  10  and  5  cents.  The  greatest  bulk  of  the  circulating  me- 
dium in  the  United  Slates  consists  of  notes  of  a  dollar  and  upwards,  issued  by  banks 
incorporated  under  the  sanction  of  the  individual  states. 

FOREIGN  MONEYS, 

And  their  equivalents  in  United  States'  currency. 
Gold  Coins. 


British  Sovereign  

$4  84 

Prussian  10  Thalers  

$782 
2  241 
2  25 
3  90 
2  26 
3  95j 
3  40A 
3  90' 
3  85 

$     £5 

78J 

i  <m 

1  08 
40 
34i 
4l| 
18| 
69 
1  013 

m 

73 
1  00| 
69 
973 

"       Guinea  

5  00 

3  83 

"       Louis  d'or  

450 

"       Frederick  d'or  

Spanish  Doubloon  

15  93 
15  00 

34  00 

Geneva  Pistole  (old)  
"           "       (new) 

"           Crown 

5  80 

Holland  Ducat 

2  26 

Italian  Pistole            

2  28a 

Coins. 
Bremen  48  grotes     

British  Crown 

Silver 
SI  15 

«'        Shilling. 

*    23 

"       RixDollar  

"       Sixpence 

U 

French  F  rune  

185 

Hanovennn    "       (constitution).. 
Holland  Florin           .   

Spanish  Dollar 

1  03 

«        Pistareen:headl 
Portuguese  Crusado.     .. 

',        50 

Belffic          "      (  1790) 

"              "        1816     . 

Austrian  Rix  Dollar  (180( 

•;    F1  "     (Hu 

Bavarian  Rix  Dollar 

))  993 

Franc'  ...':.:.:.:::.:. 

igary)..     1  01  i 
48* 

97 

Prussian  Rix  Dollar  (  currency  )... 
"               "           (convention). 
"        Thaler 

Brunswick      •« 
Danish           "       (Schles 
"        Specie  Dollar 

1  00| 

ivic.&c.)    1  06 
...     1  05 

Russian  Ruble  
Saxony  Rix  Dollar  (convention)..  . 
"             "           (Leipsic)  ...... 
Sicilian  Scudo..     ...  

Swedish            " 

1  06 

.     1  OU 

provinces  in  America=$4. 

Pound  cu 

rrency  of  British 

•  The  alloy,  silver  and  copper— the  silver  not  to  exceed  one  half,    t  The  alloy  is  copptr. 
I  The  mill  is  an  imaginary  coin,  being1  the  1000th  part  of  a  dollar. 


1 
CATALOGUE 

or 

MAPS,  CHARTS,  BOOKS,  ETC., 

PUBLISHED  BY 

J.  H.  COLTON  •&  CO., 

NO.  172  WILLIAM-STREET,  CORNER  OF  BEEKMAN 


Illustrated  and  Embellished  Steel-Plate 

MAP  OF  THE  WORLD, 

On  Mercator's  Projection,  exhibiting  the  recent  Arctic 
and  Antarctic  Discoveries  and  Explorations,  &c.  <fcc. 
6  sheets.  Size,  SO  by  60  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $10  00. 

This  splendid  and  highly-finished  map  is  the  largest  and  most  accurate 
work  of  the  kind  ever  published.  It  exhibits  a  full  n^ume  of  all  geo- 
graphical knowledge,  and  shows  at  one  view,  not  only  the  world  as  it 
now  is,  in  all  its  natural  and  political  relations,  but  also  the  progress  of 
discovery  from  the  earliest  ages.  In  its  compilation,  every  facility  haa 
been  rendered  by  the  liberality  of  our  own  government  in  furnishing 
published  and  private  maps  and  documents;  and  also  by  the  govern- 
ments of  Europe,  especially  those  of  France  and  England,  whose  rich, 
stores  of  geographical  works  have  elicited  much,  that  until  the  present 
publication  has  been  as  a  sealed  letter.  As  a  work  of  art,  it  excels  all 
its  predecessors,  and  is  as  ornamental  as  useful.  It  is  beautifully  colored, 
and  mounted  in  the  handsomest  style. 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD, 

On  Mercator's  Projection,  exhibiting  the  recent  Arctic 
and  Antarctic  Discoveries  find  Explorations,  &c.  &c* 
2  sheets.  Size,  44  by  36  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $3  00. 

This  work  is  reduced  from  the  large  map,  and  contains  all  the  more 
important  features  of  that  publication.  It  has  been  constructed  with 
especial  reference  to  commercial  utility;  the  ports,  lines  of  travel,  inte- 
rior (fading  towns  and  posts,  &c.,  being  accurately  laid  down.  An  im- 
portant feature  in  this  map  is  the  transposition  of  the  continents  so  as  to 
give  America  'i  central  position,  and  exhibit,  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oce^is  in  their  entirety.  The  map  is  engraved  on  steel,  highly  einhtu- 
lishocl,  and  mounted  in  the  best  style.  As  a  medium  sized  map,  it  con- 
:uns  much  more  than  the  usual  amount  of  informations 


2  MAPS,    CHARTS,    BOOKS,    ETC., 

MAP  OF  THE  WORLD, 

On  Mercator's  projection,  <fcc.    1  sheet.    Size,  28  by  22 
inches.  Price,  mounted,  £l  50. 

This  is  &Nb<>autifully  got  up  mnp,  and,  from  the  closeness  of  its  infor- 
mation, contains  as  much  as  the  generality  of  maps  twice  its  size.  'It  is 
weil  adapted  for  the  use  of  those  who  do  not  require  tfc*  detail  ol 
topography,  which  is  the  peculiar  feature  in  the  larger,  inn  ps.  Asa 
companion  to  the  student  of  general  history  it  is,  perhaps,  prefer- 
able to  any  other,  as  it  is  compact  and  easy  of  reference.  The  pro- 
gress of  discovery,  from  the  times  of  Columbus  to  the  present  day,  is 
rally  exhibited  ;  and  especial  care  has  been  taken  to  show  distinctly  the 
recent  explorations  in  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  regions. 


MISSIONARY  MAP  OF  THE  WORLD, 

On  a  hemispherical  projection,  each  hemisphere  being 
six  feet  in  diameter,  and  both  printed  on  one  piece  ol 
cloth  at  one  impression.  Size,  160  by  SO  inches. 

Price,  $10  00. 

This  map  presents  to  the  eye,  at  one  view,  the  moral  and  religious 
condition  of  the  world,  and  the  efforts  that  are  now  making  for  its  evan- 
gelization. It  is  so  colored,  that  all  the  principal  religions  of  the  world, 
with  the  countries  in  which  they  prevail,  and  their  relation,  position, 
juid  extent  are  distinguished  at  once,  together  with  the  principal  stations 
of  the  various  missionary  societies  in  our  own  and  other  countries.  It 
is  so  finished,  being  on  cloth,  that  it  may  be  easily  folded  and  conveyed 
from  pl.-iee  to  place,  and  suspended  in  any  large  room.  It  is  especially 
recommended  for  the  lecture-room,  Suudav-scbooL  &.G.,  and  should  be 
possessed  by  every  congregation. 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  AMERICA, 

With  an  enlarged  plan  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  show- 
ing the  line  of  the  railroad  from  Chagres  to  Panama ; 
also  tables  off  distances  from  the  principal  ports  of  the 
United  States  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  &c.  1  sheet. 
Size,  32  by  25  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $1  50. 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 

Compiled  from   the   latest   authorities.     1  sheet.     Size, 
29  by  26  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  Si  25;    in  cases,  $0  75. 


PUBLISHED     BY    J.     H.     COLTON. 


TOPOGRAPHICAL  MAP  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES, 

With  the  adjacent  coasts  :  compiled  from   the   latest  au- 
thorities.   1  sheet.    Size,  32  by  25  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50 ;   in  caoes,  $0  75. 


MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA, 


(viMi      wi      www  i  ii     ruviuiAw'tj 

Carefully"  compiled  from  the  latest  maps  and  charts  and 
othei;  geographical  publications.  2  sheets.  Size,  44 
by  31  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $4  00. 


Tliis  is  the  largest  and  best  map  of  South  America  ever  iss. 

country,  and  the  only  one  available  for  commercial  purposes.     It  is  also 


MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA, 

Compiled  from  the  latest  authorities,  and  accompanied 
with  statistical  tables  of  the  area,  population,  Arc.,  of 
the  several  states.  1  sheet.  Size,  32  by  25  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50. 


MAP  OF  EUROPE, 

CareTully  compiled  from  the  latest  maps  and  charts, 
and  other  geographical  publications.  4  sheets.  Size, 
58  by  44  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $5  00. 

The  best  map  of  Europe  extant,  exhibiting  the  topography  and  polit- 
ical condition  of  that  continent  with  great  accuracy,  it  is  an  excellent 
map  for  schools  as  well  as  for  the  merchant's  office.  * 

MAP  OF  EUROPE, 

Compiled  from  the  latest  authorities,  &c.,  with  statis- 
tical tables  exhibiting  the  area,  population,  form  of 
government,  religion,  &c»,  of  each  state.  J  sheet. 
Size,  32  by  25  inches.  Price,  mounted,  £1.  50. 

MAP  OF  ASIA, 

Carefully    compiled    from    the    latest  maps   and    charts* 

and  other  geographical  publications.     4  sheets.     Size* 

.  58  by  44  inches.  Price,  mounted,  §o  00. 

This  map  is  the  largest  and  most  accurate  ever  issued  in  Americat 
*iwl  contains  all  the  most  recent  determinations  in  Bririch  India,  £.0 


MAPS,    CHAT1TS,    BOOKS,    ETC., 


It  is  indispensably  necessary  to  merchants  trading  with  China,  India, 
&o.,  and  must  bo  especially  valuable  at  the  present  time,  when  our  con- 
nection with  those  countries  is  daily  becoming  more  intimate.  Nor  is 
it  less  valuable  lor  seminaries  of  learning. 


MAP  OF  ASIA, 

Compiled  from  the  most  recent  authorities,  together 
with  statistical  tables  of  the  area,  population,  &c.,  of 
each  state.  1  sheet.  Size,  32  by  25  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50* 


MAP  OF. AFRICA, 

Carefully  compiled  from  the  latest  maps  and  charts, 
and  other  geographical  publications.  4  sheets.  Size, 
58  by  44  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $5  00. 

The  largest  and  most  accurate  map  of  Africa  ever  published  m  the 
United  States.  It  exhibits  the  most  recent  discoveries  of  travellers — 
the  new  political  divisions  on  the  north  and  west  coasts  and  in  South- 
ern Africa,  &c.,  &c.  As  an  office  or  school  map  it  has  no  superior. 


MAP  OF  AFRICA, 

Compiled  from  the  latest  authorities,  and  accompanied 
with  statistical  tables  of  the  area,  population,  &c.,  of 
each  state.  1  sheet.  Size,  32  by  25  inches. 

Price,  mjmuted,  $1  50 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES..  MEXICO,  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES. 

Showing   the  country   from   the   Atlantic,  to   the   Pacific 
ocean.    4  sheets.    Size,  62  by  55  inches* 

Price,  $5  00. 

Extraordinary  exertions  have  been  employed  to  make  this  map  perfect- 
ly reliable  and  authentic  in  all  respects.  It" is  the  only  large  map  that  ex- 
hibits the  United  States  in  its  full  extent.  Being-  engraved  on  steel,  and 
nandsomely  mounted,  it  forms  not  only  a  useful,  but  highly  ornamental 
addition  to  the  office,  library,  or  hall.  All  the  railroads,  carnils,  and  post- 
roads,  with  distances  from  place  to  place,  are  accurately  laid  down.  To 
make  the  map  more  generally  useful,  the  publisher  has  appended  to  it  a 
map  of  Central  America  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  also  a  plan  ex- 
hibiting the  inter-oceanic  railroad,  &c.  It  deserves  to  take  precedence  o 
all  maps  heretofore  published  in  this  country. 


PUBLISHED     BY     J.     H.     COL  TON. 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  THE  CANADASj 

Showing   the  base,  meridian,  and   township  lines  of  the 
United  Stai.es  surveys;  the  lines  of  canaries,  districts, 


nte  ai.es  surveys;  te  nes  o  canares,  strcts, 
and  parishes;  the  location  of  cities,  villages,  and  post- 
ollices;  all  railroads,  canals,  post  and  other  roads;  also 
the  district  and  town  lines  of  the  Canadas—  the  whole 
ein:;  compiled  from  the  latest  surveys  and  other  authen- 
ic sources.  9  sheets.  Size,  S^  by  U8  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  or  in  portable  form,  SlO.OO. 


| 

b 
tic 


OPINIONS     OB    THE     PRESS. 


"  As  a  work  of  mere  art,  it  is  exceedingly  beautiful  ;  but  as  an  accurate 
and  faithful  delineation  of  the  country,  in  all  its  aspects,  geographical  and 
political,  it  is  entitled  to  the  very  highest  praise.  The  map  is  six  feet  bv 
So  v  «u,  projected  on  a  scale  of  twenty-lour  miles  to  the  inch  ;  .showing,  with 
the  utmost  accuracy,  not  only  the  general,  but  minute  features  of  the  whole 
Country.  Every  state,  county,  and  township,  within  our  whole  broad  ter- 
ritory, "is  designated  by  boundary  lines—  the  courses  of  rivers  and  streams, 
canals,  railroads,  stage  and  post  roads,  the  position  of  civies,  towns,  vil- 
lages and  hamlets,  lakes  and  mountains,  are  laid  down  —  every  county  being 
colored  separately.  The  meridian  and  township  lines  of  the  United  States 
survevs,  and  indeed  all  the  topographical  minuti*  ever  found  on  maps,  is 
here  displayed.  So  far  as  the  ornamental  portion  of  this  great  work  is  con- 
cerned, we  repeat  that  it  is  superior  to  any  tiling  we  have  seen.  It  is 
splendidly  bordered  by  scroll-work,  and  by  the  introduction,  at  proper 
places,  of  fourteen,  of  the  most  important  "cities  of  the  United  States: 
among  which,  New  York  and  New  Orleans  are  most  Conspicuous,  and 
upon  a  larger  scale.  Boston,  Philadelphia.  Baltimore,  Washington,  and 
Charleston,  are  very  accurately  represented,  and  beautifully  engraved,  as 
is  the  case  with  all  the  rest,  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  St.  Louis,  Sic.,  &c. 
These  views,  it  seems  to  us,  are  worth  half  the  price  of  the  whole  work, 
as  specimens  of  our  rapid  improvement  in  the  arts.  However,  it  is  to  the 
utilitarian  portion  of  the  map,  that  we  wish  particularly  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public.  In  this  respect,  it  is  invaluable." 

New  York.  Courier  and  Enquirer. 

"This  noble  map  is  six  feet  by  seven,  projected  on  a  scale  of  twenty-four 
miles  to  the  inch,  and  is  certified  on  the  map  by  Mr.  Sieiger,  the  principal 
Clerk  of  Survevs  at  Washington,  that  it  embraces  all  surveys  made  by  the 
United  Slates,  "from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  American  Desert,  or  to  the 
32d  degree  of  west  longitude.  It  would  seem  to  be  authority  on  all  boun- 
dary. <jiiesi  ions,  from  national  to  township  lines.  This  map  is  particularly 
valuable  for  i's  correctness  in  regard  to  the  Western  and  Southern  States 
and  Tern  ories.  The  base,  meridian,  and  townshin  lines  of  the  United 
States  surveys  are  given;  and  those  owning  lands  in  any  part  of  our 
country,  willi  the  map  before  them,  may  put  their  finger  upon  any  section, 
and  see  '  he  s:  reams,  lakes,  swamps,  £c.,  portrayed  from  act  ual  survey.  Tn 
addition  to  vhe  United  Stales,  the  map  contains  a  representation  of  the 
Canadas.  and  North  and  Central  America,  a  desirable  improvement  upon 
the  slri.i'.r.vy  outlines  heretofore  given.  The  countries  set  ^part.  by  the 
United  Sr;iii-s  lor  the  use  of  the  dufercnt  Indian  tribes,  aiid  their  names, 
are  also  given.  As  a  work  of  art,  this  map  is  uni|ues'ion.ii)ly  a  high 
achieve,  ifiit  It  is  wholly  engraved  on  steel,  is  splendidly  bordered  by 
scroll-work,  with  the  introduction,  at  proper  places,  of  viguet'es  of  cities 
among  w:iich  New  Orleans  and  New  York  are  most  e  -nsnicuous.  and 
embraces;  a  line  view  of  our  National  and  State  emblems." 

New  Orleans  Commercial  Bulletin 


6  PUBLISHED    BY    J.    H.    C  O  L  T  O  N  . 

MAP  OF  THE  UNiTED  STATES, 

THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES.  MEXICO.  THE  WEST  INDIES,  AND 

CENTRAL  AMERICA,  WITH  PARTS  OF  NEW 

GRENADA  AND  VENEZUELA, 

Exhibiting  the  country  from   the  Atlantic   to  the  Pacific, 
and   from   50°   N.   lat.   to   the  Isthmus   of  Panama  and 
the  Oronoco  river.    2  sheets.    Size,  45  by  3(5  indies. 
Price,  mounted,  $2  50;   in  cases,  $1  50. 

The  vast  extent  of  country  embraced  in  this  map,  and  the  importance 
of  the  territories  portrayed,  render  it  one  of  the  most  useful  to  the  mer- 
chant and  all  others  connected  with  or  interested  in  the  onward  pro- 
gress of  the  United  States.  It  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  present  times, 
showing,  as  it  does,  the  whole  sphere  of  American  steam  navigation  on 
both  sides  of  the  continent,  and  giving  the  best  delineations  extant  of 
our  new  territories  on  the  Pacific.  All  the  railroads  and  canals  are  laid 
down  with  accuracy.  There  is  also  appended  to  the  map  a  diagram  of 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  in  reference  to  steam  communication  between  Eu- 
rope and  America;  and  a  detailed  plan  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  show- 
ing the  several  lines  of  inter-oceanic  intercourse.  The  map  is  engraved 
on  steel  and  highly  embellished. 


THE  STATE  OF  ARKANSAS, 
COLTON'S  NEW  TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF  ARKANSAS. 
Compiled  from  the  United  States  Surveys,  and  other  au- 
thentic sources.    By  D.  F.  Shall.    Size,  30  by  35  inches. 
Price,  mounted,  $3  00;  pocket,  $1  00. 
This  is  the  best  map  of  this  state  published— its  correctness  being  cer- 
tified by  various  government  and  state  officers. 


MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 
WIM  PAPxTS  OE  THE  ADJACENT  COUNTRY, 
Embracing  plans  of  the  principal  cities  and  some  of  the 
larger  villages.     By  David  II.  Burr.     6  sheets.    Size, 
60  by  50  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $5  00. 

This  is  the  largest  and  best  map  of  the  state  in  the  market,  and  ex- 
hibits accurately  all  the  county  and  township  lines;  all  internal  im- 
provements, and  the  position  of  cities,  villages,  &c.  A  new  edition, 
embracing  all  the  alterations  made  by  the  state  legislature,  is  issued  as 
•arly  as  possible  after  the  close  of  each  session  annually,  so  that  the 
public  may  rely  on  its  completeness  at  the  date  of  issue. 

i* 


MAPS,  CHARTS,  BOOKS,  ETC-1.      7 

MAP  OF  THE  STATES  OF  NEW  ENGLAND  AND  N,  YORK, 

With  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  the  Canadas, 
«fee.,  showing  the  railroads,  canals,  and  stage-roads, 
with  distances  from  place  to  place.  1  sheet.  Size,  30 
by  23  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $1  25. 

This  is  an  exceedingly  minute  and  correct  map,  having  been  compiled 
with  great  care  and  a  strict  adherence  to  actual  survey. 


MAP   OF  THE   COUNTRY  33   MILES  AROUND 
THE  CITY  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Compiled  from  the  maps  of  the  United  States'  Coast 
Survey  and  other  authorities.  1  sheet.  Size,  29  by 
36  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50 ;    in  cases,  $0  75. 


MAP  OF  LONG  ISLAND, 

the  environs  of  the  city  of  New  York  and  the 
southern  part  of  Connecticut.  By  J.  Calvin  Smith* 
4  sheets.  Size,  60  by  42  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $4  00. 


TRAVELER'S  MAP  OF  LONG  ISLAND, 

Price,  in  cases,  $0  38. 

A  neat  pocket  map  for  duck-shooters  and  other  sportsmen. 


MAP  OF  THE  CITY  AND  COUNTY  OF  NEW  YORK, 

Brooklyn,  Williamsburg,  Jersey  City,  and   the   adjacent 
waters.    3  sheets.    Size,  56  by  32  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $3  00, 

The  Commissioners'  Purvey  is  the  basis  of  this  map.    The  improve- 
accurately  laid  down:  and  to  make  the  wmkmoro 


mentis  have  beei 
valuable,  maps  c 


exertion  has  beet 
city  and  neighbor 
ought  tc  seciu-3 


the  vicinity  of  New  York,  of  the  Hudson  river,  and 


of  the  cities  of  1  oston  and  Philadelphia,  have  been  append*  1.  No 
spared  to  keep  the  work  up  with  the  progress  ')t  the 
lood.  The  exceedingly  low  price  at  which  it.  is  iw«ood 


it  a  lanre  circulation. 


PUBLISHED     BY    J.     H.     COITON. 


MAP  OF  THE  CITY  OF  MEW  YORK, 

Together  with  Brooklyn,  Williamsburg\  Grecnpoint, 
Jersey  City,  lloboken,  &<•.,  exhibiting  a  plan  of  the 
port  of  New  York,  with  its  islands,  sandbanks,  rocks, 
mid  the  soundings  in  feet.  1  sheet.  Size,  32  by  20 
inches.  Trice,  mounted,  £1  50;  in  cases,  $6  50. 


MAP  OF  THE  CITY  OF  BROOKLYN, 

As  consolidated  by  an  act  of  f  lie  r,egi*latiire  of  the 
Stale  of  New  York,  mndc  from  actual  surveys—- 
the  farm-lines  a:td  names  of  original  cwners  be- 
ing accurately  drawn  from  the  Official  Maps  of 
the  Commissioners.  4  SEiects.  Size,  43  by  56 
inches.  Price,  mounted,  $5  OO. 


SECTIONAL  MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS, 

Compiled  from  the  United  States'  surveys.  Also  exhibit- 
ing the  internal  improvements ;  distances  between 
towns,  villages,  and  post-ollices  ;  outlines  of  prairies, 
woodlands,  marshes,  and  lands  donated  by  the  Gene- 
ral Government  for  the  purposes  of  internal  improve- 
ments. By  J.  31.  Peck,  lohii  Messenger,  and  A.  J. 
Dlathewwcn.  2  sheets.  Size,  43  by  32  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  §2  50;   in  cases,  $1  50. 
The  largest,  most  accurate,  and  only  reliable  map  of  Illinois  extant. 


MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA, 

Compiled  from  the  United  States'  Surveys  by  S.  D. 
King.  Exhibiting  the  sections  and  fractional  set  turns, 
situation  and  boundaries  of  counties,  the  location  of 
cities,  villages,  and  post-offices — canals,  railroads,  and 
other  internal  improvements,  «fcc.,  &c.  6  sheets.  Size, 
66  by  48  inches.  Pricey  mounted,  $«>  00. 

The  only  large  and  accurate  map  of  Indiana  ever  issued,  and  one 
that  every  land-owner  and  speculator  will  find  indispensably  necessary 
to  a  full  understanding  of  the  topography  of  the  country,  mid  the  im- 
provements which  have  been  completed,  and  those  which  are  now  in 
progress.  It  ia  handsomely  engraved  and  embellished. 


MAPS,    CHARTS,    BOOKS,    ETC.,  9 

MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA, 

Compiled  from  the  United  States'  surveys.  Exhibiting 
the  sections  and  fractional  sections,  situation  and 
boundaries  of  counties,  the  location  of  cities,  villages, 
and  post-offices— canals,  railroads,  and  other  internal 
improvements,  &c.,  &c.  %  sheets*  Size,  43  by  32 
inches.  Price,  mounted,  $3  00. 

This  map  is  a  reduction  from  the  large  work,  and  contains  equally 
with  that  important  publication  all 'the  essential  features  of  the  state 
and  the  improvements  that  have  been  effected.  It  is  suitable  for  an 
office  or  house  map. 


A  NEW  MAP  OF  INDIANA, 

Reduced  from  the  large  map.  Exhibiting  the  boundaries 
of  counties ;  township  surveys  ;  location  of  cities,  towns, 
villages,  and  post-offices—canals,  railroads,  and  other 
internal  improvements,  &c.  1  sheet.  Size,  17  by  14 
inches.  Price,  in  cases,  $0  38. 


MAP  OF  MICHIGAN, 

Map  of  the  surveyed  part  of  the  State  of  Michigan.    By 
Jolin  Farmer.    1  sheet.     Size,  35   by   25  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $2  00;    in  cases,  $1  50* 


%     MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES, 

Viz.:  Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Iowa, 
and  Wisconsin,  and  the  Territory  of  Minesota,  show- 
ing the  township  lines  of  the  United  States'  Surveys, 
location  of  cities,  towns,  villages,  post-hamlets — canals, 
railroads,  and  stage-roads.  By  J.  Calvin  Smith.  1 
sheet.  Size,  28  by  24  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  25. 


MAP  OF  KENTUCKY  AND  TENNESSEE; 

Exhibiting  the  railroads,  post  roads,  &c.    1  sheet.    Size 
25  by  17  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1 .25 ;  and  in  cases,  $0.50. 


10  PUBLISHED     BY     J.     H.      SQLTON. 

STREAM  OF   TIME, 

Or  Chart  of  Universal  History.    From  the  original 
man    of   Strauss.      Revised    and    continued    by    R.       « 
Fisher,  M.  D.     Size,  43  by  32  inches. 

Trice,  mounted,  $3  00. 

An  invaluable  companion  to  every  student  oi'  History. 

MAP  OF  THE  CITY  Af\D  COUNTY  OF  I\!EW  YORK, 

With  parts  of  Brooklyn,  Williamsbiirgh  nml  Green  Point, 
and  of  Jersey  City,  Hob«ken5  Are.  1'onip'led  I'rom  the 
latest  Surveys,  &c.  1  Sheet.  Size  .'52  by  2O  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50;  incases,  $0  50. 

This  map  exhibits  that  portion  of  the  city  below  87th  street  on  a 
large  and  uniform  scale;  the  portion  north  of  that  street  is  exhibited 
on  a  smaller  scale,  but  is  distinct  and  complete,  being  engraved  on 
Steel.  The  ward  lines,  lire  limits.  Ac.,  are  laid  down  with  accuracy, 
and  in  every  respect  the  map  is  well  suited  either  for  the  office  or  pocket 


.     PORTRAITS  OF  THE  PRESIDENTS, 

And  Declaration  of  Independence.    1  sheet.    Size,  42  by 
31  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $1  50. 


NEW  MAP  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA, 

From  the  most  recent  and  authentic  sources  ;  showing 
the  lines  of  communication  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  oceans.  One  sheet.  Price,  in  cases,  $0  50* 


MOUNTAINS  AND  RIVERS, 

A  combined  view  of  the  principal  mountains  and  rivers 
fn  the  world,  with  tables  showing  their  relative  heights 
and  lengths.  1  sheet.  Size,  32  by  25  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50. 


A  CHART  OF  NATIONAL  FLAGS, 

Each    represented    in    its   appropriate   colors.    1   shret* 
Sia-e,  28  by  22  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $1  50. 


MAPS,    CHARTS,    BOOKS,    ETC.,  11 

AN  ILLUSTRATED  MAP  OF  HUMAN  LIFE, 

Deduced  from  passages  of  Sacred  Writ.     1  sheet.    Size* 
25  by  20  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $0  75. 


MAP  OF  PALESTINE, 

From  the  latest  authorities:  chiefly  from  the  maps  and 
drawings  of  Robinson  &  Smith,  with  corrections  and 
additions  furnished  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  E."  Robinson,  and 
with  plans  of  Jerusalem  and  of  the  journeyings  of  the 
Israelites.  4  sheets.  Size,  80  by  62  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  §6  00. 

This  large  and  elegant  map  of  the  Holy  Land  is  intended  for  the  Sun- 
day-school and  Lecture-room.  It  is  boldly  executui,  and  lettered  in 
large  type,  which  may  be  read  at  a  great  distance.  Both  the  ancient 
and  modern  names  of  places  are  given. 


MAP  OF  PALESTINE, 

From  the  latest  authorities :  chiefly  from  the  maps  and 
drawings  of  Robinson  &  Smith,  with  corrections  and 
additions  furnished  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  £.  Robinson.  2 
sheets.  Size,  43  by  32  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $2  50. 

This  map  is  elegantly  engraved  on  steel,  and  is  peculiarly  adapted  to 
family  use  and  the  use'  of  theological  students.  It  contain*  every  place 
noted  on  the  larger  map.  the  only  difference  being  in  the  settle  on  which 
it  is  drawn.  While  the  large  map  is  well  suited  tor  a  school  or  lecture- 
room,  this  is  more  convenient  for  family  use  and  private  study.  Plana 
of  Jerusalem  and  the  vicinity  of  .Jerusalem  are  attached.  The  religious 
and  secular  press  throughout  the  country  has  expressed  a  decided 
preference  for  this  map  of  Professor  Robinson  over  all  others  thai  have 
ever  beeii  issued. 


MAP  OF  EGYPT, 

The  Peninsula  of  Mount  Sinai,  Arabia  Pemta,  with  the 
southern  part  of  Palestine.  Compiled  from  the  latest 
authorities.  Showing  the  journeyings  of  the  children 
of  Israel  from  Egypt  to  the  Holy  Land.  1  sheet. 
Size,  32  by  25  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $1  50. 

An  excellent  aid  to  the  Bible  student. 


12          PUBLISHED    BY    J.    H.     COLTON. 


NEW  TESTAMENT  MAP, 

A  map  of  the  countries  mentioned  in  the  New  Testament 
and  of  the  travels  of  the  Apostles— with  ancient  and  mod- 
ern names,  from  the  most  authentic  sources.  1  sheet. 
Size,  32  by  25  inches.  Price,  mounted,  $1  25. 

"  Its  size,  finish,  distinctness,  fullness,  and  accuracy,  make  it  very  ele- 
gant and  useful.  Sabbath-school  teachers  and  private  Christians,  as 
well  as  theological  students,  may  esteem  and  use  it  with  great  advan- 
tage. *  *  *  I  own  and  value."  Samuel  H.  Coz,  D.  D. 

"  On  a  scale  neither  too  large  to  be  unwieldy,  nor  yet  too  small  to  bo 
accurate,  it  presents  at  a  single  view,  with  great  distinctness,  the  scenes 
of  the  striking  events  of  the  New  Testament,  and  cannot  fail  to  give  to 
those  events  a  greater  clearness,  and  by  presenting  so  plainly  their  lo- 
calities to  throw  over  them  new  interest.  *  *  *  *  *  ft  seems  to 
have  been  drawn  in  accordance  with  the  best  authorities." 

Erskine  Mason,  D,  D. 

"  Valuable  for  accuracy,  beauty,  and  cheapness.  Having  both  the 
ancient  and  modern  names  of  places,  and  being  of  portable  size,  it 
would  appear  happily  adapted  for  the  use  of  Sabbath-school  teachers." 

William  R.  Williams,  D.  D. 

"  I  have  been  much  pleased  with  the  apparent  accuracy,  f;M  the 
beautiful  execution  of  a  map  of  the  countries  mentioned  in  the  New 
Testament,  published  by  Mr.  Colton,  and  think  it  adapted  to  be  useful.'* 

Stephen  H.  Tyng,  D.  D. 


GUIDE-BOOK  THROUGH  THE  UNITED  STATES,  &o, 

Travelers'  and  Tourists'  Guide-Book  through  the  United 
States  of  America  and  the  Canadas.  Containing  the 
routes  and  distances  on  all  the  great  lines  of  travel  by 
railroads,  canals,  stage-roads,  and  steamboats,  togeth- 
er with  descriptions  of  the  several  states,  and  the 
principal  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  in  each — accom- 
panied with  a  large  and  accurate  map. 

Price,  $1.00. 


ROUTE-BOOK  THROUGH  THE  UNITED  STATES,  8<c, 

Travelers'  and  Tourists'  Route-Book  through  the  United 
States  of  America  and  the  Canadas.  Containing  the 
routes  and  distances  on  all  the  great  lines  of  travel  by 
railroads,  stage-roads,  canals,  rivers,  and  lakes,  &c.— 
accompanied  with  a  large  and  accurate  map. 

Price,  $0.75. 


MAPS,    CHARTS,    BOOKS,    ETC.  13 

MAP  OF  NEW  ENGLAND, 

With  portions  of  the  State  of  New  York  and  the  British 
Provinces.    4  sheets.    Size,  64  by  56. 

Price,  mounted— colored  in  counties,  $5.00. 
"  "          colored  in  towns,       $(i.00« 

This  is  a  magnificent  map,  engraved  on  steel,  and  exhibits  the  state 
county,  and  town  lines;  all  the  railroads,  and  other  internal  improve- 
ments, and  the  general  geography  of  the  country— the,  whole  on  a  larger 
scale  than  has  ever  been  published  before.  It  has  also  appended  to  it  a 
separate  map  of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia. 


EDDY'S  MAP  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

Approved  and  declared  to  be  the  Official  Map  of  the  State 
by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  March  25,  1853. 
Compiled  by  Williani  31.  Edd  y,  State  Surveyor  General. 
%  Sheets.  Size  53  by  46  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $5  00  ;  in  cases,  S3  00. 

AUTHORITIES.— The  coast  line  from  San  Diego  to  Oregon  and  the 
Harbors,  Bays  and  Islands,  are  from  data  furnished  from*  the  U.  S 
Coast  Survey  Office  at  Washington,  and  includes  the  work  of  1852. 

The  Salinas  and  Tulare  Valleys,  the  northern  portion  of  the  State 
embraced  in  part  of  «6iskiyou  and  Shasta  c6unties,  the  Colorado  Kiver, 
and  that  portion  of  Oregon  shown  on  the  map.  are  from  Surveys  and 
Eeconnoissances  of  the  U.  S.  Topographical  Engineers. 

The  counties  of  Memlocino,  Trinity,  and  Klainath,  are  from  the  map 
of  George  Gibbs,*Esq.  - 

The  country  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Gila,  is  from  the  map  of  the 
Boundary  Commissioners. 

The  remaining  portion  of  the  State  is  from  maps  and  sketches 
made  by  the  Surveyor  General,  County  and  other  surveyors,  and  from, 
astronomical  observations  under  the  superintendence  of  the  Surveyor 
General,  and  verifications  from  the  U.  S.  Land  Surveys. 

The  Mono  country  is  from  a  sketch  made  by  the  discoverers,  Lieuta 
T.  Moore  and  N.  H.  McLean,  U.  S.  Army. 

WM.  M.  EDDY,  State  Surveyor  General. 
SAN  FSANCISCO,  March  31st,  1853. 

NEBRASKA  AND  KANSAS, 

New  map  of  rVebramltn  and  Kansas,  exhibiting  the 
routes,  settlements,  etc.     1   Mltect. 

Price,  $O  3S  ;  in  cases,  $O  5O. 


I 

14          PUBLISHED    BY    J.    H.    OOLTOK. 

THE  WESTERN  TOURIST, 

And  Emigrant's  Guide  through  the  strifes  of  Ohio,  Mich* 
igan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Wiscon- 
sin, and  the  territories  of  Minesota,  Missouri,  and 
Nebraska,  being  an  accurate  and  concise  description 
of  each  state  and  territory  ;  and  containing  the  routes 
and  distances  on  the  great  lines  of  travel—accompanied 
with  a  large  and  minute  map,  exhibiting  the  township 
lines  of  the  United  States'  surveys,  the  boundaries  of 
counties,  an«l  the  position  of  cities,  villages,  and  set- 
tlements, &c.  Pirice,  $0  75. 


THE  BOOK  OF  THE  WORLD; 

Being  an  account  of  all  Republics,  Empires,  Kingdoms, 
and  Nations,  in  reference  to  their  geography,  statistics, 
commerce,  &c.,  together  with  a  brief  historical  outline 
of  their  rise,  progress,  and  present  condition,  tfcc.,  «fcc« 
By  Richard  8.  Fished,  M.  D.  In  two  volumes,  pp.  632- 
7*27.  ^Illustrated  with  maps  and  charts.) 

Price,  $5  00. 

A  CHRONOLOGICAL  VIEW  OF  THE  WORLD, 

Exhibiting  the  leading  events  of  Universal  History;  the 
origin  and  progress  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  «fcc.  j 
collected  chiefly  frojtn  the  article  "  Chronology"  in  the 
new  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia,  edited  by  Sir  David 
Brewster,  LL..  I).,  F.  R.  8.,  <fcc. ;  with  an  enlarged 
view  of  important  events,  particularly  in  regard  to 
American  History,  and  a  continuation  to  the  present 
time,  by  Daniel  Haskell,  A.  M.,  American  Editor  of 
UlcCulloch's  Universal  Gazetteer,  «fcc.  12mo.  pp.  267. 

JPi-ice,  $0  75 

MAP  OF  THE  TERRITORY  OF  MINESOTA, 

Exhibiting  the  Official  Surveys.  Compiled'by  T.  Knauer. 
Civil  Engineer,  «fcc.  Scale,  6  miles  to  the  inch.  Size$ 
32  by  30  incheju 

Price,  mounted,  $2  00;  in  cases,  $J  GO. 

This  map  contains  all  the  recent  surveys  made  in  the  Territory  by  the 
United  States'  Surveyors,  and  exhibits  with  accuracy  the  base  and"  me- 
ridian line?  ,  the  county,  township,  and  section  .lines,  and  the  reneral 
topography  of  the  country,  until  now  so  little  known.  It  is  the  only 
authentic  map  of  the  Territory  ever  published,  and  will  be  invaluable 
alike  to  the  emigrant  the  speculator,  and  the  traveler. 


MAPS,    CHARTS,     BOOKS,;- ETC.  15 

PLAN  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK  IN  NORTH  AMERICA, 

SURVEYED  IN  THE  YEARS  1766  AND  1767. 
To  His  Excellency  Sir  Henry  Moore,  Bart.,  Captain* 
General  and  Governor-in-Chief  in  and  over  His  Ma- 
jesty's Province  of  New  York  and  the  Territories  de- 
pending thereon  in  America,  Chancellor  and  Vice- 
Admiral  of  the  Same,  this  Plan  of  the  City  of  New 
York  and  its  Environs,  Surveyed  and  '.Laid  Down,  is 
Most  Humbly  Dedicated  by  His  Excellency's  Most 
Obed.  Humble  Servant, 

B.  RATZER, 

Lieut,  in  His  Majesty's  60th  or  Royal  American  Regt. 
2  sheets.    Size,  44  by  40  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $5  00. 

The  value  of  the  above  map  in  legal  cases  is  sufficiently  attested  by  the 
the  fact  that  the  subscription  list  comprises  th$"names  of  all  the  most 
eminent  surveyors  and  lawyers  in  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 

THE  STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA, 

MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA, 

Compiled  from  Railroad,  Coast,  and  State  Surveys.    By 

G.   E.   Walker   and  J.    Johnson,   Civil    Engineers.     4 

sheets.    Size,  73  by  57  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $10  00. 

This  map  has  been  compiled  under  the  authority  of  the  Legislature  of 
the  State  of  South  Carolina,  and  is  the  only  map  of  the  State  which,  for 
accuracy  of  delineation  and  minutiae  of  detail,  can  claim  to  be  reliable. 
It  embraces  all  the  surveys  made  by  or  under  authority  of  the  local 
government,  the  surveys  of  the  most  eminent  civil  engineers  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  several  railroad  companies,  and  the  results  of  the  United  States' 
Coast  Survey;  and  for  the  authenticity  of  its  material,  and  the  general 
correctness  of  its  topographical  illustrations,  the  reputation  of  two  of  the 
most  widely  known  and  esteemed  engineers  of  the  State  is  responsible. 
Such  guarantees  for  the  perfection  of  a  state  map  were  never  before 
afforded  to  the  public.  The  map,  in  point  of  minuteness,  stands  un- 
equalled: it  exhibits  the  lines  of  all  existing  ra'ilroads.  all  railroads  in 
Srogress,  and  those  also  which  are  projected,  the  whole  system  of  post  and 
istrict  roads,  and  all  other  internal  improvements  ;  the  situation  of  cities, 
towns,  villages,  post-offices,  and  the  great  multiplicity  of  other  objects 
usually'found  on  the  best  and  most  elaborate  maps  ;  and  in  point  of  execu- 
tion, its. artist  ical  merits  are  such  as  to  challenge  the  admiration  of  all 
whose  opinion  is  worth  recording.  The  large  scale  adopted  by  the  authors, 
the  distinctness  with  which  its  great  natural  features  are  depicted,  ana 
the  truthfulness  of  its  geographical  context,  adapt  it  peculiarly  to  the 
wants  of  all  interested  in  commerce,  internal  trade,  and  general  busi- 
ness within  the  State ;  and  to  surveyors  and  engineers  it  must  supply 
much  that  is  new,  important,  and  valuable  to  facilitate  their  labors  in  the 
field  as  well  as  in  the  office.  No  resident,  indeed,  at  all  interested  in  the 
progress  of  the  State,  can  well  do  without  this  map.  which  so  faithfully 
reflects  the  actual  condition  of  the  country  with  which  he  is  identified. 


16          PUBLISHED    BY    J.    H.    COLTON. 

COLTON'S  OUTLINE  MAPS, 

ADAPTED  TO  THE  USE  OF 

PRIMARY,   GRAMMAR,   AND  HIGH  SCHOOLS. 


This  new  and  valuable  Series  of  Outline  Maps  comprises — 

A  Map  of  the  World,  in  two  hemispheres,  each  80 
inches  in  diameter,  and  separately  mounted. 

A  Map  of  the  United  States,  80  by  62  inches. 

A  Map  of  Europe,  80  by  62  inches,  on  the  same  plan 
with  that  of  the  United  States,  will  complete  the  series, 

THE  MAPS  OF  THE  WORLD 

Are  nearly  quadruple  the  size  of  any  others  now  in  use,  and  exhibit 
the  different  portions  of  the  Earth's  surface  in  bold  and  vivid  out- 
line, which  makes  them  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  plainly  seen  and 
studied  from  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  largest  school-room.  They 
exhibit  the  physical  features  of  the  World,  and  also  give  an  aceurate 
view  of  its  political  divisions,  showing  the  relative  size  of  each,  with 
their  natural  and  conventional  boundaries.  In  the  corners  of  each 
map  there  are  diagrams  which  exhibit  the  elements  of  physical  geogra- 
phy, as  the  parallels,  meridians,  zones,  and  climates—- the  latter  by 
isothormal  lines.  There  are  also  appended  two  separate  hemispheres, 
exhibiting  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans  complete,  -tc.,  forming  in  all 
eight  different  diagrams,  illustrative  of  the  primary  elements  of  the 
science.  These  appendices  will  greatly  assist  the  teacher  in  his  eluci- 
dations, and  make  tangible  to  the  scholar  the  basis  of  geographical 
mechanism. 

THE  MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Exhibits  the  entire .  territory  of  the  Union  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  Oceans,  and  also  the  greater  portion  of  the  British  Possessions  in 
the  North,  and  the  whole  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  with  part  o* 
the  West  Indies,  in  the  South.  It  has  also  appended  to  it  a  MAP  OF 
THE  NEW-ENGLAND  STATES,  on  a  larger  scale.  The  physical 
and  political  geography  of  this  interesting  region  is  minutely  detailed. 
The  localities  of  the  cities,  and  important  towns,  ports,  and  harbors 
are  denoted  by  points,  and  the  map  generally  has  been  constructed  on 
the  most  approved  principles,  under  the  supervision  and  advice  of 
several  competent  and  experienced  teachers. 

The  Price  of  these  Maps  is  $5  each 


MAPS,     CJI  ARTS,     BOOKS,     ETC.  17 

UNIFORM  SERIES  OF  TOWNSHIP -MAPS, 

COLTON'S  NEW  MAP  OF  MISSOURI,  compiled  from  the 
United  States'  Surveys  and  other  authentic  sources.  Scale,  15 
miles  to  the  inch.  Size,  32  by  29  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50;  in  cases,  $0  75. 


COLTON'S  RAILROAD  AND  TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF  THE 
STATE  OF  OHIO,  compiled  from  the  United  States  Surveys,  &c. 
Scale,  12  miles  to  the  inch.  Size,  32  by  29  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50 ;  in  cases,  $0  75. 


COLTON'S  TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  WIS- 
CONSIN, compiled  from  the  United  States'  Surveys  and  other 
authentic  sources.  Scale,  15  miles  to  the  inch.  Size,  32  by  29 
inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50 ;  in  cases,  $0  75. 


COLTON'S  TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  IOWA, 
compiled  from  the  United  States1  Surveys  and  other  authentic 
eources.  Scale,  14  miles  to  the  inch.  Size,  32  by  29  indies. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50;  in  cases,  $0  75. 


COLTON'S  RAILROAD  AND  TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF  THE 
STATE  OF  NEW  YORK,  with  parts  of  the  adjoining  States  and 
Canadas.  Scale,  15  miles  to  the  inch.  Size.  32  by  29  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50 ;  in  cases,  $0  75. 

COLTON'S  NEW  RAILROAD  AND  TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF 
THE  S'TATES  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  AND  VERMONT, 
compiled  from  the  most  recent  and  authentic  sources.  Scale,  9  miles 
to  the  inch.  Size,  32  by  29  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50 ;  in  cases,  $0  75. 


COLTON'S  NEW  RAILROAD  AND  TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF 
THE  STATES  OF  MASSACHUSETTS,  RHODE  ISLAND, 
AND  CONNECTICUT,  compiled  from  the  United  States'  Coast 
Survey  and  other  accurate  and  authentic  sources.  Scale,  9  miles  to 
the  inch.  Size,  32  by  29  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $1  50 ;  in  cases,  $0  75. 


The  above  scrips  is  the  most  accurate  and  detailed  of  any  published, 
and  in  all  that  relates  to  railroads  and  other  internal  improvements, 
is  complete  to  the  date  of  publication.. 


16  PUBLISHED     BY    J.    H.    COLTON. 

IVfAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  KENTUCKY, 

Carefully  compile*!!  from  the  iisowl  anttheEitic  origi- 
nal map*,  <h><  fitisriit.s,  mat!  miscellaneous  iufor- 
matioti.  85y  fridmiiird  I?.  I,<ee,  C'ivil  HiRifijiueer. 
6  wheels.  Size,  7«  by  48  is  che«. 

E»t- ice,  mounted,  SO  OO. 

TL is  is  the  largest  and  most  detailed  map  of  the  prosperous  State  of 
Kentucky  *  ver  published,  and  the  production  of  one  of  the  most  ac- 
comp;i.sh'jd  civil  engineers  of  the  Union.  It  contains  the  minute  topog- 
raphy of  the  Srat'j  ;  the  location  of  all  cities,  towns,  villages,  and  post- 
omVes :  tiie.  rniiro.-ids  and  othi-r  lines  of  travel,  with  the  distances 
between  places;  the  boundaries  of  counties;  geological  diagrams, 
ek- vatiohs,  etc.,  and  statistical  tallies  of  agriculture,  popnlntion.  etc. 
It  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  all  interested" in  the  actual 
condition  of  the  State,  its  internal  improvements  and  general  condi- 
tion; and  D.S  an  accurate  and  reliable  map  has  no  competitor. 


MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA, 

Compiled  from  official  mid  authentic  sources.  By 
Wiai.  Cr.  ISoiizKev,  Civil  IKiigiiieer.  ]  t-theet.  8ize, 
%G  by  19  iucheo.  l»rice,  iiiea«es.$4>  75. 

This  map  is  a  reduction  of  the,  large  m;ip  of  Georgia  by  the  same 
author,  m\'\  contains  all  the  peculiar  features — detail,  aeoiir.-ic.y,  and 
beauty — of  she  original.  K<>a<ls  of  all  descriptions,  the  proper  location 
of  towns,  the  county  lines,  including  those  of  the  thirteen  new  coun- 
ties erected  in  isr>4.  are  l.-dd  down  ;  and  the  State  throughout  is  repre- 
sented faithfulh  as  it  exists  at  the  present  time.  The  traveler  will  find 
this  map  to  be  a  true  guide  to  the  localities  he  may  wish  to  visit. 


THE  EUROPEAN  BATTLE  FIELDS, 

]?Iap  of  3C  » rope;  together  with  a  Iiurjje  plan  of  the 
J!£latrl%  Nea  iiiad  :t  11  ti bi;«  a  {Provinces.  1  t«8ieet. 
Size,  SO  by  34  iiicBie*. 

Price,  mouaitod,  ^  |    35  .   in  ea.nes,  $O  5O  ; 
isi  etheetM,  ^O   37 

This  map  has  been  provided  with  the  view  of  exhibiting  the  progress 
of  the  Kus.-s.i-Turkish  war.  It  contains  a  l:ir<re  aniountof  information, 
and  wilj  b«  found  beth^r  adapted  to  its  special  object  than  any  other 
that  has  been  published. 


MAPS,  CHARTS,  BOOKS,  ETC. 


19 


MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES; 

Viz.,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Mis* 
souri,  Iowa,  and  the  Territories,  exhibiting  the  base, 
meridian,  and  township  lines  of  the  United  States  sur- 
veys; the  lines  of  the  counties;  the  general  geography 
of  the  country;  the  railroads,  canals,  and  other  roads; 
the  location  of  cities,  villages,  and  post-offices,  etc.,  etc.s 
compiled  from  the  most  recent  and  accurate  sources* 
Engraved  on  steel.  Size,  48  by  36  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $3.00;  and  in  portable  form,  $1.50. 

This  Map  of  the  Western  States  is  the  largest,  most  accurate,  and,  at  the 
came  time,  the  most  convenient  thai  has  hitherto  been  published.  It  em 
braces  the  threat  features  of  the  country,  and  exhibits,  at  one  view,  the 
oe&riiijr  and  importance  of  its  relative  parts.  No  one  interested  in  the  de 
velt/pment  of  the  West  can  well  dispense  with  so  elaborate  a  portraiture 
of  its  surface  ;  and  it  will  be  equally  interacting  and  useful  for  counting- 
aou.se  reference  as  it  must  be  for  the  trader,  traveler,  immigrant,  or 
resident,  for  which  classes  of  our  citizens  it  has  been  especially  designed. 
In  compiling;  this  great  work,  it  has  been  a  chief  object  to  have  all  the 
lines  of  travel,  by  railroad,  canal,  or  otherwise,  laid  down  accurately,  and, 
in  furtherance  of  this  object,  the  assistance  of  the  engineers  of  the  several 
works  has  been  obtained,  and  the  lines  have  been  traced  from  the  original 
surveys  by  the  surveyors  of  each  respectively.  In  this  respect,  no  formei 
map  of  the  West  has  unv  pretence  to  accuracy,  and  hence  this  publication 
claims  preference  with  those  who  desire  to  acquaint  themselves  thoroughly 
with  the  country  delineated,  arid  its  means  ot  intercommunication. 


NEW  SERIES  OF  MAPS  FOR  TRAVELERS, 


Alabama, 

cts. 
88 

cts. 
Lake  Superior,       38 

cts. 

New  Mexico  and     ' 

Arkansas, 

8s 

Louisiana,               38 

Utah,                     50 

California, 

50 

Maine,                     38 

New  York,             88 

Canada  East, 

33 

Massachusetts  and 

North  Carolina,     88 

Canada  West, 

88 

Rhode  Island,     38 

Ohio,                        88 

Central  America, 

50 

Mexico,                    50 

Oregon  and  Wash- 

Connecticut, 

38 

Michigan,  North,  38 

ington  Ter.,         50 

Delaware  and 

Michigan,  South,  88 

Pennsylvania,         88 

Maryland, 

38 

Minesota,                38   Rhode  Island,         38 

Florida, 
Georgia, 

38 

38 

Mississippi,            33  :  South  Carolina,      88 
Missouri,                 38    Texas,                       38 

Illinois, 

38 

New  Brunswick,        j  Vermont,                 88 

Indiana, 

38 

NovaScotia,  &c.  38  'Virginia,                   88 

Iowa, 

3S 

New  Hampshire,   88  '  West  Indies,           50 

Kentucky  and 

New  Jersey,           8S  j  Wisconsin,             38 

Tennessee, 

38 

i 

20  PUBLISHED     BY     J.     H.     COLTON. 

MAP  OF  THE  REPUBLIC  OF  MEXICO, 

Compiled  from  official  and  other  authentic  sources  i  to 
which  is  appended  a  corner  map  of  the  Stales  of 
Central  America.  1  sheet.  Size,  4i*J  by  32  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $2  00;   in  cases,  $1  aO« 


MAP   OF   THE   COUNTRY   12  MILES   AROUND 
THE   CITY  OF   NEW   YORK, 

With  the  names  of  property-holders,  &c.,  from  an  en- 
tirely new  and  accurate  survey.  By  J.  C.  Sidney. 
2  sheets.  Size,  40  by  40  inches. 

Price,  mounted  or  in  cases,  $3  00. 

WESTERN  PORTRAITURE; 

And  Emigrants'  Guide :  a  Description  of  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  Iowa,  with  Remarks  on  Minnesota  and 
other  Territories.  By  Daniel  S.  Curtiss.  In  1  vol 
I'^ino.  pp.  360,  (illustrated  with  a  township  map.) 

Price,  $1   00. 

Actual  observation  and  great  experience  are  the  bases  of  this  work  ; 
and  in  language  and  incident  it  haa  much  to  interest.  It  treats  of  the 
"  Great  West,"  its  scenery,  its  wild  sports,  its  institutions  and  its  charac- 
teristics, material  and  economic.  In  that  portion  devoted  to  statistical 
illustration,  the  topography  of  sections  and  the  adaptation  ol  localities 
to  particular  branches  of  indusUy  occupy  a  large  space:  the  geology, 
soil,  climate,  powers  and  productions  of  each  are  considered,  and  their 
allied  interests,  their  respective  values  and  destinies,  and  their  present 
conditions,  are  accurately  described. 

N.  B.— A  German  edition  of  fhe  "Western  Portraiture" 
has  also  been  issued,  and  will  be  found  of-essential  advan- 
tage to  immigrants  from  the  *'  fatherland,"  as  it  contains 
all  the  information  necessary  for  their  gaining  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  states  to  which  German  immigration  is  chiefly 
directed,  it  contains  an  excellent  township  map. 

Price,  bound,  $0.75;  in  cover?,  $0.50* 


MAP  OF  THE  PROVINCES  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK,.  NOVA 
SCOTIA,  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND, 

And   parts    of  the   country  adjacent    thereto.     1    sheet. 
Size,  IS  by  15  inches. 

Price,  in  cases,  $0  38^ 


PUBLISHED     BY     J.     II.     COLTON.  21 


A  STATISTICAL  ACCOUNT  OF  AMERICA; 

Being  a  description  of  the  geography,  resources,  indus- 
try, institutions,  and  other  interest*}  pertaining  to  the 
several  governments  and  nations  thereof.  By  Richard  !S. 
Fisher,  M.  !>.,  author  of  the  "  Book  of  the  World,"  and 
other  statistical  works.  (Not  yet  complete.)  1  vol.  Svo. 
pp.  400.  Price,  bound,  $g.OO« 

This  elaborate  work  represents,  in  the  tangible  form  of  figures  and  de- 
scriptions, all  the  creat  interests  which  make,  and  distinguish  nations.  It 
comprises  among  its  subjects  the  geography, geology,  and  natural  resources 
of  ail  the  countries  of  North  and  South  America,  and  full  statistical  details 
of  the  population,  industry,  and  general  condition  of  each.  It  is  a  work 
which  every  American  needs—sufficiently  detailed  in  all  its  departments 
for  the  utilitarian,  and  in  its  style  and  general  character  not  too  elaborate 
for  the  college  or  school  library.  By  the  student  it  may  be  used  as  a  sequel 
to  his  geographical  studies,  and  it  is  perhaps  surpassed  by  no  other  work 
in  its  adaptation  for  the  family  circle,  a*it  combines  with  its  subjects  much 
striking  and  instructive  information  respecting-  the  original  inhabitant*, 
the  antiquities,  and  curiosities  of  the  continents  to  which  its  descriptions 
specially  refer.  No  oae,  indeed,  who  is  possessed  of  the  maps  of  America, 
ought  to  be  without  this  work,  which  so  lucidly  fills  up  the  outlines  they 
depict.  

THE  NATIONS  OF  THE  WORLD  j 

Being  a  general  description  of  nil  nations  and  countries, 
their  geography,  resources,  industry,  and  institutions; 
together  with  a  brief  history  of  thetr  rise,  progress,  and 
present  condition.  By  Richard  S.  Fisher,  31.  D.,  author 
of  the  "  Book  of  the  World,"  and  other  statistical  works. 
(Not  yet  complete.)  2  vols.  Svo.  pp.  400,  410. 

Price,  bound,  $3.50. 

This  is  a  work  of  universal  utility,  and,  from  its  accuracy  of  detail,  must 
become  a  STANDARD  in  geographical  literature.  It  contains  a  full  resume 
of  ail  the  great  interests  of  nations,  and  describes,  in  concise  language,  the 
distinguishing  features  of  the  families  of  mankind,  their  origin,  languages, 
customs,  religionSj  pursuits,  and  characters.  The  vast  amount  of  statis- 
tical information  it  contains  has  been  derived  from  the  most  recent  and 
authentic  sources— principally  from  official  documents  referring  to  the 
year  1850,  and  hence,  from  the  uniformity  of  the  statistical  series  used  in 
its  compilation,  comparison  is  more  easy,  and  the  results  more  lucidly  por- 
trayed. As  a  text-book  for  colleges  and  hi^h  schools,  or  as  a  work  of  refer- 
ence in  public  and  private  libraries,  it  is  invaluable,  and  in  many  respects 
its  superiority  as  a  "  book  for  the  people"  generally  is  too  apparent  to  bo 
mistaken.  It  is  in  fact  a  companion  to  the  Map  of  the  World.  It  describes 
where  the  map  demarks,  and  makes  apparent  to  the  mind  what  the  latter 
only  typifies  to  the  eye. 

INDIANA ; 

Its  geography,  statistics,  institutions,  county  topography, 
<fcc.:  compiled  from  official  and  other  authentic  sources. 
By  Richard  S.  Fisher,  M.  I).,  author  of  the  "  Book  of  the 
World,"  and  other  statistical  works.  With  a  sectional 
map  of  the  State.  1  vol.  .1  £1110.  pp.  128.  Price,  82.00. 


22  PUBLISH  ED     BY     J.     II.     COLT ON. 


MAP  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  STATES; 

Viz.,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Tex- 
as, Arkansas,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  and  Kentucky:  con- 
structed from  authentic  materials.  4  sheets.  Size,  <H  by 
43  inches. 

t        Price,  mounted  and  colored,  $0.00. 

This  map  is  engraved  on  sleel.  It  is  undoubtedly  the  best  and  most 
elaborate  map  of  the  southern  section  of  the  United  States,  and  exhibits 
with  accuracy  all  the  civil  and  political  divisions ;  the  lines  of  railroads, 
and  other  works  of  internal  improvement ;  the  United  States  surveys  in  the 
land  slates,  and  a  great  mass  of  other  information.  Such  a  work  the  South 
has  long  wanted. 


TOWNSHIP  MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MAINE, 

Exhibiting  the  railroads,  and  other  internal  improvement^ 
2  sheets.    Size,  43  by  37  inches. 

Price,  colored  in  towns,  $3;  in  counties,  $3  5O 

in  cases,         $1    5O. 

This  splendid  map  is  engraved  on  steel,  colored  handsomely,  and  m  nmtcd 
in  the  best  style.  It  is  the  largest  ami  most  complete  man" of  the  sfhte  it 
represents  that  has  hitherto  been  published,  and  exhibits  lustinc'ly  ;ill  the 
civil  divisions,  internal  improvements.  &c.,  with  arreat  accuracy  and  con- 
ciseness. In  its  compilation  the  assistance  of  officers  of  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  has  contributed  much  to  the  value  of  its  representation  of 
the  seaboard  districts. 


GUIDE-BOOK 
THROUGH  THE  NEW  ENGLAND  AND  MIDDLE  STATES. 

Traveler's  and  Tourist's  Guide-Book  through  the  New 
England  and  Middle  States,  and  the  Canadas.  Con- 
taining the  routes  anil  distances  on  all  the  great  lines 
of  travel,  by  railroads,  canals,  stage-roads,  and  steam* 
boat*,  tbgether  with  descriptions  of  the  several  states, 
and  the  principal  cities,  towns,  and  villages  in  each- 
accompanied  with  a  large  and  accurate  map. 

Price,  $0.75. 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

The  Canadas,  &c.,  showing  the  railroads,  canals,  and 
stage- roads,  with  the  distances  from  place  to  place* 
Size,  28  by  3^  inches.  Price,  in  cases,  $O.63* 


MAPS,  CHARTS,  BOOKS,  ETC.     S3 

STATISTICAL  MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MEW  YORK, 

Comprising  all  tbe  principal  statistics  of  each  county- 
agricultural,  manufacturing,  commercial,  &c.  By  It* 
S.  Fisher,  M.  D.,  author  of  the  "  Book  of  the  World," 
&c.  1  sheet.  Size,  32  by  26  inches.  Price,  $0  25. 

Useful  to  all  classes  of  our  citizens,  and  indispensable  for  the  informa- 
tion of  parties  engaged  in  the  construction  of  railroads  and  other  internal 
improvements,  speculators  in  land,  and  persons  designing  to  settle  in  any 
part  of  the  State.  All  the  material  interests  of  the  country  are  plainly 
indicated  in.  figures  on  the  face  of  the  map,  or  in  the  tables  which  ai» 
company  it. 


HORN'S  OVERLAND  GUIDE 
FROM  COUNCIL  BLUFFS  TO  CALIFORNIA, 

Containing  a  Table  of  Distances,  and  showing  all  the 
rivers,  lakes,  springs,  mountains,  camping  places,  and 
other  prominent  objects ;  with  remarks  on  the  country, 
roads,  timbers,  grasses,  &c.,  &c.  Accompanied  by  a 
Map.  Price,  $0  50. 


CORDOVA'S  MAP   OF  TEXAS, 

Compiled   from   new    and    original   surveys.      4   sheets* 
Size,  36  by  34  inches. 

Price,  mounted,  $5  00.;  in  cases,  $3  00. 

This  is  the  only  reliable  rnup  tot  Texas,  and  being  on  a  large  scale, 
exhibits  minutely  and  with  1118111101.11085  the  natural  features  of  the  State 
and  its  several  political  division;-.  The  following  government  officers 
certify  to  its  accuracy  and  completeness. 

"We  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  no  map  could  surpass  this  in 
accuracy  and  fidelity."  DAVID  S.  KAUFMAN,  •  Trios.  J.  RT*SK, 

S.  PILSBVRY,  SAM.  HOUSTON. 

"  I  certify  to  the  correctness  of  this  map,  it  being  the  only  one  extan 
that  is  truly  correct."  JOHN  C.  HAYS. 


Besides  his  own  publications,  J.  H.  G.  has  constantly  on  hand 
a  large  assortment  of  Atlases  and  Foreign  Maps. 

Mounting  in  all  its  forms  carefully  executed  for  the  trade 
public  institutions,  dec. 


24 

A  NEW  AND  COMPLETE 

STATISTICAL  AND  GENERAL  GAZETTEER 

OF   THE 

"  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 

FOUNDED   ON   AND    COMPILED   FROM 

Official  Federal  and  State  Returns,  and  the  Census  of  1850 

BY  RICHAlp  SWAINSON  FISHER,  M.D., 

Author  of  the  "Book  of  the  World;"   ''Progress  of  the  U.  States,' 

a  "Statistical  Account  of  America,"  etc.,  etc.  ;  also,  literary 

editor  of  "  Colton's  American  Atlas,"  and  editor  of 

the  "  American  Railway  Guide." 


THE  "  STATISTICAL  GAZETTEER"  describes  and  sums  up  all  the 
prominent  and  material  interests  that  make  and  distinguish  the  sev- 
eral political  and  civil  divisions  of  the  country ;  the  physical  peculi- 
arities, the  mineral  and  other  resources,  the  capacities  for  agriculture, 
manufactures,  commerce,  and  other  industrial  pursuits,  and  the  pres- 
ent condition  of  each  section,  in  accordance  with  the  ascertainrnente 
of  the  Seventh  Census,  taken  in  1850,  and  other  federal  and  state  re- 
turns. Great  attention  has  also  been  paid  to  works  of  internal  im- 
provement. 

In  compiling  this  work,  two  extremes,  noticeable  in  Gazetteers 
hitherto  published,  have  been  carefully  avoided :  the  one  of  which 
.has  been  to  give  a  mere  catalogue  of  names;  and  the  other,  to  select 
for  description  only  such  places  as,  by  their  historical  greatness, 
their  extensive  manufactures,  or  other  special  interests,  have  gained 
a  notorious  position.  This  Gazetteer  notices  each  state,  county,  city, 
village,  and  natural  object,  at  such  proportional  length  as  its  import- 
ance demands,  and  in  that  terse  and  judiciously  compressed  style  so 
desirable  in  books  of  this  description,  excluding  all  irrelevant  detail, 
and  dwelling  only  on  the  most  prominent  and  interesting  features. 
It  thus  commends  itself  to  all  classes,  occupying,  as  it  does,  a  posi- 
tion between  the  abstruse  and  popular,  retaining  the  precision  of  the 
one,  without  its  detail,  and  the  interest  of  the  other,  without  its 
vagaries.  It  is  an  eminently  practical  work,  and  to  the  commercial 
man,  the  traveler,  and  statist,  must  be  an  indispensable  companion. 

The  work  is  published  in  one  volume,  royal  octavo,  containing 
about  960  pages,  and  is  strongly  bound  in  leather. 

Price  Three  Dollars  and  a  half. 


25 
AMERICAN  STATISTICAL  ANNUAL 

FOR  THE  TEAR  1854. 

COMPILED  FKOM  THE  MOST  AUTHENTIC  SOURCES 

BY  RICHARD  S.  FISHER,  K  D.,  AND  CHARLES  COLBY,  A,  M. 


The  "  American  Statistical  Annual  "  is  a  work  in  which  are  embodied 
the  detailed  statistics  of  all  American  States,  and  a  summary  of  those  of 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australasia.  The  Statistics  represent  the  condi- 
tion of  all  the  interests  of  nations  and  countries  according  to  the  latest 
official  returns,  chiefly  those  made  since  1850.  The  work  is  divided  into 
four  parts. 

Part  First— contains  the  Census  Statistics  of  the  United  States  and  of 
the  States  severally,  and  the  reports  of  the  departments  of  the  govern- 
ments of  each,  with  abstracts  of  state  constitutions  and  of  executive  mes- 
sages ;  and  among  a  multiplicity  of  other  matters  of  interest  will  be 
found  a  correct  list  of  colonial  and  constitutional  governors,  the  statistics 
of  asylums  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  blind,  and  insane  ;  school  statistics  ; 
the  financial  condition  of  states  ;  statistics  of  navigation  and  commerce, 
domestic  and  foreign  ;  accurate  lists  of  railways,  canals,  telegraphs,  etc.  ; 
statistics  of  colleges,  universities,  theological  schools,  medical  schools, 
law  schools,  and  scientific  schools  :  and  statistical  information  relative  to 
every  interest  of  the  states  described.  This  division  indeed  contains  a 
faithful  review  of  the  present  condition  of  the  Union  and  its  component 
States. 

Part  Second — is  devoted  to  the  States  of  Central  and  South  America,  and 
contains  the  latest  statistics  relative  to  their  condition.  In  its  compila- 
tion the  assistance  of  the  ministers  of  the  several  states  resident  at  Wash- 
ington has  been  sought.,  and  thus  entire  accuracy  has  been  attained.  No 
part  of  America  has  hitherto  been  so  little  known  in  this  country  as  these 
states,  and  hence  the  information  collected  from  such  sources  will  be  pe- 
culiarly valuable. 

Part  Third — describes  Colonial  America,  and  contain*  a  vast  fund  of 
authentic  information  relative  to  the  Russian,  Danish,  British,  Dutch, 
French,  Spanish  and  Swedish  possessions,  never  before  published.  The 
late  census  of  the  British  Colonies  are  .chief  features  in  this  part  cf  the 
work,  and  for  these  and  many  other  valuable  documents  the  authors  are 
greatly  indebted  to  the  governors  of  the  several  dependencies.  The 
Dutch  and  Danish  censuses  are  also  given. 

Part  Fourth— contains  extensive  statistics  of  trans-Atlantic  States  in 
tabular,  form  chiefly  respecting  the  extent,  population,  finances,  armed 
force,  military  and  ir.ival,  merchant,  marine,  railways,  etc.,  of  each.  The 
conciseness  of  these  statistics,  which  are  all  of  the  latest  dates,  makes 
them  of  great,  value  for  ready  reference. 

So  extensive  a  work  on  statistics  has  never  before  been  attempted  ;  nor 
has  such  a  variety  of  interests  ever  been  brought  together.  The  merchant, 
the  scholar,  the  in  in  isle r  of  the  gospel,  the  physician,  and  indeed  every 
class  of  society  will  tind  in  it  something  of  importance  relative  to  his  indi- 
vidual profession.  The  economist  will  appreciate  it  as  a  book  of  facts,  and 
refer  to  it  in  his  arguments  against  the  sophist;  and  to  no  class  of  per- 
sons can  it  be  of  more  value  than  to  editors  of  newspapers,  whose  atten- 
tion is  frequently  too  closely  confined  to  matters  which  preclude,  the  pos- 
sibility of  research  for  a  wanted  fact,  but  which  the  index  of  this  volume 
will  readily  discover, 

The  work  is  handsomely  printed,  in  fine  type,  and  contains  as  much 
mattei  as  three  ordinary  volumes  of  the  same  size. 

Price,  $1.50  bound  half  cloth,  leather  back. 


26 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY  COMBINED 
In  1  vol.,  4to,  with  80  Maps  and  200  Engravings, 

COMPREHENSIVE  GEOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY, 
^ncfent  anti  Jftotiern. 

BY  S.  G.  GOODRICH, 

ATJTHOB  OP  PARLEY'S  TALKS  AND  PICTORIAL  HISTORIES. 


This  work  contains  272  quarto  pages,  equal  to  1,000  common  12mo  pages. 
It  is  the  most  complete  and  comprehensive  work  for  the  daily  use  ofFami 
lies,  Merchants,  Editors  of  papers,  Lawyers,  Postmasters,  Emigrants,  &c. 
that  has  ever  appeared.  It.  contains  the  Geography  and  History  of  every 
country,  including  the  new  census  of  the  United  States  ;  it  gives  the  sit 
uation  and  population  of  over  5,000  cities,  towns,  and  villages  ;  the  mate- 
rials are  all  arranged  in  the  most  convenient  order,  and  a  copious  indei 
serves  as  a  guide  to  the  history  and  geography  of  the  most  remarkable 
places  in  the  world.  This  work  has  received  the  highest  commendation 
at  the  hands  of  scientific  men  in  America  and  Europe.  (Price,  hall 
bound  $2  00,  cloth  gilt  S3  00,  morocco  $3  oO.) 

From  the  Washington  Republic,  May  5,  1R53. 

"This  work  belongs  to  the  utilitarian  class,  and  will  doubtless  take  a 

Fermanent  place  in  the  higher  schools,  and  in  reading  families  generally, 
t  is  much  more  extensive  than  ordinary  school  treatises, as  it  includes 
some  270  quarto  piaffes  crowded  with  matter,  and  containing  as  much  as 
two  common  8vo.  volumes.  Jt  is  also  illustrated  with  numerous  engrav- 
ings on  wood,  and,  what  is  more  important,  with  80  maps,  plans  ol 
cities,  &c. 

"  It  may  he  a  question  whether  it  is  best  to  study  history  with  geogra- 
phy, at  the  outset ;  but  in  a  more  advanced  stage  of  study,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  it  is  desirable  at  least  to  review  geography  TO  immediate 
connection  with  history.  This  work  is  prepared  with  this  view,  and  its 
introduction  into  the  higher  seminaries  will  prove  a  great  advantage  to 
education. 

"  But,  after  all,  the  work  strikes  us  as  likely  to  be  most  useful  in  fami- 
lies, and  to  general  readers,  inasmuch  as  it  furnishes  a  very  full  outline 
of  geography  and  history,  with  descriptions  of  country,  so  clear  and  dis- 
tinct as  to  divest  both  of  these  subjects  of  the  mists  which  usually  attend 
them  in  the  mind.  They  are  rarely  studied  from  the  beginning  in  a 
proper  manner,  and  hence  there  are  certain  labyrinths  into  winch  almost 
every  one  habitually  strays  in  approaching  them.  In  the  present  work, 
by  a  systematic  arrangement,  an j  especially  by  the  use  of  numerous 
maps,  ancient  and  modern,  placed  in  immediate  contiguity  with  the  text 
the  various  topics  are  presented  in  a  manner  so  lucid  as  not  only  to -pre 
vent  new  errors  and  correct  old  ones,  but  at  the  same  time  to  render  sub- 
jects interesting  which  might  otherwise  be  unattractive. 

"  Beside  all  this,  for  general  reference  the  work  in  question  is  exceed- 
ingly convenient,  and  will  often  save  the  trouble  of 'consulting  various 
sources  of  information.  Take,  as  an  example,  the  subject  of  Germany, 
with  its  divisions  and  subdivisions.  In  order  to  find  the  history  and  ge- 
ography of  these  countries,  as  given  in  the  book  before  us,  it  would  be 
necessary  to  consult  at  least  half  a  dozen  volumes 

"  In  regard  to  countries  whose  history  go  back  to  antiquity,  the  advan 
tage  is  even  greater.  The  view  given  of  the  Roman  empire  in  connection 
with  the  Greek  empire,  furnishes  an  example  of  the  remarkably  clear 
manner  in  which  the  anthor  has  contrived  to  treat  geographical  and  his- 
torical topics. 

"  We  consider  the  work,  as  a  whole,  to  be  an  excellent  one,  marking  a 
great  advance  in  the  art  of  preparing  hooks  for  popular  use,  and  deserv- 
ing therefore,  universal  encouragement  " 


27 
NEW  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  ATLASES. 


AMERICAN  ATLAS, 

Illustrating  the  Physical  and  Political  Geography  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  the  British  Provinces,  iUexicoj 
Central  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  South  America: 
constructed  from  ofllcial  surveys  and  other  authentic 
materials. 

The  "  American  Atlas"  contains  separate  maps  of  every  state  and  coon 
try  of  North  ami  South  America,  and  the  West  Indies,  engraved  in  the 
most  elaborate  style,  and  colored  so  as  to  distinguish  readily  the  civil  and 
political  divisions  of  each.  The  work  embraces  about  55  maps  in  imperial 
folio,  and  each  map  is  accompanied  with  a  letter-press  description  of  the 
country  it  may  represent;  exhibiting,  in  a  condensed  form,  all  its  great 
interests,  industries,  and  institutions. 

Price,  $15*00;  or  without  letter-press,  $12.50* 

ATLAS  OF  THE  WORLD, 

Illustrating  Physical  and  Political  Geography :  constructed 
from  oilifial  surveys  and  other  authentic  materials. 

The  "  Atlas  of  the  World"  contains  all  the  maps  and  letter-press 
comprised  in  the  American  Atlas,  with  the  addition  of  between  50  and  60 
maps  and  descriptions  of  the  several  countries  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Oceanicu,  and.  in  every  respect,  is  got  up  in  the  same  solendid  style, 
and  witii  the  same  regard  to  authenticity  and  correctness. 

Price,  $24.00;  or  without  letter-press,  $2O.OO. 

The  maps  contained  in  the  above  elaborate  works  have  been  drawn  under 
the  supen-ak-indence  of  an  accurate  and  accomplished  geographer,  and  con- 
tain, besides  the  usual  geographical  outlines,  true  representations  of  all 
works  of  internal  improvement,  the  lines  of  public  surveys,  and  a  great 
mass  of  other  valuable  information. 

The  descriptive  portions  of  the  work  are  written  by  DR.  R.  S.  FISHER. 
author  of  the  "  Hook  of  the  World,"  and  other  statistical  works.  These 
descriptions  embrace  all  the  geographical,  geological,  and  statistical  infor- 
mation incident  to  the  countries  to  which  they  refer  ;  and  also  an  outline 
of  their  institutions,  political,  religious,  and  intellectual.  In  the  compila- 
tion of  this,  as  in  all  other  departments  of  the  works,  the  most  recent  and 
authentic  materials  have  been  used,  and  the  whole  forma  a  convenient  and 
reliable  source  of  information  touching  the  subjects  treated  of. 

Works  such  as  the  above  have  long  been  demanded  by  the  enlightened 
portion  of  the  American  public.  For  many  years  extraordinary  advances 
nave  been  made  in  geographical  science;  discoveries  of  the  highest^  im- 
portance have  been  elfe«;ted  ;  regions  before  comparatively  unknown  have 
been  explored,  and  their  physical  characteristics  ascertained  with  greater 
or  less  minuteness:  and  on  every  side  man  has  been  actively  engaged  in 
acquiring  information,  whereby  to  extend  the  sphere  of  civilization  and 
commerce.  None  of  the  important  facts  developed  by  these  movements 
are  to  be  found  in  the  old  atlases,  and  hence  the  necessity  for  entirely 
new  works,  embracing  all  the  results  that  have  been  obtained  from  the 
sources  indicated.  The  atlases  above  named  supply  this  necessity,  and  in 
their  maus  and  descriptions  the  world,  as  known  at  trie  present  time,  is  rep- 
resented with  faithfulness  and  accuracy  ;  and  the  vast  amount  of  informa- 
tion collected  by  explorers,  travelers,  and  others,  existing  until  now  in 
forms  accessible  only  to  the  few,  are  incorporated  into  these  pages.  Every 
effort  has  been  used  by  the  publisher  to  furnish  to  the  world  works  that 
shall  be  creditable  alike  to  the  genius,  learning,  and  mechanical  skill  of 
America,  and  superior  in  every  respect  to  any  like  productions  of  the 
press,  either  of  this  country  or  Europe.  Their  utility  is  not  limited  to  any 
class,  but  is  co-extensive  with  the  sphere  of  civilized  humanity. 

18 


28 
LIST  OF  MAPS 

CONTAINED  IN 

COLTON'S  ATLAS   OF  THE   WORLD, 


1.  Vignette  Title. 
2.  Heights  of  Mountains. 

--      f  City  of  Chicago. 
00<    1  City  of  St.  Louis. 

3.  Lengths  of  Kivers. 

56.  Missouri. 

.    J  Comparative  size  of  Lakes. 
4-  \         "                   "        Isli.nds. 

57.  Iowa. 
58.  Wisconsin. 

5.  Physical  Maps  of  the  World.  (2  Maps.) 

59.  Minnesota. 

6.        "            "        "          " 

60.  Nebraska  Territory,  etc. 

7.        "            "        "          " 

61.  Utah  and  New  Mexico. 

8,  9.  World   on   Mercator's  Projection. 

62.  California. 

(Double) 

63.  Oregon  and  Washington. 

10.  World.  Eastern  Hemisphere. 

64.  Mexico. 

11.        "      Western            " 

65.  Central  America. 

12.  Northern  Regions. 

66.  West  Indies. 

13.  Southern  Regions. 

67.  South  America. 

14.  North  America. 

68.  New     Granada,    Venezuela,     and 

15.  British  Possessions  in  N.  America. 

Ecuador. 

16.  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,    and 

69.  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

Newfoundland. 

70.  Brazil  and  Guavana. 

17.  Lower  Canada  and  New  Brunswick. 
18.  Upper  Canada. 

71.  Chili  and  Argentine  Republic,  Uru- 
guay and  Paraguay. 

19,  20.  United  States.     (DouUe.)  * 

72.   Patagonia. 

21.  Maine. 

73.   Europe. 

22.  New  Hampshire. 

74,  75.  England.     (DmtUe.) 

23.  Vermont. 

76.  Vicinity  of  London. 

24.  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island. 

77.  Scotland. 

25.  City  of  Boston. 

78.  Ireland. 

26.  Connecticut. 

79.  Fran  re. 

27.   New  York. 

80.  Viciuitv  of  Paris. 

2*,  2D.  N.  York  &  adjacent  cities.  (Double.) 

81.  Spain  and  Portugal.     • 

SO.   New  Jeiht-v. 

82.  Holland  and  Belgium. 

31.  Pennsylvania. 

83.  Denmark. 

32.  City  of  Philadelphia. 

84.  Germany,  No.  1. 

33.  Delaware  and  Maryland. 

85.  Germany,  No.  2. 

34.  City  of  Baltimore. 

86.  Germany,  No.  3. 

35.  Cities   of   Washington   and   George- 

87. Italy  (North). 

town. 

88.  Italy  (South). 

36.  Virginia. 

89.  Switzerland. 

37.  North  Carolina. 

90.  Norway  and  Sweden. 

58.  South  Carolina. 

91.   Russia. 

_0     j  Citv  of  Charleston. 

92.  Prussia. 

6J-    \Citv  of  Savannah. 

93.  Austria. 

o.  Georgia. 

94.  Turkey  in  Europe. 

1.  Florida. 

95.  Greece  and  the  Ionian  Islands. 

2.  Alabama. 

96.  Asia. 

3.  Mississippi. 

97.  Turkey  in  Asia. 

4.  Louisiana. 

98.   Palestine. 

5.  Citv  (.f  New  Orleans. 

£9.  Atlghanistan,  Belochistan,  Tartary, 

«.  Texas. 

Arabia,  etc. 

7.   Arkansas. 

100.  China. 

s.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

101.  Japan. 

9.  Ohio. 

102.   India. 

rn      1  Citv  of  Louisville. 

103.  East  Indies,  Biaxial),  Siam,  etc. 

ft0>    1  City  of  Cincinnati. 

104.  Australia. 

51.  Indiana. 

105.  Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

52.  Michigan. 

106.  Africa.  N.  E.  sheet. 

53.  N.  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior. 

107.  Africa,  N.  W.  sheet. 

54.  Illinois. 

108.   Africa,  Southern. 

Wliole  number  of  Maps,  173,  on 


29 

TO  TEACHERS  AND  SCHOOL  COMMITTEES. 

'  COLTON  AND  FITCH'S 

AMERICAN  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY. 

Now  in  Pre-88. 

J.  H.  Colton  Si  Co.  announce  to  the  public  that  they  have  in  press  a 
new  system  of  Geography  for  Common  Schools  and  Academies,  which 
they  desnni  to  issue  during  the  present  year,  (1851)- 

The  wide  spread  demand  fora  new  school  geography,  aad  the  convic- 
tion in  their  minds  that  a  threat  improvement  on  those  in  general  use  is 
needed  and  aHainahle,  have  induced  the  publishers  to  undertake  the  en- 
terprise, and  they  are  resolved  that  no  pains  or  expense  shall  be  spared 
in  making  a  first-rate  work. 

Previously  to  undertaking  the  rask  of  preparing  a  new  school  geogra- 
phy, the  author  (3Tr.  George  W.  Fitch)  communicated  with  a  great 
number  of  experienced  teachers  respecting  the  defects  of  our  present 
books,  and  the  manner  in  vdyoh  the  subject  should  he  treated  in  order  to 
meet  their  approbation.  Profiting  by  the  suggestions  thus  obtained,  as 
well  as  by  his  own  experience  in  teaching,  he  has  sought  to  make  the 
work  eminently  practical,  and  to  adapt  it  especially  for  use  in  the  school- 
room. 

It  has  been  a  leading  idea  with  the  author,  to  give  particular  promi- 
nence to  the.  facts  of  Physical  Geography,  and  to  arrange  them  in  such  a 
way  that  the  learner  may  see  the  relations  they  bear  to  each  other,  and  to 
the  industrial  affairs  of  mankind. 

Great  advancement  has  h-on  made  in  this  department  of  geograpnical 
science  during  the  past  .few  years,  and  the  author  is  not  aware  thai,  the 
facts  relating  thereto,  with  appropriate  illustrations,  have  ever  been 
systematically  embodied  in  an  American  school-book,  adapted  to  the 
comprehension  of  the  great  mass  of  scholars  in  our  Common  Schools  and 
Academies.  The  author  trusts  that  his  mode  of  treating  this  branch  of 
the  subject  will  meet  the  approbation  of  all  intelligent  teachers. 

The  work  is  to  be  entirely  new.  with  new  maps  and  pictorial  illustra- 
.  tions  throughout.  The  maps  will  be  nearly  two  inches  longer  and  wider 
than  those  -of  any  existing  school-atlas,  thus  affording  space  for  an  en- 
larged scale,  so  essential  for  the  proper  delineation  of  small  and  populous 
states.  They  will  represent  the  most  recent  surveys  and  explorations, 
and  will  exhibit  the  physical  and  political  divisions  of  the  globe  according1 
to  the  most  recent  information. 

iggf  The  Publishers  express  the  hope  that  Teachers  and 
School  Committees  who  contemplate  adopting  a  new  school 
geography,  will  await  the  appearance  of  this  work  before 
msiking  their  selection. 


30 

Just  published,  in  1  Vol.,  8?;o,  pp.  500.    Price  $2  00. 

WA   MOTUj 

OR, 

REEF    EOVINGS   IN    THE    SOUTH   SEAS, 

ILLUSTRATED   WITH  TWO   MAPS   AND   TWELVE  ENGRAVINGS. 


This  work  is  a  narrative  of  the  adventures  of  its  author,  chiefly  in  the 
Pacific,  during  a  period  of  five  years,  and  contains  such  observations 
and  reflections  as  the  social  and  political  condition  of  the  people  he 
visited  naturally  suggested  to  his  mind. 

The  first  part,  which  is  a  record  of  highly  interesting  incidents  on  an 
American  whaler,  is  followed  by  a  graphic  description  of  the  peculiar 
life  and  romantic  scenery  at  the  Sandwich,  Georgian,  and  Society  Isl- 
ands. The  character  of  liie  natives,  their  cusionis,  feasts,  and  pas- 
times, their  mythology  and  battles,  and  all  the  prominent  features  of 
their  semi-barbarian  life,  derive  unusual  interest  from  the  easy  and 
vivid  st\le  in  whi"h  they  are  portrayed. 

An  appendix  affixed  to  the  work  contains  a  valuable  account  of  the 
Wands  of  the  South  Seas,  of  their  resources,  industry,  and  wealth,  and 
their  political  and  social  condition  at  the  present  day. 

The  first  chapter  treats  of  the  present  condition  of  Polynesia,  of  its 
governments  and  relations  with  the  civilized  world,  the -habits  and  lan- 
guage of  the  natives,  its  natural  productions  and  population,  and  of 
every  thing  pertaining  to  it  that  would  interest  and  instruct  the  mind. 
It  also  contains  an  account  of  steam  navigation  in  the  Pacific. 

The  second  chapter  is  entitled  '-The  French  in  the  Pacific."  It  gives 
an  account'  of  the  conquest  of  the  Marquesas  by  I>u  Petit  Thounrs  in 
1842;  of  the  occupation  of  the  Oeoririan,  (iamM.-r,  Pamote*,  and  Wallis 
Islands,  and  also  of  the  seizure,  of  New  Caledonia  in  1853.  It  .more 
particularly  notices  the  Tahitian  Islands,  the  naval  and  land  forces  and 
public,  Improvements,  and  makes  known  the  port  and  police  regula- 
tions of  Tahiti.  It  treats,  also,  of  the  illiberal  and  unjust  policy  of  the 
French  in  their  intercourse  with  other  nations  and  foreigners,  and  more 
especially  with  the  K.tisilish  mission  since  'he  dethronement  of  Queen 
Pomare  in  Is4;>.  It  compares  the  present  and  former  resources  of 
those  islands,  and  notices  their  commercial  decline  since  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Protectorate. 

The  third  chapter,  on  kt  American  Whaling  Interes's  in  the  Pacific," 
contains  most  valuable  statistics  of  that,  great  and  interesting  branch  of 
commerce.  It  describes  the  cruisinsr  grounds  and  mode  of  catching 
whales,  and  ably  treats  of  the  condition,  rights,  and  wants  of  the  Amer- 
ican seamen  en^asied  in  that  service. 

The  beautiful  scenery  of  the  South  Seas  is  fai'hfully  represented  by 
twelve  elegant  ami  highly  artistic  engravings  taken  from  original  draw- 
ings by  the  author. 

The  publishers  have  determined  to  leave  nothing  undone  on  their 
part  to  render  the  «.vork  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  the  kind  ever  pub- 
lished. 


31 
PROGRESS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

GEOGRAPHICAL,  STATISTICAL,  AND  HISTORICAL, 

BY  RICHARD  S.  FISHER,  M.D., 

Author  of  the  •'  Book  of  the  World."  the  '•  Statistical  Gazetteer  of  the 
United  States  of  America."  Literary  Editor  of  Co! ton's 
"Atlas  of  the  World,"  and  Editor  of  the  "Amer- 
ican Railway  Guide,"  etc.,  etc. 


A  few  years  posterior  to  the'foundafion  of  the  constitutional  govern- 
ment of  the  United  Strifes,  a  census  of  the  population  thereof  was  taken 
under  the  authority  of  Congress  in  accordance  with  a  provision  of  the 
fundamental  law  ;  and  subsequently  jit  the  end  of  each  period  of  ten 
years,  similar  and  successively  more  and  more  minute  censuses  have 
been  instituted.  These  enumerations  have  also  embraced  inquiries 
into  the  social  and  industrial  status  of  the  country,  and  its  resources 
and  wealth  for  the  time  being,  with  such  eollaterate  inquiries  as  were 
deemed  important  to  the  determination  of  the  economic  and  political 
relations  of  the  States  constituting  the  Union. 

The  first  national  census  was  taken  in  1790,  and  the  seventh  and 
latest  census  in  the  year  1850.  Intermediate  to  these  decennial  enu- 
merations, the  States  individually  have  likewise  made  numerous  sta- 
tistical inquiries,  which  are  still  being  continued  at  periods  varying  from 
two  to  ten  years. 

These  show  the  progress  of  the  United  States  from  the  first  years  of 
their  aggregate  existence,  and,  in  connection  with  the  annual  returns 
published  by  the  State  and  General  governments,  are  the  ground-work 
of  the  statistical  portion  of  the  present  work. 

The  u  Progress  of  the  United  States,"  however,  is  not  confined  alone 
to  a  statistical  analysis  of  the  development  of  the  country.  In  its  pages 
will  be  found  a  complete  description  of  its  geography,  both  in  relation 
to  the  States  severally,  and  also  to  the  Union.  "The  general  history  of 
the  rise  of  the  colonies,  their  struggles  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  their 
transformation  into  independent  governments,  aifd  their  onward  pro- 
gress, are  also  summed  up.  and  their  present  relative  condition  and  po- 
sition in  the  Union  fully  illustrated.  The  subjects  more  particularly 
noticed  are  the.  mining,  agriculture,  commerce,  and  general  industry  of 
the  States,  their  institutions  of  learning  and  education,  their  religious 
and  moral  institutions,  and,  in  fact,  all  the  great  interests  which  make 
and  distinguish  their  social,  industrial,  and  political  existence.  Such 
are  the  various  subjects  treated  upon;  and  certainly  none  can  be  morw 
interesting — none  more  useful  to  the  inquiring  citizen.  Without  enter- 
ing into  minute  and  controverted  details,  which  would  extend  his  work 
to  many  volumes,  the  author  has  endeavored  to  exhibit  clearly  and 
truthfully  the  history  of  events,  their  results,  and  the  high  destiny  that 
awaits  the  future  of  a  country  already  distinguished  among  nations  for 
its  enlightened  civilization,  and  the  successful  achievement  of  a  posi- 
tion second  to  that  of  no  other  nation  of  ancient  or  modern  times. 

In  One  Vol.,  Royal  Svo,  pp.  432,  with  Illustrations.    Price  $2  50. 


32 


INDEX  TO  CATALOGUE. 

Alabama Page  19     Nebraska  and  Kansas Page  18 

Africa  (2  sizes) ". .     4     New  Jinn  swiek 19.  20 

America,  Central 6,  10     New  England 7, 13 

America.  North 2  j  New  England  Guide-Book 22 

America,  North  and  South .    2  New  England  and  New  York.     7 

American  Atlas 27    Newfoundland 19,  20 

American  School  Geography..   29  •  >«'e\v  Hampshire 7,  13,  17,19 

America,  South  (2  sixes) 3  :  New  Jersey 19 

American  Statistical  Annual . . .  25  '.  Neu-  Mexico  and  Utah 19 

American  States  (Slat.  Ace.  of)  21  '  New  Testament  Map 12 

Arkansas 6.  19  :  New  York  (State) 6,  13.  17,  19 

Asia  (2  sizes) 3.  4  :  New  York  (statistical) 23 

Atlas.  American 27    New  York  (city) 7,  8,  10,  15 

Atlas  of  the  World 27  New  York  (33  milee  around). .     7 

Book  of  the  World 14  New  York  (12  miles  around). .  20 

British  Provinces 4,6     North  America. 2 

Brooklyn 7,8    North  Carolina 19 

California 13, 19    Nova  Scotia 19,  20 

Canada  East 19    Ohio 17, 19 

Canada  West 19     Oregon  and  Washington 19 

Central  America 6,  10,  19     Overland  Guide  (Horn) 28 

Chronology  (HaskellY) 14     Palestine  (2  sizes) 11 

Connecticut 7,  13,  17.  19     Pennsylvania 19 

Delaware 19     Presidents.  Portraits  of 10 

Egypt,  etc 11  Pr<  >gress  of  the  United  States . .  31 

Eur.  >pe  (2  sizes) 3    Rhode  Island 7,  13, 17, 19 

European  Battle  Fields 18    South  America  (2  sizes) 3 

Florida 19     South  Carolina 15,  19 

Geography&liiston  (C,oodrich)  26     Southern  States 22 

Georgia " IS,  19     Stream  of  Time  (Strauss) 10 

Human  Life 11     Tennessee .- . .  9,  19 

Illinois S.  19     Texas 19.  23 

Indiana  (8  sizss) S,  9  United  States,  etc.  (2  sizes). . .  4,  6 

Indiana  (book) 21     United  States  and  Canada 5 

Indiana 19     United  States  (case) 22 

]o\va 17,  19     United  States  (..mime) 16 

Kentucky. .   • 9.  IS,  19     United  States  (Gazetteer) 24 

Lake  Superior 19  United  States1  Gnid-.-ttook. . . .   12 

Long  Island  (2  sizes) 7  j  United  States  (Progress  of) 31 

Louisiana. 19  I  United  States'  Route-Book ....   12 

Maine 19,  22  i  Utah 19 

Maryland 19  I  Vermont 7, 13.  17.  19 

Massachusetts 7, 18.  17,  19  j  Virginia '. 19 

Mexico 4,  6,  19  !  West  Indies 3.  4.  19 

Mi'-hiff'in 9     Western  Portraiture 20 

Michigan,  North 19     Western  States 9.19 

MichigsMi.  South 19     Western  Tourist 14 

Minnesota 14,  19     Wisconsin 17.  19 

Mississippi 19    World  (3  sizes) 1,2 

Missouri 17,  19     World  (missionary) 2 

Mountains  and  Rivers 10     World  (outline) 16 

Na  Motu ;  or,  Reef  Kovings. . .  30    Worid,  Book  of  the 14 

IS ational  Flags 10    World,  Chronology  of 14 


TO 

*  ttt. 


J.  H.  COLTON  &  Co.  would  suggest  to  Authors  and  Pub- 
lishers that  they  are  prepared  to  furnish  MAPS,  CHARTS, 
and  DIAGRAMS,  appropriate  for  Books  of  Travel,  Railroad 
Reports,  Special  Descriptions,  etc.  Their  material  and  other 
facilities  for  the  proper  execution  of  such  Illustrations  are 
abundant,  and  their  arrangements  so  thorough,  that  works 
of  this  kind  can  be  completed  by  them  at  a  very  short 
notice. 
NEW  YOBK,  No.  172  Wittiwn  Street. 


c 

A 


